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Topic: Benedict Spinoza

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Baruch Spinoza

David Hume

Continental rationalism

Descartes

Leibniz

Immanuel Kant

Rene Descartes

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Gottfried Leibniz

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The Second Treatise of Civil Government

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	Benedict de Spinoza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Benedict de Spinoza was born as Baruch on 24 November 1632 in Amsterdam.
		It should be added, however, that Spinoza’s insistence on the political necessity to cultivate the awareness of common interests does not imply the recognition on his part of the advisability to cut short on the personal liberties of political subjects.
		Spinoza’s attempt to separate theology from philosophy is largely based on a highly innovative assessment of the true meaning of the Bible.
	www.thoemmes.com /encyclopedia/spinoza.htm (3329 words)

	Baruch Spinoza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spinoza was a thoroughgoing determinist who held that absolutely everything that happens occurs through the operation of necessity.
		Spinoza's philosophy has much in common with Stoicism inasmuch as both philosophies sought to fulfil a therapeutic role by instructing people how to attain happiness (or eudaimonia, for the Stoics).
		Spinoza's portrait featured prominently on the older series of the 1000 Guilder banknote, which was legal tender in the Netherlands until the euro was introduced in 2002.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benedict_Spinoza (1132 words)

	Benedict De Spinoza [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Given Spinoza’s devaluation of sense perception as a means of acquiring knowledge, his description of a purely intellectual form of cognition, and his idealization of geometry as a model for philosophy, this categorization is fair.
		Spinoza thus writes of the person who has attained this love that he "is hardly troubled in spirit, but being, by a certain eternal necessity, conscious of himself, and of God, and of things, he never ceases to be, but always possess true peace of mind" (VP42S).
		Spinoza readily concedes that the aspect of the mind that expresses the existence of the body cannot survive the destruction of the body.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/s/spinoza.htm (10542 words)

	Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza - Philosopher - Biography
		Spinoza was born into a lineage of Spanish crypto-Jews through his grandfather and father — Jews living in post-Islam who were forced to adopt Christianity while secretly maintaining the Jewish faith.
		Spinoza, however, was an independent thinker, rejecting traditional readings of Scripture, and therefore causing a deviation from Jewish orthodoxy.
		Spinoza had a great admiration for the precision of Latin and Classical thought, manifest in his desire to form a unitary structure of the Creation of God based on reason.
	www.egs.edu /resources/spinoza.html (913 words)

	Benedict Spinoza
		Spinoza is undoubtedly one of the greatest rationalist philosophers of the West.
		Spinoza makes thought and extension, the properties of the mind and matter in the philosophy of Descartes, the two attributes of the absolute Substance, and thus a greater consistency and method is seen in the system of Spinoza than in that of Descartes.
		Spinoza holds that thought and extension cannot have interaction between themselves, for they are the inward and outward expression of one and the same process.
	www.swami-krishnananda.org /com/com_spin.html (1472 words)

	Spinoza, Baruch. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Spinoza became known in spite of his retiring mode of life; he had wide correspondence and was visited by other philosophers.
		Spinoza’s rationalism, unlike that of later idealists, does not proceed at the expense of empirical observation.
		To be free is to be guided by the law of one’s own nature (which in Spinoza’s rational universe is never at variance with the law of another nature); bondage consists in being moved by causes of which we are unaware because our ideas are confused.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/Spinoza.html (971 words)

	Benedict Spinoza - Ontology for The New Millennium, by Linda S. Schrigner
		Spinoza's reference to Heinric Khunrath on the title page of his Theologico-Politicus was in the classic esoteric tradition of identifying his work additionally for future generations, as being authentically "Rosicrucian" in nature and purpose, as well as being in the esoteric tradition.
		Spinoza had long before been branded an atheist and heretic, and at age 24 was formally excommunicated from his Jewish synagogue and community where he had lived all his life.
		Spinoza had been strongly influenced by the Cartesian philosophy and was deeply moved by the attempt of René Descartes to show a geometrical relationship to all knowledge.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/2216/spinoza.htm (4792 words)

