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Topic: Belgian Revolution

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	Belgium - Encyclopedia - Fansub TV
		The 1830 Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic, and neutral Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress.
		Belgian control of the Congolese population, particularly under Leopold II, was savage, and the country was plundered of resources such as ivory and rubber.
		Belgian contributions to architecture also continued into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the work of Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde, who were major initiators of the Art Nouveau style.
	www.fansub.tv /encyclopedia.php?title=Belgium&redirect=no (5871 words)

	Saijiki for Europa ..... (WKD - EUROPE): Belgian National Day
		Belgians are not a flag-waving people, but for the National Day, some of my neighbours hang out their fl-gold-red flags and enjoy a short-lived burst of national fervour.
		Many of the Belgian institutions open their doors to the public, and so, for instance, one can take school groups to the Parliament, and ask questions about how it works, or be part of a mock debate.
		The Belgian revolution was initiated by the French-speaking minority who controlled the factories and other economical resources and who did not want to live under a Dutch-speaking administration.
	europasaijiki.blogspot.com /2007/07/belgian-national-day.html (858 words)

	Belgian Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the Musée d'Art Ancien, Brussels
		The Belgian Revolution had many causes; mainly, the treatment of the French-speaking Catholic Walloons in the Dutch-dominated United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the difference of religion between the Belgians and their Dutch king.
		In a sense, the Belgian Revolution was a Walloon revolution, of a French-speaking upper and middle class that exchanged Dutch hegemony for Walloon hegemony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Belgian_Revolution (1215 words)

	Belgium
		The 1830 Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium under a provisional government.
		Mirroring the historical political conflicts between the freethought and Catholic segments of the population, the Belgian educational system in each communities is split into a laïque branch controlled by the communities, the provinces, or the municipalities, and a subsidised religious—mostly Catholic—branch controlled by both the communities and the religious authorities—usually the dioceses.
		Belgians have a reputation for loving waffles and French fries, both originally from Belgium; the national food is steak (or mussels) with French fries.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/b/be/belgium.html (4079 words)

	CHAPTER XVI. - THE MOVEMENTS OF 1830.
		In comparison with the Revolution of 1789, the movement which overthrew the Bourbons in 1830 was a mere flutter on the surface.
		The creation of this kingdom, in which the Belgian provinces formerly subject to Austria were united with Holland to serve as an effective barrier against French aggression on the north, had been one of Pitt's most cherished schemes, and it had been carried into effect ten years after his death by the Congress of Vienna.
		As, however, the Belgians were in actual occupation of all Luxemburg with the exception of the fortress, they had no motive to accelerate a settlement which would deprive them of part of their existing possessions; on the other hand, the King of Holland held back through mere obstinacy.
	www.globusz.com /ebooks/Europe/00000027.htm (11980 words)

	History of Holland - Chapter XXXI: The Belgian Revolution, 1830-1842 (by George Edmundson)
		This part of the protocol was as objectionable to the Belgians as the former part was to the Dutch king.
		These acute differences between the Conference and the Belgian Congress were a cause of much satisfaction to the Dutch king, who was closely watching the course of events; and he thought it good policy (February 18) to signify his assent to the conditions set forth in the protocols of January 20 and 27.
		Belgian feeling was strong against surrendering any part either of Luxemburg or Limburg; but King Leopold saw that surrender was inevitable and by a threat of abdication he managed to secure, though against vehement opposition, the acceptance of the Treaty of the XXIV Articles by the Belgian Chambers (November 1).
	www.authorama.com /history-of-holland-33.html (5676 words)

	Belgium after the White March
		Trotsky pointed out that a revolution is a situation where the masses enter the arena of politics.
		Up to the recent events, the Belgian ruling class was quite complacent about this situation, especially since they had enmeshed the Socialist Parties (and indirectly the trade unions) in the coalition.
		The Belgian workers were united in common struggle against the common enemy.
	www.newyouth.com /archives/westerneurope/belgium_after_the_white_march.html (2595 words)

	Speeches : "Belgium on the international scene - a view from abroad". Opening speech by Karel De Gucht
		In their eyes, the Belgian revolution was a challenge to the European ¿ and thus world ¿ order which had been so carefully negotiated 15 years earlier, at the Vienna Congress of 1815.
		In paintings and literature, Belgians are often represented as distrusting authority, and as being creative in misleading the authorities, especially when those authorities infringe on their liberties and freedoms.
		Belgians are thought to have a distaste for absolute power, and a strong attachment to democracy.
	www.diplomatie.be /en/press/speechdetails.asp?TEXTID=59431 (1351 words)

	The Belgian Revolution
		Well, he perhaps was right for, with respect to the 1830 revolution, France had well and truly sneezed a sneeze that was to have ramifications -- one of restraint and respect -- atypical of that of France since Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in June 1815.
		Particularly annoying for the Belgians was the fact that the administration, the economy, and majority of public institutions were dominated by the Dutch, as well as equal number of seats in the lower chamber of the Netherlands parliament.
		One date that is highly important in the Belgian revolution is December 20, 1830, because it is on this day that the powers recognized the de facto separation of the Belgian provinces from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
	members.tripod.com /Writing_Center/pol211/belgianrev2-index.htm (1005 words)

