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| | Minority language and the state in Zambia and Botswana |
 | | Language policy — even if appealing to ‘objective’ considerations of linguistic analysis, constitutional equity and socio-economic development — is often formulated and implemented in a political and ideological context partly defined by ethnic parameters. |
 | | Meanwhile, throughout Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) of which Barotseland formed part, seven languages had come to be recognized by the state as vehicles of formal education, broadcasting, the judiciary, and state/subject interaction: Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi (throughout Barotseland and in the region of Livingstone, the early colonial capital in the south), Lunda, Luvale and Kaonde. |
 | | In Botswana, Kalanga is very much a minority language, in which no formal education is offered, which is not used in the media, practically not admissible for use in courts of law except in outlying villages, and with hardly any published material circulating in that language. |
| www.shikanda.net /ethnicity/minority.htm (9590 words) |
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