	Spinoza: the first modern pantheist. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spinoza was born in Amsterdam in 1632, into a family of Jewish emigrants fleeing persecution in Portugal.
		Spinoza was offered 1000 florins to keep quiet about his views, but refused.
		Spinoza refused all rewards and honours, and gave away to his sister his share of his father's inheritance - keeping only a bedstead for himself.
	members.aol.com /Heraklit1/spinoza.htm (1211 words)

	The Philosophy of Benedict Spinoza
		In a pantheistic metaphysics such as that of Spinoza, in which there is a single substance and all things are but finite and temporal modifications of this substance, there is no place for the traditional concept of man as a separate substance existing in himself and composed of a rational soul and a material body.
		For Spinoza, this love of man for God is returned by God, not as love between persons (for personality is excluded from his metaphysics), but inasmuch as man is identical, in a pantheistic sense, with God.
		Spinoza holds that the state arose from a pact entered into by men, who at first lived in a condition of irrational nature and in perpetual war.
	www.radicalacademy.com /philspinoza.htm (1878 words)

	Benedict de Spinoza
		Spinoza shares with Hobbes a powerful negative analysis of popular religion and the view that an individual operates in their own self interest.
		Little is known of Spinoza's early years except that he studied at the Amsterdam Jewish school where he learned Hebrew and was instructed in Jewish Orthodoxy as it was his father's wish for him to become a Rabbi.
		Spinoza was so outraged that his friends had to lock him in his house to keep him from running out into the crowd with a sign declaring them the ultimate barbarians which would have surely brought about his own death.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/phl302/philosophers/spinoza.html (834 words)

	Benedict Spinoza: Philosopher, Mystic, Rosicrucian - by Gary L. Stewart
		Benedict Spinoza—an original thinker destined to become one of the world's greatest modern philosophers—has exercised such a profound impact upon modern thought that even today there is much debate upon his philosophy, and only within the last 100 years has his influence been thoroughly recognized for its effect on today's thinking.
		Spinoza was little understood in his time, consequently was labeled an atheist, and was excommunicated from his Jewish faith when he was just 24 years old.
		We recognize that there is much academic philosophical debate concerning whether Spinoza could be classified as a true mystic, and we may refer to the many Spinoza Symposiums that are held annually in the Netherlands, and specifically to the one held in Leiden in 1973.
	www.crcsite.org /spinoza1.htm (1661 words)

	Spinoza and Late 18th/Early 19th Century Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Rather, he is beloved for a combination of his reputation as a secular saint, his obvious devotion to truth and the faculty of reason, and the extent to which his philosophical conclusions harmonize with the ethics of mysticism and joie de vivre.
		Schlegel was inspired by Spinoza to adopt the philosophy of immanence — and to seek the goal of "an immediate and intuitive knowledge of nature in God." Schelling also was bitten by the bug.
		And Spinoza’s philosophy, thought Hegel, suffered from its lack of respect for the principle of the dialectic that is needed to explain all the seeming contradictions inside the Absolute.
	www.spinoza.net /TSNMain.htm (3153 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spinoza
		After the death of his father in 1654, Spinoza was almost completely cast off by his family and, having no means, taught in the private Humanistic school of the ex-Jesuit and freethinker Franz van den Enden.
		Spinoza's political views were largely inspired by Jan de Witt and his friends; the same opinions are to be found in the writings of other Dutch political writers of the same period, e.
		Spinoza's view of the world is so constructed that the final results can be reached with equal logic from its epistemological and psychological assumptions, and from its ethical and metaphysical axioms.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14217a.htm (3513 words)

	:: BDSweb > Spinoza & Spinozism
		Spinoza, Benedict de - Wiep van Bunge (The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers)
		Haserot, F.S. Spinoza and the status of universals.
		Spinoza's critique of Machiavelli and its source in van den Enden.
	bdsweb.tripod.com (776 words)

	A Dedication to Spinoza's Insights - Joseph B. Yesselman's Home Page
		Spinoza defined "sorrow, boredom, joy" with one definition.
		Spinoza is not to be read, he is to be studied;
		I stumbled upon Spinoza after I studied Calculus in college.
	www.yesselman.com (1436 words)