	The Belgian Surrealists and Sade: A Criminal Affinity by Stacey Fussle
		For Sade and the Belgian group, the notion of the criminal is central to their understanding of cultural revolution and entails a discussion of vision and spectacle, darkness and secrecy, and the role of the accomplice.
		What the Belgian Surrealists shared with the Marquis de Sade is the use of the criminal, the secret, the systematic, and rational in order to subvert social norms of thought and behavior and upset mental complacency.
		If we take them at their word, the Belgian group would be very satisfied that Sade spent most of his life in prison, because it is a testament to the potential power literature has to harm the established order.
	www.imageandnarrative.be /surrealism/fussle.htm (4340 words)

	Snapshot of Europe: Belgium
		The Belgian revolution was initiated by the French-speaking minority who controlled the factories and other economical resources and who didn't want to live under a Dutch-speaking administration.
		The Belgian King, Leopold I, was chosen with the assistance of the British.
		Belgian policy in the administration and sociocultural development of these countries has been heavily criticised, many seeing Belgian decisions as contributing significantly to the troubles in Rwanda in the 1990s when a genocide took place, with an estimated 1 million casualties.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Europeweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Europe5.htm (698 words)

	A Remark on the Occurrence of Revolutions
		The writer, however, warns the reader not to take this cosmic source as the sole cause of revolutions, but only as one of the contributing factors, helping to turn the scale when social discontent has accumulated, and revolutionary forces are being ripened in the subconscious depths of social life.
		This suggests the idea that revolutions and revolts in general (a revolt being a revolution that has not quite succeeded) are connected in some way or other with direct, obvious, physical discomfort, especially hunger, and possibly lack of clothing and fuel.
		Thus it appears that revolts and revolutions take place in warm countries near the minimum of sun-spots, and in cold countries near the maximum of sun-spots; in each case, when the weather is such as to tend to poor crops.
	www.sidis.net /Revolution.htm (2764 words)

	Top20Belgium.com - Your Top20 Guide to Belgium!
		From the end of the Middle Ages until the seventeenth century, it was a prosperous centre of commerce and culture.
		Belgium was again invaded by Germany in 1940 during the Blitzkrieg offensive, and occupied until its liberation by Allied troops in the winter of 1944–45.
		Through constitutional reforms in the 1970s and 1980s, regionalisation of the unitary state led to a three-tiered federation: federal, regional, and community governments were created, a compromise designed to minimize linguistic, cultural, social and economic tensions.
	www.top20belgium.com (1752 words)

	Belgique
		From the sixteenth century until the Belgian revolution in 1830, the area at that time called the Southern Netherlands, was the site of many battles between the European powers, and has been dubbed "the battlefield of Europe"or "the cockpit of Europe".
		Since around 1970, the significant national Belgian political parties have split into distinct components that mainly represent the interests of these communities (that is to say along political as well as linguistic fronts).
		About 86 percent of the Belgian population has the Belgian nationality; 9 percent are either (in order of their numbers) Italian, Moroccan, French, Turkish or Dutch and 5% has one of various other nationalities.
	www.insecula.com /us/zone/Z0006946.html (4043 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Belgium
		Belgian episcopacy in refusing to accept the imperial catechism, which was
		Belgians Catholics, and the former, although greatly in the
		Belgians through the arrangement he would make with the pope.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02395a.htm (6556 words)

	BELGIUM
		From the sixteenth century until the Belgian revolution in 1830, the area at that time called the Southern Netherlands, was the site of many battles between the European powers, and has been dubbed “the battlefield of Europe” or “the cockpit of Europe”.
		Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers (1834), in the Ancient Art Museum, Brussels.The Berlin Conference of 1885 agreed to hand over Congo to King Leopold II as his private possession, called the Congo Free State.
		Belgian cinema, often showing influences by Dutch or French cinema, brought a number of mainly Flemish novels to new life.
	www.ithelp.us /Belgium (4165 words)

	Best of Both Worlds: Orange Crush
		The main cause of the Belgian Revolution was the domination of the Dutch over the economic, political, and social institutions of the United Provinces.
		However, the Belgians saw the main political domination in the fact that King William I was Dutch, lived in the present day Netherlands, and largely ignored the Belgian demands for greater self-determination...
		In a sense, the Belgian Revolution was a revolution of a French-speaking upper and middle class that exchanged Dutch hegemony for French-speaking hegemony.
	bestofbothworlds.blogspot.com /2007/10/orange-crush.html (394 words)

