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Topic: Belief perseverance

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Confirmation bias

Disconfirmation bias

Expectancy effect

Selective perception

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	Perseverance: The Gateway to Holiness
		Belief is a process, and the end-product of that process is one's own more spiritual self.
		Perseverance is anchored in hope; and hope is rooted in the belief that things will get better.
		Perseverance demonstrates an underlying hope, an inner belief that God is good and He rules the world.
	aish.com /literacy/concepts/Perseverance_The_Gateway_to_Holiness.asp (1743 words)

	Review: Perspectives on Self-Deception
		No contrary belief is needed to suppress or inhibit the effect that the unpleasant belief normally has on his thinking, although the self-deceiver may need to clutter his mind with reasons against the unpleasant belief and with thoughts to the contrary.
		The unpleasant belief is a “central belief” and the self-deceptive belief is an “avowed belief.”
		That is, holding an avowed belief contrary to a central belief does not require, though it may involve, a disavowing second-order belief.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~kbach/SDreview.htm (5404 words)

	[No title]
		As part of #4, or separately, remember the effects of negatives in conditional syllogisms, and the concept of belief bias (in which people draw conclusions that are supposedly illogical but consistent with their world knowledge).
		Belief Perseverance, on the other hand, is the persistence of a belief (or its implications) despite authoritative information to the contrary.
		A weak version of belief perseverance is seen in the bogus feedback experiment, in which the effect of the phony feedback persists even though it was completely discredited by the experimenters.
	facstaff.unca.edu /tlbrown/Fa04CogSg3-6thEd.doc (702 words)

	[No title]
		Issues such as belief perseverance, mental control, prior convictions, effects of inadmissible evidence on jurors, legal case law, and reactance theory and perceived fairness are examined.
		Belief Perseverance The reason people cling to a belief even after it has been proven wrong or false was studied by Anderson, Lepper and Ross (1980).
		Through research such as suppression studies, reactance theories, and belief perseverance theories it has been illustrated that once a jury is exposed to certain information that plays a role in deciding a verdict, the jury will most likely recall and use that information.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mauro/psy420/Juries.doc (3631 words)

	Global Journal of Classical Theology Martin's Paper
		But by so distinguishing between the belief mechanisms, I am not meaning to imply (and probably would rather want to deny) that many of the belief-forming mechanisms that we enjoy definitely do not work simultaneously to produce their intended effects.
		M-beliefs, or memory beliefs, are formed and often retained when a human experiences life in all of its convolutions, twists and turns, as well as in everyday life and living.
		Meta-M beliefs are warranted beliefs that are formed, synthesized, on the basis of M-beliefs.
	www.trinitysem.edu /journal/martinpap.html (4726 words)

	The Prayers of Paul
		Now may the God who gives perseverance and encouragement grant you to be of the same mind with one another according to Christ Jesus; that with one accord you may with one voice glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ...
		We must grow in faith, be strengthened to persevere, find hope and joy in believing, hunger and thirst after righteousness, live as if the gospel were really true.
		Belief, encouragement, perseverance, hope, wisdom; these are not optional side-benefits for a certain class of Christian; they are the very stuff of Christianity itself.
	www.mckenziestudycenter.org /bible/articles/paulpray.html (1949 words)

	Crisp Volume 6 No 4
		Inconsistent or contradictory beliefs and attitudes create a state of dissonance, which is said to be an unpleasant and highly motivational state.
		Similarly, Gray (1985), whose one semester course emphasizing methodological issues resulted in some reduction in unfounded beliefs, stated: "Should we be pleased that belief in ESP can be brought down from 85% to about 50%, or should we be seriously concerned that 50% of those tested still believe in ESP, UFOs, and Reincarnation?" (p.
		The delayed posttest designed to measure the persistence of belief change was administered during the fifteenth week of the semester and used the same format as the immediate posttest although additional items were included to help disguise the questionnaire.
	www.uiowa.edu /~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.4.htm (3607 words)

	[Jdm-society] stock prices/belief perseverance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thus, in the present example, maybe people would continue to believe in the orignial valuation of the stock.
		Below is a clickable web link on the topic of belief perseverance.
		I have not followed this line of research closely and (presumably) there would be additional studies refining our knowledge of the phenomenon.
	www.sjdm.org /mail-archive/jdm-society/2004-November/002007.html (204 words)

	COGNITIV
		In this case, significant levels of theory perseverance were recorded even after subjects were appraised of the fictitious nature of the initial case studies from which their theory was derived.
		This theory assumes that conservatism is the key feature in the process of belief revision: we only change our views when we have good reasons to do so and when such a change increases the overall coherence of our beliefs.
		After all, natural scientists are trained to be objective and flexible, to anchor their beliefs in external reality, to detach their egos from their theories, to think it possible that they are mistaken.
	www.is.wayne.edu /mnissani/pagepub/cogniti1.htm (4299 words)