	BOOKSTORE: Benedict Spinoza
		Benedict Spinoza (1632-1677) believed that the universe is one substance, called nature or God.
		Spinoza combined the powerful Neoplatonic strain of the Renaissance with Cartesianism.
		His fundamental assumption was the causal postulate: "Whatever things have nothing in common cannot one be the cause of the other."
	radicalacademy.com /bksspinoza.htm (105 words)

	Welcome to The Spinoza Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The true study of Spinoza's ideas involves the study of our own particular nature, seeking to clarify the confusions and passive emotions brought about through our own imagination and, by using Reason and Intuition, to direct our mind toward union with our Eternal Essential Being.
		"The Spinoza Net is dedicated to furthering research, knowledge and discussion about the works, reception and contributions of Baruch Spinoza." Includes a wide range of Spinoza information and many links to other sites.
		Additions and changes to: "Spinoza Works": Added several letters written by Spinoza which were inadvertently left out.
	home.earthlink.net /~tneff (716 words)

	Benedict Spinoza - Ontology for the New Millennium
		Benedict Spinoza - Ontology for the New Millennium
		This article includes references from the history course and other appropriate direct quotations from Gary Stewart.
		He spent most of the free time in his last 26 years quietly in his room writing the Ethics.
	www.crcsite.org /spinoza2.htm (3274 words)

	COSMIC BASEBALL ASSOCIATION- Benedict Spinoza: 1998 Cosmic Player Plate
		In 1656 Spinoza was excommunicated from the synagogue and he then began supporting himself by grinding lenses.
		But his chief passion was the study of philosophy, in particular the "rationalism" of Rene Descartes.
		Spinoza's works include: Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670), Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (1677), Tractatus Politicus (1677, unfinished).
	www.cosmicbaseball.com /spinoza8.html (87 words)

	Studia Spinoziana
		A Logical Index to Spinoza's Ethica -- By Lancelot R. Fletcher
		Spinoza Exhibition -- The Society Arti et Amicitiae
		Spinoza -- From Tod Jones: Biography with Reflections on Spinoza's Biblical Criticism
	frank.mtsu.edu /~rbombard/RB/spinoza.new.html (185 words)

	[No title]
		BENEDICT DE SPINOZA'S POLITICAL TREATISE, WHEREIN IS DEMONSTRATED, HOW THE SOCIETY IN WHICH MONARCHICAL DOMINION FINDS PLACE, AS ALSO THAT IN WHICH THE DOMINION IS ARISTOCRATIC, SHOULD BE ORDERED, SO AS NOT TO LAPSE INTO A TYRANNY, BUT TO PRESERVE INVIOLATE THE PEACE AND FREEDOM OF THE CITIZENS.
		OUR author composed the Political Treatise shortly before his death [in 1677].
		And, therefore, means must be sought to preserve order in this supreme council and keep unbroken the consti
	www.constitution.org /bs/poltreat.txt (17727 words)

	The Works of Spinoza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Research Center News and Events The Spinoza Net
		If you are interested in ASCII text copies of Spinoza's major works, we recommend the Project Guttenberg website of major classical works of literature.
		Copyright © 1999 - 2001 The Spinoza Net and New World Sciences Corporation
	www.spinoza.net /Theworks (103 words)

	Benedict@Large
		The fascists that are breaking your windows don't know what that word means.
		Every now and then the mask slips, and we see the true face of the system that marshals the world.
		They only thing I can't understand is why the editors don't put it where it belongs -- in the Comics Section.
	benedictus.blogspot.com (1825 words)

	Benedict Spinoza: free web books, online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ethics, by Benedict de Spinoza/Elwes Part 5 [
		Ethics, by Benedict de Spinoza/Elwes Part 4 [
		The World eBook Library Consortia and Project Gutenberg Consortia Center, bringing eBooks from around the world together.
	worldebooklibrary.com /eBooks/Adelaide/aut/spinoza.html (78 words)

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