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Topic: Belgian Antarctic Expedition

	Belgian Antarctic Expedition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897 to 1899, named after its expedition vessel Belgica, was the first expedition to winter in the Antarctic region.
		It left Antwerp, Belgium on August 16, 1897 and head towards the west coast of the Antarctic peninsula.
		Due to bad seamanship they were frozen in nearby Peter I Island, and drifted helplessly around the Bellinghause Ocean for the next thirteen months.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition (169 words)

	Fathom Expeditions - Spirit of Shackleton
		Antarctic Continent assumes South Polar orientation and is isolated by Southern Ocean.
		While the Expedition accomplished little in the way of Exploration, Shackleton's successful extrication of all 28 "souls intact" from the ice is a tale that forces one to re-evaluate ones concept of endurance, determination, and the indomitable Human Spirit.
		April 2, war comes to the Antarctic in the form of an Argentine Ocuupation force that took the Falkland Islands and South Georgia by force and were expelled by British Forces eleven weeks later at the cost of 910 lives.
	www.fathomexpeditions.com /explorer/history/timeline.html (1505 words)

	Antarctic History
		The French Expedition, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, settled in for the austral winter of 1904 in a bay on the coast of Booth Island, near 65°S on the western side of Graham Land.
		This expedition was ill prepared and ill supported and accomplished little of consequence except to establish a brief Japanese presence in the new land.
		The main purpose of the expedition was to investigate and verify some of the findings of the German Schwabenland expedition, particularly in terms of the condition and depth of the ice sheet.
	www.antarcticaonline.com /antarctica/history/history.htm (14180 words)

	[No title]
		The next scientific expedition to the Antarctic regions was that despatched by the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia, under the command of Captain Thaddeus von Bellingshausen.
		The plan of the expedition was to explore the Antarctic regions to the south of Kerguelen Land, after having first built a station on that island and landed a scientific staff, who were to work there, while the main expedition proceeded into the ice.
		In accordance with the Storthing's resolution of February 9, 1909, the Fram was lent for the use of the expedition, and a sum of 75,000 kroner (4,132 pounds sterling) was voted for repairs and necessary alterations.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext02/7tspv111.txt (22632 words)

	Frederick A. Cook: from Hero to Humbug
		Cook met the expedition at Rio and sailed with it to the far southern ports of Chile and Argentina.
		But she escaped at the last moment and was able to continue her voyage to the Antarctic, where she entered Hughes Gulf and discovered and explored the islands of the Gerlache Strait, making 22 landings.
		But instead, she became the first ship to winter in the Antarctic pack when she was caught in the ice of the Bellinghausen Sea for a year a month and a day.
	home.earthlink.net /~cookpeary/1895.html (919 words)

	Farewell Tribute
		High latitude southern ocean expeditions led by Ferdinand Magellan (1519-22) and Francis Drake (1577-80), and the circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent by Captain James Cook (1772-74) all failed to sight the Antarctic continent.
		Among the first were the Belgian Antarctic expedition in 1897 headed by Adrien deGerlache, which included Henryk Arctowski and Roald Amundsen as members of the party, the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-04) in the Weddell Sea headed by William Bruce, and several French expeditions headed by Jean Charcot.
		The Antarctic marine ecosystem -- the assemblage of plants, animals, microbes, sea ice, ocean and land margins south of the Antarctic Convergence Zone -- is one of the largest readily identifiable biomes on Earth (Hedgpeth, 1977).
	hahana.soest.hawaii.edu /pduke/tribute.html (6623 words)

	Histoire Antar/FR/Introduction
		Alongside this array of technology, the expedition was made up of 17 men - most of them scientists; they had all agreed to spend fifteen months in Antarctica, shut up inside tiny huts, with the barely reassuring prospect of an endless polar night to round things off.
		You have to remember that during the Belgica expedition, the men had begun very early in the voyage between Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic peninsula to carry out their first oceanographic measurements.
		At the other Antarctic bases set up as part of IGY, installation took an average of 7 months; at the Belgian base, eight weeks after the men arrived on site, the scientific instruments were already operating.
	www.antarctica.org /UK/Envirn/pag/antar_history/pag/retour1.htm (2569 words)