	Llewellyn Encyclopedia
		Akh: One of the three parts of the soul according to ancient Egyptian belief.
		Archon: From the Greek meaning “authority,” it is from the same root at “archangel.” In Gnostic belief, the Archons were planetary rulers with various spheres or planes of control.
		The virtues are courage, honor, truth, fidelity, discipline, hospitality, industriousness, self-reliance, and perseverance.
	www.llewellynencyclopedia.com /glossary.php (5444 words)

	CrossTalk: Comments on Romans 2:1-11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, to assume that "belief" is not present is to assume that it can only be present wherethe pist- stem words occur.
		To adopt Douglas Moo's understanding of the passage is to drive a wedge between belief and perseverance in belief.
		By the way, your book on perseverance was very helpful to me. Last semester I used it as a resource while teaching through a high-school Sunday school class on Hebrews.
	crosstalking.blogspot.com /2005/03/comments-on-romans-21-11.html (2931 words)

	Gayani Meditations for the Confraternity of the Message - daily inspirational meditations by email
		Things of heaven cannot be attained by perseverance, they are the grace of God.
		No perseverance is required to ask for the grace of God, to believe in the grace of God, and to open oneself for the grace of God, to trust in it.
		Everything belonging to the earth costs us more or less, we purchase it; there is only one thing which does not cost anything, because we can never pay its price, and that is the grace of God.
	www.cheraglibrary.org /confraternity/october/oct03.html (648 words)

	_______I_
		We know that once a person forms an opinion or holds a belief, they are reluctant to change their belief in any substantial way even in the face of evidence that thoroughly discredits the belief they currently hold.
		The term, “Belief Perseverance,” is normally used to designate this reluctance.
		This term is used to describe the belief that the conditions, events, or environment one finds himself in is largely responsible for his or her personal condition and/or status.
	www.spenc.com /2005_Midterm_master_INET.htm (3055 words)

	Psy 327: Cognitive Psychology
		As part of #4, or separately, remember the effects of negatives in conditional syllogisms, and the concept of belief bias (in which people draw conclusions that are supposedly illogical but consistent with their world knowledge).
		belief bias refers to the tendency for people to answer conditional syllogisms (If A, then B, etc.) on the basis of real world knowledge rather than logic.
		A weak version of belief perseverance is seen in the bogus feedback experiment, in which the effect of the phony feedback persists even though it was completely discredited by the experimenters.
	facstaff.unca.edu /tlbrown/Fa04CogSg3-6thEd.htm (761 words)

	Belief perseverance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Belief Perseverance is the persistence of one's held beliefs despite evidence to the contrary.
		An example of this is the Korean belief in fan death.
		This page was last modified 10:01, 20 June 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Belief_perseverance (51 words)

	From Polio to Ironman - DeForest Press Online Store (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is the story of how one person with determination, courage and perseverance, went from barely being able to walk up stairs to a person able to complete the grueling Ironman—a competition that includes a 2.4-mile swim, a 26.2-mile run, and a 100-mile bike ride, all under 16 hours!
		While this book indeed gives hope to other polio survivors to see that they, too, can live and thrive in spite of polio, it is also a book for everyone about making wishes come true.
		Perseverance and belief are more important than the “handicaps” given us by other people or the limitations we place on ourselves.
	www.deforestpress.com /item.asp?ItemID=26 (387 words)

	Perseverance of Affect Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Three studies investigated the perseverance of affect, and demonstrated that affective preferences persevere even if the cognition that gave rise to those preferences is invalidated.
		Study 2 ruled out a consistency response bias interpretation and Study 3 demonstrated that the affective perseverance was not due to the stronger memory for valenced rather than neutral words.
		Whereas the belief perseverance phenomena focuses on the cognitive causes and consequences of perseverance, the present research introduces the relevance of affect in perseverance phenomena.
	www-psych.stanford.edu /~heejung/perseverance.html (152 words)

	Cues in Films with Surprise Endings
		Senor (1992) says that belief perseverance occurs when a theory is already formed before any solid evidence supports the theory.
		Using psychological phenomenon such as the hindsight bias, confirmation bias, perception, counterfactual thinking and belief perseverance, the researcher came up with a reason why each individual cue was missed.
		Although belief perseverance and confirmation bias can explain why a cue is missed, the researcher came to the conclusion that they aren't the reason why cues are missed.
	people.wcsu.edu /mccarneyh/acad/Fink.html (4380 words)

	Belief Perseverance
		Particularly if other people know of our belief, it can be embarrassing to climb down from our previous assertions.
		It is also difficult to remove a belief which has been woven into a wider web of belief, without disturbing those other beliefs.
		Do not get people to describe their beliefs publicly if you want to change them.
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/belief_perseverance.htm (170 words)

	An Edge Question: WHAT NOW?
		but the human factor, the human thinking, dedication, perseverance; awareness, belief in the cause, will be much more important then just the sheer hi-tech.
		They are doing it in war, elite commando units, while they are combating crime, or rescuing other people, or in some extreme sports (mount climbing, car racing), or even in medicine and some scientific endeavors, or in pursuing political causes.
		It is a subject for group dynamics, education, and strong motivation and inner belief system.
	www.edge.org /documents/whatnow/whatnow_vardi.html (194 words)

