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Topic: Benefit of clergy

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	CLERGY - LoveToKnow Article on CLERGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		to the clergy as a flock of sheep to its pastor.
		Benefit of clergy began with the claim on the part of the ecclesiastical authorities in the 12th century that every clericus should be exempt from the jurisdiction of the temporal courts and be subject to the spiritual courts alone.
		The benefit of clergy was abolished by a statute of 1827, but as this statute did n.ot repeal that of 1547, under which peers were given the privilege, a further statute was passed in 1841 putting peers on the same footing as commons and clergy.
	4.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CL/CLERGY.htm (839 words)

	Benefit of clergy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In English law, the benefit of clergy was originally a provision by which clergymen could claim that they were outside the jurisdiction of the secular courts and be tried instead under canon law.
		This opened the door to secular, but nonetheless literate defendants also claiming the benefit of clergy, and in 1351 under Edward III this loophole was formalized in statute, and the benefit of clergy was officially extended to all who could read.
		Women acquired the benefit of clergy in 1623, although it was not until 1691 that they were given equal privileges with men in this matter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benefit_of_clergy (958 words)

	Blackstone's Commentaries - Book the Fourth - Chapter the Twenty-Eighth : Of the Benefit of Clergy
		CLERGY, the privilegium clerical, or in common fpeech the benefit of clergy, had it's original from the pious regard paid by chriftian princes to the church in it's infant ftate; and the ill ufe which the popifh ecclefiaftics foon made of that pious regard.
		Accordingly the ftatute directs, that no perfon, once admitted to the benefit of clergy, fhall be admitted thereto a fecond time, unlefs he produces his orders: and, in order to diftinguifh their perfons, all laymen who are allowed this privilege fhall be burnt with a hot iron in the brawn of the left thump.
		That, when the benefit of clergy is taken away from the offence, (as in cafe of murder, buggery, robbery, rape, and burglary) a principal in the fecond degree, aiding and abetting the crime, is as well excluded from his clergy as he that is principal in
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/blackstone/bk4ch28.htm (2296 words)

	St. George Tucker: Of the Benefit of Clergy
		CLERGY, the privilegium clerical, or in common speech the benefit of clergy, had its original from the pious regard paid by Christian princes to the church in its infant state; and the ill use which the popish ecclesiastics soon made of that pious regard.
		Accordingly the statute directs, that no person, once admitted to the benefit of clergy, shall be admitted thereto a second time, unless he produces his orders: and, in order to distinguish their persons, all laymen who are allowed this privilege shall be burnt with a hot iron in the brawn of the left thump.
		That, when the benefit of clergy is taken away from the offense, (as in case of murder, buggery, robbery, rape, and burglary) a principal in the second degree, aiding and abetting the crime, is as well excluded from his clergy as he that is principal in the first degree: but, 4.
	www.lonang.com /exlibris/tucker/tuck-528.htm (2122 words)

	Benefit of clergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In medieval England the benefit of clergy begun about the 12th century meant that those to whom the applied could not be tried or legally by the secular legal system.
		The benefit of clergy had to be by a certain ritual after conviction and before sentencing.
		In England the benefit of clergy was unnecessary and thereby abolished in 1827.
	www.freeglossary.com /Benefit_of_clergy (493 words)

	Benefit of clergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In medieval England, the benefit of clergy, begun about the 12th century, meant that those to whom the term applied could not be tried or legally punished by the secular legal system.
		The benefit of clergy had to be pled by a certain ritual, after conviction and before sentencing.
		In England, the benefit of clergy was declared unnecessary and thereby abolished in 1827.
	www.eurofreehost.com /be/Benefit_of_clergy.html (329 words)

	Criminal Punishment at the Old Bailey
		Through the mechanisms of benefit of clergy and pardons many more defendants found guilty of capital offences were spared the death penalty and sentenced only to branding, transportation, imprisonment, or received no punishment at all.
		Convicts who successfully pleaded benefit of clergy, and those found guilty of manslaughter instead of murder, were branded on the thumb (with a "T" for theft, "F" for felon, or "M" for murder), so that they would be unable to receive this benefit more than once.
		Through benefit of clergy, use of pardons, and respited sentences due to pregnancy or in order to perform military or naval duty, many of those sentenced to death were not actually executed.
	www.oldbaileyonline.org /history/crime/punishment.html (4017 words)

	benefit of clergy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Benefit of clergy thus mitigated the severities of English criminal law, which imposed the death penalty for many offenses now deemed trivial.
		Criminal law was ameliorated in the early 19th cent., and in 1827 benefit of clergy was abolished as being no longer necessary.
		The term “benefit of clergy” has come in popular usage to mean sanction of the clergy, particularly in the phrase “marriage without benefit of clergy.”
	www.bartleby.com /65/be/benefitc.html (339 words)