	Antarctic Postal History 1820-1900
		This voyage was expected to become an official U.S. Antarctic Expedition, however an official expedition was delayed eight years until the Wilkes voyage in 1838.
		The earliest known photographs of the Antarctic were taken during this expedition.
		By the end of January, 1899, a channel was being cut in the ice to reach a stretch of open water but it was not until March 14 that they emerged from the pack ice after 13 months of being trapped.
	www.south-pole.com /aspp100.htm (819 words)

	Belgica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Emile Racovitza, the naturalist of the "Belgica" expedition.
		Besides this innovative multinational composition, the 'Belgica' expedition was the first Antarctic expedition of a purely scientific nature and it was also the first to overwinter in the austral polar night, achieving in this way a complete annual cycle of observations.
		The Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1897-1899 returned with an important scientific harvest: bathymetrical and hydrological soundings, numerous botanical and zoological samples, a large amount of oceanographical, meteorological, geomagnetical, glaciological and geological observations which resulted in a great number of renowned scientific publications, evidence of its success.
	www.vub.ac.be /DGGF/announce/belgica.html (1622 words)

	Ships
		Shackleton's Forgotten Expedition; The Voyage of the Nimrod.
		After the second penetration of the Antarctic, the squadron rendezvoused in New Zealand in April 1840 to survey Pacific islands northward toward the Hawaiians, where the ships were repaired late in the year.
		The Argentineans relieved R. Mossman's five-man contingent of William Bruce's Scottish expedition at Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands as pre-arranged, on 31 December 1904.
	www.antarctic-circle.org /ships.htm (5987 words)

	Trade Cards
		This antarctic explorer was born in Ireland, and soon after reaching maturity entered the British merchant marine service, and later was appointed one of the officers of the British national antarctic expedition under Captain Scott.
		R.N., C.V.O. The distinguished Commander of the British Antarctic Expedition (1910) was born at Devonport, June 6, 1868.
		It was in the Discovery that Captain Scott sailed for the [sic] the Antarctic in 1900.
	www.antarctic-circle.org /tradecards2.htm (9779 words)

	Arctic: [Voyage of the Belgica: fifteen months in the Antarctic] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The expedition, of a purely scientific nature, was to set out for the southern oceans, following the recommendations of the Sixth International Geographical Congress held in London in July 1895.
		The stage was set for a Belgian voyage studying many facets of science, including ice drift, geological and zoological collections, ethnological observations of various peoples encountered, a complete year's meteorological observations made every hour, studies on terrestrial magnetism, and observations of flora and fauna.
		The account of the expedition from its preparation stages to its return is a most interesting anecdotal retelling of the harsh realities that the author faced in making this expedition successful.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3712/is_200003/ai_n8895698 (635 words)

	Belgica Expedition - Antarctica - Tierra del Fuego - Argentina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Adrien de Gerlache of the Belgian Navy conceived, organized and led the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897-99.
		The Belgica Expedition was the most cosmopolitan of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
		This was the first ocassion in the history of exploration during which an expedition had passed a whole winter within the Antarctic Circle, and the fullest use was made by the scientists of their unprecedented opportunity.
	www.tierradelfuego.org.ar /belgica/indexseng.htm (592 words)

	Chronology of Frederick A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Original physician resigned from Belgian Antarctic Expedition and Cook volunteered to acts as physician and photographer.
		Expedition reaches Greenland; Whitney and Cook meet at Annoatok; Whitney persuades Cook to leave instruments, North Pole flag, and damaged sled with Whitney for transportation on a later vessel.
		Expedition to Mt. McKinley sponsored by Explorers Club claimed to have found Cook's fake peak but unable to reach summit.
	library.osu.edu /sites/archives/polar/cook/cookchron.htm (1393 words)