	Michael Barone: Where he stands in history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Speakers read from the Sermon on the Mount ("a city that is set on a hill") and from John Winthrop's 1630 sermon about "a city upon a hill" -- the basis for Reagan's belief that America is "a shining city on a hill," a special and specially good nation.
		Lady Thatcher, in her videotaped eulogy, and Brian Mulroney and George H. Bush described his strong convictions and perseverance, his belief in freedom and opposition to tyranny.
		It was left to George W. Bush to put in perspective Reagan's long life -- his lifespan covered 43 percent of the time from the inauguration of George Washington's to today.
	www.townhall.com /columnists/michaelbarone/printmb20040614.shtml (690 words)

	Athletes That Inspire Us
		Readers will learn firsthand about athletes who did the unlikely or even the "impossible," athletes who overcame enormous odds, athletes who refused to quit when things looked bad or hopeless, athletes who exhibit tremendous character traits, and athletes whose spectacular stories are sure to inspire anyone.
		The chapters in the book bear lessons about perseverance, self-belief, winning, overcoming setbacks, looking at the big picture, challenging yourself, and much more.
		In fact, they are some of the finest in all of history, and ones that anyone will be sure to appreciate and enjoy time and time again.
	www.immediex.com /athletes.html (165 words)

	[No title]
		Subjects were given numerous "suicide notes" fabricated by the authors, and were told that some were authentic and some were not.
		Belief bias: Technical term for when people solve conditional syllogisms on the basis of their world knowledge instead of logic.
		Results & The Point: Most subjects reported their belief that certain responses were indicative of sexual orientation.
	facstaff.unca.edu /tlbrown/CogReasoningHandout.doc (1352 words)

	Study guide for Exam 2, Spring 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Belief bias -- what we already believe can distort our reasoning.
		Belief perseverance -- we cling to our beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.
		E) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~jwayand/studyguide3.html (2790 words)

	Factors inspiring patience and perserverance -- Quraan.com Authentic Islamic Literature
		Muhammad (Peace be upon him) the great leader of the Muslim community, and mankind at large, was an exemplary man in his perfect manners and noble attributes; no one could measure up to his endowments of nobility, honesty, trustworthiness and abstinence; unanimously and uncontestedly acknowledged even by his enemies.
		They were also convinced that those charges were inescapable even though they were being persecuted for fear of the far-reaching ramifications, and the horrible impact that humanity would suffer in case they shirked their obligations.
		The Prophet’s face reddened and he remarked that the true believer must not precipitate things, it was incumbent upon a believer to undergo all the odds of life as much as he could, fearing nobody except Allâh until the religion was established, which would surely happen.
	www.scar.utoronto.ca /~msa/sealed_nectar/14.html (2304 words)

	Success Stories
		I wasn't yet ready to accept that all success is preceded by belief in that success.
		And that's when it dawned on me that for all of my scoffing at John's relentless practicing and visualization, his undying belief in his abilities was suddenly paying off, not only for him, but for the entire auditorium.
		Over the years, I've come to believe increasingly in the power of belief, in the idea that it precedes success.
	www.betaller.com /success_stories.htm (436 words)

	Home Issues 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Speakers read from the Sermon on the Mount ("a city that is set on a hill") and from John Winthrop's 1630 sermon about "a city upon a hill" --the basis for Reagan's belief that America is "a shining city on a hill," a special and specially good nation.
		Margaret Thatcher, in her videotaped eulogy, and Brian Mulroney and George H. Bush described his strong convictions and perseverance, his belief in freedom and opposition to tyranny.
		It was left to George W. Bush to put in perspective Reagan's long life--his life span covered 43 percent of the time from the inauguration of George Washington to today.
	www.gprep.org /~sjochs/reagan-roosevelt.htm (654 words)

	Glossary Of Social Psychology Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Belief perseverance: Persistence of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
		Conformity: A change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
		Ethnocentrism: A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
	www.pinian.com /pinian_social_psychology_terms.html (3116 words)

	CSICOP / Event / Human Error Workshop / August 17-21, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The second error is in the maintaining of the belief in the face of what should be regarded as disconfirming evidence.
		We will look for the ways in which erroneous paranormal beliefs share common features with other errors as well as the ways in which they differ from other kinds of errors.
		The goal is to understand better the role of error in paranormal belief and in the skeptical reaction to such belief.
	www.csicop.org /events/workshop.html (612 words)

	[No title]
		Perseverance Effect, Dichotomous thinking, and misinterpreting correlation as proving causation.
		Self-fulfilling prophecy: Occurs when people's attitudes, beliefs, or assumptions about another person produce the behaviors that they had initially expected to find.
		Belief Perseverance Effect: The tendency to cling to one's beliefs, even in the face of contradictory or disconfirming evidence.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~harrow/psy330/OFStudyGuide.htm (1220 words)

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