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	Famine - LoveToKnow 1911
		Famine in Ireland, due to the failure of the potatocrop.
		In the great Bengal famine of 1769-1770, which occurred shortly after the foundation of British rule, but while the native officials were still in power, a third of the population, or ten millions out of thirty millions, perished.
		In the famine of 1901, the worst of recent years, the loss of life in British districts was 3% of the population affected, as against 33% in the Bengal famine of 1770.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Famine (1874 words)

	Bengal famine of 1943 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Winston Churchill was prime minister of Britain at the time of the famine and, while the Bengal Famine occurred under his watch, his own role in the disaster, and even the extent of his knowledge about the crisis in Bengal, remain a matter of some dispute.
		Basically, this famine was purely man-made, perpetrated by the greedy hoarders, rice mill owners and businessmen in collusion with the local administration.
		The renowned Bengali painter Zainul Abedin was one of the early documentarians of the famine, with his sketches of the dead and dying.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943 (1537 words)

	Bengal famine of 1770 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bengal famine of 1770 was a catastrophic famine that between 1769 and 1773 affected the lower Gangetic plain of India.
		The famine is supposed to have caused the deaths of an estimated 10 million people, approximately one-third of the population at the time.
		The regions in which the famine occurred included especially the modern Indian states of Bihar and West Bengal, but the famine also extended into Orissa and Jharkhand, as well as modern Bangladesh.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770 (920 words)

	Famine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A famine is a phenomenon in which a large percentage of the population of a region or country is so undernourished that death by starvation or other related diseases becomes increasingly common.
		There were approximately 25 major famines spread through states such as Tamil Nadu in the south, and Bihar and Bengal in the east during the latter half of the 19th century, killing between 30 and 40 million Indians.
		The Great Famine of 1315-1317 (or to 1322) was the first crisis that would strike Europe in the 14th century, millions in northern Europe would die over an extended number of years, marking a clear end to the earlier period of growth and prosperity during the 11th and 12th centuries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Famine (4603 words)

	Bengal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Bengal, known as Bôngo (Bengali: বঙ্গ), Bangla (বাংলা), Bôngodesh (বঙ্গদেশ), or Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ) in the Bengali language, is a region in the northeast of South Asia.
		Today it is mainly divided between the independent nation of Bangladesh (East Bengal), and the Indian federal republic's constitutive state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous kingdom of Bengal (during local monarchial regimes and British rule) are now part of the neighbouring Indian states of Bihar, Tripura and Orissa.
		The rise of the Chandra dynasty in southern Bengal expedited the decline of the Palas, and the last Pala king, Madanpala, died in 1161.
	www.proxy7.com /nph-proxy3.cgi/110010A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal (1591 words)

	FAMINE (Lat. fames, hu... - Online Information article about FAMINE (Lat. fames, hu...
		Famines have caused wide-spread suffering in all countries and ages.
		The causes of famine are partly natural and partly artificial.
		Bengal, when a third of the population (to,000,000 persons) perished.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /EUD_FAT/FAMINE_Lat_fames_hunger_.html (3059 words)

	Edith Mulhern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In searching to explain causes of famine, comparing the Bengal Famine of 1943 and the Bangladesh Famine of 1974, as described in Amartya Sen’s Poverty and Famines is especially useful since the situations and conditions were remarkably similar.
		Famine is not due to food shortage, but instead to a combination of government policy, distribution on both small and large scales, and the ability to command food through exchange entitlements.
		In Bengal, agricultural laborers receiving a wage were the hardest hit, as their labor to foodgrains exchange rate index sunk to 34 (64).
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~emulhern/secondpaper.htm (1597 words)

	THE GREAT HOLOCAUST OF BENGAL
		Bengal was overcrowded with refugees as well as with retreating soldiers from various British colonies which were temporarily occupied by the Japanese.
		There is a tendency to study the Bengal famine in terms of parameters, which were internal to Bengal, like food supply, disease history of rice, inflation economics, democracy as a system of governance, weather analysis and many such wonderful terms.
		Bengal was a victim of a criminal act perpetrated for more than one and three quarters of a century.
	www.samarthbharat.com /bengalholocaust.htm (2114 words)

	Tanco Memorial Lecture by Amartya Sen - August 1990, London
		Since famines are associated with the loss of entitlements of one or more occupation groups in particular regions, the resulting starvation can be prevented by systematically recreating a minimum level of incomes and entitlements for those who are hit by economic changes.
		Famines have been averted in post-independence India by having systematic public arrangements for regenerating incomes when a large section of the population lose their normal incomes as a result of a drought or a flood or other economic changes.
		Famines are typically precipitated by the loss of entitlements of one or more occupation groups, and the process can be halted by generating replacement incomes for the potential victims.
	www.thp.org /reports/sen/sen890.htm (8634 words)