	The Frederick A. Cook Society Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		His supporters maintain that Dr. Cook was the hero of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, the first to climb Mount McKinley, the first to stand at the North Pole, and the victim of merciless and unrelenting persecution by Robert Peary and those who supported Peary's claim to have reached the pole first.
		In 1897, Cook volunteered for the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, and achieved international recognition in his role of surgeon and photographer.
		The Cook Arctic Club was formed shortly before Cook's death, by his friend and Mount McKinley expedition mate, Ralph Shainwald von Ahlefeldt, with the stated purpose of promoting the recognition of Dr. Cook's discovery of the North Pole.
	library.osu.edu /sites/archives/polar/cook/cook.htm (749 words)

	BELGICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Belgica was and is the name of two Belgian research vessels, with a name derived ultimately from the Latin Gallia Belgica.
		Originally built for whaling, the ship was purchased by Adrien de Gerlache for the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in 1896.
		The current Belgica is a research vessel owned by the Belgian government and operated on their behalf by the Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/B/BELGICA.htm (379 words)

	South-Pole.com: Arctic & Antarctic History on the Net
		The second major exploitation of Antarctic resources began in 1904 with the establishment of the modern whaling industry.
		Be sure to read Antarctic Mayday, the story as told by a crash survivor, and Tragedy on the Ice, the story of Fred Williams who wasn't so lucky.
		The entire story of the expedition is presented here together with an extensive display of postal history information and additional personal stories.
	www.south-pole.com /homepage.html (1145 words)

	MOUNT VINSON MOUTAINEERING EXPEDITION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the 1999- 2000 Austral summer season a team of Belgian mountaineers left to climb the tallest peak in Antarctica which is the 4,897 metre tall Mount Vinson.
		The expedition was known as the Millennium 2000 and was associated with several other expeditions which were using Adventure Network International's aircraft from Punta Arenas in Southern Chile to Patriot Hills in the Antarctic.
		The cover is postmarked at Punta Arenas on December 22nd on the day the Expedition left Chile to climb Mount Vinson.
	www.newzeal.com /theme/antarctic/vinson.htm (279 words)

	Erskine Press - Antarctic Titles: Books on Antarctic Exploration, Antarctic books, Roald Amundsen, Shackleton ...
		The Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897-9 was the most cosmopolitan of the Heroic Age of Antarctic exploration - and one of the most lucky.
		The First French Expedition to the Antarctic set sail in August 1903 under the command of Jean-Baptiste Charcot, the 35-year-old son of a well-to-do neurologist.
		This is a fascinating insight into a totally different style of Antarctic exploration and the reader will enjoy the delightful contrast between this expedition and others generally portrayed as more serious.
	www.erskine-press.com /antarctic_titles_3.htm (940 words)

	King Baudoin Station (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sixty years after the Belgica left the port of Antwerp for his historical journey to Antarctica, a new Belgian Antarctic expedition was prepared.
		The third Belgian expedition in King Baudoin Station (March 1960 - March 1961) was commanded by Guido Derom.
		The were called the tourists and formed the summer expeditions IRIS I and IRIS II.
	www.70south.com /resources/history/belgium/baudoin (518 words)

	The Frederick A. Cook Society
		The party became locked in the ice of the Bellingshausen Sea, and its survival was largely attributed to Cook.
		Soon, Cook mounted expeditions to Alaska's Mount McKinley, being the first to circumnavigate it in 1903 and making the first claimed ascent of North Amenca's highest peak in 1906.
		In 1994, an expedition to McKinley on Ruth Glacier determined that Cook had reached a point at eleven thousand feet approaching the top of the mountain.
	www.cookpolar.org /about.htm (931 words)