	Boccaccio Intellectual History Programme -
		Chronologically this includes three different parts: firstly, the years in which Belgium was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1830); secondly, the years 1830-1831, when revolution led to Belgian independence; and thirdly, the first years of Belgium as an independent state, until 1839, when an international treaty finally secured its independence.
		This period in Belgian history has been mostly studied in terms of the transformation of the ‘Ancient Regime' into a modern state, the coming of Bourgeois society and of modern ideology.
		However, the centrality of the Revolution of 1830 implies that my Ph D is not just a study of political thought, but also a study on the ideological origins of a revolutionary event.
	www.iue.it /Personal/VanGelderen/Theses/StefaanMarteelThesis.shtml (644 words)

	Belgian Revolution - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - Museum for Art and History
		Kingdom of the NetherlandsAfter the French defeat in 1813, the frontiers of Europe were redrawn.
		However, the situation changed after the July 1830 revolution in France and the overthrow of the French king.
		Militant young Belgian liberals made political capital from the events.
	www.rijksmuseum.nl /aria/aria_encyclopedia/00049046?lang=en (211 words)

	Talleyrand : Neutrality of Belgium
		The significance of that revolution was not so much the forced abdication of an incapable ruler as that the principle of "legitimacy," particularly emphasized at the Congress of Vienna, received a severe shock.
		The Belgians having, from the outset, decided that a prince of the house of Orange-Nassau would under no circumstances be acceptable to them, the crown, through French intrigues, was offered to the young Duc de Nemours, second son of King Louis-Philippe of the French.
		The Belgian revolution threatened to ruin the edifice so painfully established by the diplomacy of 1814 and 1815 for the maintenance of European peace.
	www.talleyrand.be /neutrality_of_belgium.htm (4142 words)

	175 year Belgium, the history… \| Veerle's blog
		What followed was the Belgian Revolution that eventually led to an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium.
		Long and cold winter evenings is probably what prompted the Belgians to perfect brewing to the point that Belgium has the best and most varied (and strongest) beers in the world.
		I have nothing against Belgians, but you can’t really give a summary of Belgian history without mentioning Leopold II and his horrible atrocities in the Congo.
	veerle.duoh.com /blog/comments/175_year_belgium_the_history (1817 words)

	Belgium - encyclopedia article - Citizendium
		The outbreak of revolution in France in 1830 was a signal for action, at first on behalf of autonomy for Belgium, as the southern provinces were now called, and later on behalf of total independence.
		Between 1963 and 1971, the Belgian coal industry recruited more than 14,000 Turkish workers, not counting those who arrived independently and who were employed by other sectors in need of the assistance of foreign labor.
		The arrival of the first contingents of Turkish workers was, however, marked by a lack of preparedness to receive and look after this new population, and the incidents that flared up during the first year of the Turkish presence in Belgium seemed to indicate that the new policy might fail.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Belgium (1100 words)

	Belgian Export: Suicide Bombers
		The Belgian revolution was the work of French-speaking rebels who wanted to have it annexed to France.
		Belgium’s history is the dramatic search of its leaders for unifying elements which would be able to compensate for the lack of nationhood and the absence of genuine and generous patriotic feelings in their country.
		The Belgian state was no more than the corporatist welfare system run by the "social partners." All that being a Belgian nationalist meant was that one was attached to the Belgian welfare state.
	www.canadafreepress.com /2005/brussels120605.htm (1591 words)

	WHKMLA : The 10 Days Campaign, 1831
		The breakup of Belgium would violate the political order established at the Vienna Congress, an order the Holy Alliance was formed to uphold.
		Yet Czar Nicholas, although willing to send troops to suppress the Belgian revolution, was unable to do so because of the Polish Rebellion of 1830.
		The Kingdom of the Netherlands recognized Belgian independence in the Treaty of 1839, in which the contested provinces LIMBURG and Luxemburg were split (The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg remained in dynastic union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1890).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/tiendaagse.html (594 words)

	The July Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The problem is, that the main hero of this revolution was the unsuccesfully dissolved parliament - not less reactionary.
		This revolution was the first gap in the wall of reaction built after the fall of Napoleon and the Vienna congress.
		Many European revolutionaries took this lesson, what resultet in such events, as the Belgian revolution or the Polish November insurrection.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/2594/fr1830.html (363 words)

	Global Politician - The Complete Dissolution of the Belgian State
		This pdf document is posted on the official website for the Belgian (federal) House of Representatives, and is dated November 6th, 2007.
		The proposal was addressed to the Belgian House of Representatives and submitted by Bart Laeremans, Gerolf Annemans, Filip De Man, and Linda Vissers.
		As the proposal is written, it squarely puts the blame for its necessity with the Belgian government and (various representatives of) the Walloon community.
	www.globalpolitician.com /23750-belgium (1141 words)

	Belgium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1830 Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress.
		The Belgian Congo gained its independence in 1960 during the Congo Crisis, and Ruanda-Urundi became independent in 1962.
		About 86 percent of the Belgian population has the Belgian nationality; 9 percent are either (in order of their numbers) Italian, Moroccan, French, Turkish or Dutch and 5% has one of various other nationalities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Belgium (4568 words)

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