	A Draft of a Legal and Constitutional Account \| Turnabout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The benefit of clergy and the privilege of sanctuary were forms of extraterritoriality and in their main features were justifiable as such.
		As it existed at the beginning of the Tudor period, the benefit of clergy may be described as the exemption of clerks from secular punishment for felonies, except for those touching the king.
		The benefit of clergy was extended to all literate men as a result of changes in the manner in which the ordinary determined whether a person pleading his clergy was in fact a clerk.
	www.jkalb.org /node/view/31 (7786 words)

	benefit of clergy - Definition of benefit of clergy by Webster's Online Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By modern statute's, benefit of clergy was rather a substitution of a more mild punishment for the punishment of death.
		The benefit of clergy seems never to have been extended to the crime of high treason, nor to have embraced misdemeanors inferior to felony.
		30, that the benefit of clergy shall not be used or allowed, upon conviction of any crime, for which, by any statute of the United States, the punishment is, or shall be declared to be, death.
	www.webster-dictionary.org /definition/benefit%20of%20clergy (193 words)

	Benefit of clergy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After four of Henry's knights murdered Becket in 1170, public sentiment turned against against the king, and he was forced to make amends with the church.
		A person convicted by an ecclesiastical court could be defrocked and returned to the secular authorities for punishment, but over time, the English ecclesiastical courts became increasingly lenient, and by the 15th century, most convinctions in these courts led to a sentence of penance.
		When the literacy test was abolished in 1706, the lesser sentence given to those who pled benefit of clergy was increased to up to 6-24 months hard labor.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /benefit_of_clergy.htm (969 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Benefit of Clergy
		These privileges of the clergy were substantially respected by the Norman kings, though their tendency to arbitrariness caused them in special cases to seek to override them.
		I, 57, x 9.) When a clerk was brought before a lay court, he proved his claim to benefit of clergy by reading, and he was turned over to the ecclesiastical court, as only the clergy were generally able to read.
		Benefit of Clergy; DESMOND, The Church and The Law (Chicago, 1898); BLACK, Law Dictionary, s.v.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02476a.htm (885 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Benefit of Clergy
		Clergy, Benefit of, exemption from punishment by the king's courts.
		The Benefit of Clergy was gained by the clergy of England in 1176 as a result of...
		Not even Henry VIII, however, ended the “benefit of clergy,” which Henry II had to accept after Becket’s death.
	encarta.msn.com /Benefit_of_Clergy.html (153 words)

	Evan Schaeffer's Legal Underground: Cardinal Law and the Benefit of Clergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The "benefit of clergy" is the exemption from the jurisdiction of the secular courts, which in England, in the Middle Ages, was accorded to clergy.
		The privilege of benefit of clergy was entirely abolished in England in 1827, by Statutes 7 and 8 Geo.
		As long as the Church views sexual abuse of children by clergy as a moral failure, a breach of the vow of chastity, even a cardinal sin, it is a matter for confession, penitence, forgiveness and absolution.
	www.legalunderground.com /2005/04/by_abnu_a_forme.html (943 words)

	benefit of clergy - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about benefit of clergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The benefit was granted by the Constitutions of Clarendon 1164 which laid down that members of the clergy should be exempt from the jurisdiction of lay courts, except in the case of infringement of royal forest laws.
		By the 15th century it was sufficient to be able to read to claim benefit, as the church had a strong association with learning and literacy was taken to be sufficient proof of being a member of the clergy.
		During the early Reformation, the rights to benefit were severely restricted, although it was only actually abolished 1825.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /benefit+of+clergy (240 words)

	CJLF: Briefs: Ring Brief - Parts I-III (File 2 of 3)
		The benefit of clergy began, as the name implies, as an exemption from punishment by secular courts for members of the clergy, as very broadly defined.
		While the benefit of clergy was being extended to an expanding class of felons, it was also being restricted to a shrinking class of felonies.
		Benefit of clergy did not survive long after the adoption of the Bill of Rights in most states.
	www.cjlf.org /briefs/Ring1.htm (2903 words)

	Clergy Financial Management
		is a benefit planning organization serving the clergy and churches in 50 states.
		If our guidance helps the clergy to better understand where they are, where they are going, and the steps to get there, then we have achieved the beginning steps towards a successful financial future.
		If a professional reimbursement plan meets all the IRS requirements for an accountable plan, the amounts paid under the arrangement are excluded from the minister's gross income and are not required to be reported on his or her Form W-2.
	www.clergytaxnet.com /clergy_financial_management.htm (482 words)

	Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
		The history of benefit of clergy in England is not easy to trace because the direction of its development was neither one simply of gradual expansion nor gradual limitation of its usage.
		Benefit of clergy was also brought to the colonies by the English settlers and provided another means whereby forfeiture could be avoided.
		Benefit of clergy had been eliminated entirely in Massachusetts in 1772, was abolished by most states in the 1790's, but persisted in North Carolina until 1854 and in South Carolina until 1869 [Hull, 1987:34; Dalzell, 1955:256-261].
	www.fsu.edu /~crimdo/forfeiture.html (14355 words)

	Clergy Compensation and Benefit Guidelines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Clergy and churches are encouraged to discuss any needed amendments for year 2003, but please note that this is still prospective in nature and cannot look backward up to the point to revision.
		In this instance, clergy need to be mindful of the amount requested in an annual housing allowance resolution by each spouse of their respective vestry or vestry committee.
		This would benefit the clergy in that such a fund would mimic the appreciation of owning a home in the area served, and it would serve the church well in helping to retain experienced and beloved clergy.
	www.thediocese.net /Deployment/clergy_compensation_and_benefit03.html (3082 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Clergy
		Clergy, term applied to the body of ministers of the Christian Church in contradistinction to the laity.
		Clergy, Benefit of, historically in England, exemption of the clergy from punishment by the king's courts.
		The Benefit of Clergy was gained by the...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Clergy.html (99 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		benefit of clergy benefit of clergy, term originally applied to the exemption of Christian clerics from criminal prosecution in the secular courts.
		clergy, benefit of clergy, benefit of: see benefit of clergy.
		Look up "benefit of clergy" on HighBeam™ Research.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=%22benefit+of+clergy%22 (153 words)

	Benefit of Clergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ben'efit of Cler'gy, a privilege formerly recognized in England, by which the clergy accused of capital offenses were exempted from the jurisdiction of lay tribunals and were left to be dealt with by their bishop.
		A layman could only receive the benefit of clergy once, however, and he was not allowed to go without being branded on the thumb, a punishment which later was commuted to whipping, imprisonment or transportation.
		The benefit of clergy was abolished in 1827.
	www.factopia.com /practical-reference/benefit-of-clergy.htm (122 words)

	CLERGY - Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		If convicted of a clergyable felony, he is entitled equally to his clergy after as before conviction.
		{Benefit of clergy} (Eng., Law), the exemption of the persons of clergymen from criminal process before a secular judge -- a privilege which was extended to all who could read, such persons being, in the eye of the law, clerici, or clerks.
		This privilege was abridged and modified by various statutes, and finally abolished in the reign of George IV.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/clergy (168 words)

	Studies in Church History: The Rise of the Temporal Power, Benefit of Clergy, Excommunication, The Early Church and ...
		The impunity conferred by the benefit of clergy on clerical offenders necessarily exercised the most unfortunate influence on the church itself, and was a powerful element in bringing about the corruption of the ecclesiastical body which was the disgrace of the middle ages.
		Not less energetic and decisive was his action when the Mexican constitution of 1855 proposed to abolish the benefit of clergy; the constitution was at once declared to be annulled, and its supporters were warned of the penalties in store for them.
		There could be little in common between the established clergy of Gaul, for instance, and the untamed German hordes which presented themselves for Christianization and civilization; and the antagonism naturally existing under such circumstances left its indelible impress on the character and policy of the church.
	www.buschinc.com /~sunshine/book-sum/lea_stud.html (7963 words)

	BENEFIT OF CLERGY, English law : on Law Dictionary
		By modern statute's, benefit of clergy was rather a demanding it.
		The benefit of clergy seems never to have been case, but to all persons.
		The benefit of clergy seems never to have been extended to the crime of high treason, nor to have embraced misdemeanors extended to the crime of high treason, nor to have embraced misdemeanors inferior to felony.
	www.law-dictionary.org /?q=BENEFIT+OF+CLERGY%2C+English+law (309 words)

	Legislative Changes Proposed to Residence Deduction for the Clergy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Minister said that the changes are necessary in order to ensure that the tax deduction continues to be appropriate in circumstances where the clergy person provides his or her own residence.
		Under the existing clergy residence deduction, certain members of the clergy or of religious organizations are allowed to claim a deduction in respect of their residence.
		In instances where the employer provides the clergy residence, the deduction for the residence offsets the corresponding housing taxable benefit, and the clergy person pays income tax only on the salary component of his or her employment income.
	www.fin.gc.ca /news99/99-088e.html (521 words)

	Clergy Tax Preparation
		Clergy Financial Resources is an accounting organization serving the clergy in all 50 states.
		Each year Clergy Financial Resources publishes a tax organizer for clergy, which is designed to be used as a learning tool and reference guide.
		Clergy Tax Organizer Online, the Internet version of our organizer, includes additional online tax help, important new tax law changes and page-by-page instructions which will assist you in the completion of your organizer.
	www.clergytaxnet.com /taxprep.htm (555 words)

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