	MILLENNIUM 2000 ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION
		In 1999 plans were announced by a Russian based but multi-nationally funded organisation to conduct a series of Antarctic events under the name of "Millennium 2000 Antarctic Expedition" or "Mil 2000" for short.
		The expedition had made arrangements with Adventure Network International to make use of their facilities at Punta Arenas and more importantly at the blue ice landing strip at Patriot Hills in Antarctica which is about half way from Punta Arenas to the South Pole.
		A part of the expedition was a Belgian Mountaineering expedition to Mount Vinson and they left Punta Arenas on the 22nd of December for Patriot Hills.
	www.newzeal.com /theme/antarctic/mil2000.htm (1156 words)

	Register of the Frederick A. Cook Society Collection
		Particularly well documented are the Mount McKinley expeditions of 1903 and 1906, many of the photographs taken by Dr. Cook himself.
		The "Cook Arctic Club, Inc." was established in 1940 by Ralph Shainwald-von Ahlefeldt, Cook's friend and 1903 Mount McKinley expedition mate, with the stated purpose of promoting the recognition of Dr. Frederick Cook's discovery of the North Pole.
		In 1940 the Club attempted to sponsor Sir Hubert Wilkins in an airplane expedition to the Pole and to confirm Cook's discovery of Bradley Land.
	polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu /Archival/Cook (2575 words)

	Timeline of Belgian Antarctic Milestones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		First Belgian expedition on the Antarctic continent under the leadership of Gaston de Gerlache; establishment of King Baudoin Station.
		Third Belgian Antarctic expedition commanded by Guido Derom; discovery of the Queen Fabiola mountains.
		Third Belgian-Dutch Antarctic expedition under the leadership of geologist Tony Van Autenboer; definitive closure of the King Baudoin Station.
	www.70south.com /resources/history/belgium/timeline (160 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: COOK, FREDERICK ALBERT
		Cook served as a surgeon with the Arctic expedition of Robert E. Peary in 1891-92 and the Belgian Antarctic expedition in 1897-99.
		He led expeditions to Mount McKinley between 1903 and 1906 and achieved a modest reputation as an explorer, despite charges, subsequently well documented, that his claim to the first ascent of Mount McKinley in 1906 was fraudulent.
		Cook started one of the most publicized controversies in the early part of the century after his 1907-09 "race" to the North Pole against Peary.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/CC/fcoax.html (609 words)

	Find in a Library: [The Belgica, icebound, during the Belgian antarctic expedition, with penguins in the foreground
		Find in a Library: [The Belgica, icebound, during the Belgian antarctic expedition, with penguins in the foreground
		[The Belgica, icebound, during the Belgian antarctic expedition, with penguins in the foreground
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/73457d66e920fd37a19afeb4da09e526.html (79 words)

	Frederick A. Cook: from Hero to Humbug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Plans for Dr. Cook's Antarctic Expedition and Story of the Eskimos and Dogs.
		Dr. Cook's first account of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition was published in a copyrighted story in the New York Herald on July 2.
		Reproduces only one of the 7 original appendices, including Cook’s own appendix "Antarctic Possibilities," substituting two modern essays in their place.
	home.earthlink.net /~cookpeary/pubwrite.html (1286 words)

	Texas State Historical Association - The Handbook of Texas Online: Texas Day By Day - August 5, 1940
		The New York native was surgeon on the Arctic Expedition of Robert Peary in 1891-92 and the Belgian Antarctic Expedition in 1897-99.
		He led expeditions to Mount McKinley between 1903 and 1906.
		His claim to the first ascent of Mount McKinley was challenged as fraudulent.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /daybyday/08-05-001.html (260 words)

	Patagonia, Tierra Del Fuego Giant Ona Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sailing expeditions to the Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia,
		BY DR. FREDERICK A. Of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition.
		expedition went by boat along the two coasts,
	www.victory-cruises.com /Giant_Indians.html (2678 words)

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