	About Bengal
		As a result of the Bengal renaissance in the 19th and 20th centuries, much of India's most famous literature, poetry, and lyrics are in Bangla; the works of Rabindranath Tagore (the first Asian to be awarded a Nobel Prize), for example, are in Bangla.
		Neighbouring regions are Nepal to the northwest, Sikkim and Bhutan to the north, Assam to the northeast, Bangladesh to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south, Orissa to the southwest and Jharkhand and Bihar to the west.
		Bengal (both W. Bengal and Bangladesh) is among the most densely populated regions of the world.
	www.nyu.edu /clubs/bengali/Bengal.htm (1827 words)

	Amazon.com: Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation: Books: Amartya Sen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Famines can occur even if the food output is sufficient in a region, for example in a situation when certain groups of people become richer and purchase more food leading to a steep rise in the prices, while the poor find the food increasingly unaffordable.
		Famine Enquiry Commission of 1945 had argued that the famine was due to cyclones, floods, fungus diseases, loss of Burma rice, etc., etc. The essence of these theses was that the famine was mainly an outcome of a food shortage.
		While agreeing that during famine periods food availability is a major issue, she argues that the long term trend in per capita food availability is also of utmost importance, which Sen does not consider in his entitlement approach.
	www.amazon.com /Poverty-Famines-Essay-Entitlement-Deprivation/dp/0198284632 (2856 words)

	The Ultimate Famine Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Actual famine did not occur, for the Amsterdam grain trade [with the ] guaranteed that there would always be something to eat in Holland although hunger was prevalent.
		Famines continued in the Soviet era, most famously the Holodomor in Ukraine (1932-1933).
		The last major famine in the USSR happened in 1946 due to the severe drought.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Famine (2698 words)

	What is Famine?
		Famine may be seen as "the regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease" (Cox 1981, 5).
		What this definition does not adequately convey is that famine is the endpoint of a lengthy process in which people in increasing numbers lose their access to food.
		In the Bengal famine of 1943-44, for example, the price of cloth, fish, milk, haircuts, and bamboo umbrellas deteriorated 70-80 percent versus grain (Emailer and Gavian 1987).
	www.ucc.ie /famine/About/abfamine.htm (751 words)

	Famine, Bengal
		"At the time of the Bengal famine (in which over one and a half million people died), in 1943, I was a young boy in Bengal.
		Relief budgets are much less than adequate, and no matter how famine is caused, the method of breaking it typically requires a large supply of food in the public distribution system.
		Famine and other forms of destitution are not simply phenomena about agronomy, nutrition, medicine and so on.
	www.aandc.org /research/famine.html (834 words)

	Famine as Commerce
		As Nobel laureate Amartya Sen explains in his now well-known theory of entitlements, the Bengal famine was not the result of a drastic slump in food production but because the colonial masters had diverted food for other commercial purposes.
		At the height of the 1974 famine in the newly born Bangladesh, the US had withheld 2.2 million tonnes of food aid to 'ensure that it abandoned plans to try Pakistani war criminals'.
		Famine or no famine, the Shylocks of the grain trade must have their 'pound of flesh'.
	www.globalhunger.net /sharma2.html (1382 words)

	ICDDR,B: Publication, , A “man made” famine in Bengal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Bengal, the largest delta in the world, washed by the rivers Padma, Jamuna and Meghna was a thriving agricultural land in the 1940s.
		This famine did not result from a shortage of food caused by a natural disaster, but stemmed from the failings of the socioeconomic system of the time.
		The understanding of a famine must include the different ‘entitlements’ given to different groups of people in society, and how variations in food supply in conjunction with other shifts in the economy affect these entitlements.
	www.icddrb.org /pub/publication.jsp?pubID=5134 (412 words)

	DEVELOPMENT: FAMINE SHAPED WORK OF NOBEL LAUREATE
		United Nations, Oct 14 (IPS/Farhan Haq) -- Amartya Sen, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Economics, is haunted by the memories of the famine which hit India's Bengal region in 1943 where he lived as a child.
		In his pioneering research on famine and welfare economics, Sen ascertained that most of the major world famines affect only 4 to 5 percent of any given society - and that none has occurred in a democratic society with a free press.
		The Bengal famine of 1943, for example, came at a time of economic growth for Bengal as a whole but the growth also spurred inflation, making it difficult for some sectors of the society to afford food.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/process/followup/1998/10160298.htm (609 words)

	The Unseen World, and other essays, by John Fiske (chapter9)
		During the famine of 1866 it was found impossible to render public charity available to the female members of the respectable classes, and many a rural household starved slowly to death without uttering a complaint or making a sign.
		Abundance returned to Bengal as suddenly as famine had swooped down upon it, and in reading some of the manuscript records of December it is difficult to realize that the scenes of the preceding ten months have not been hideous phantasmagoria or a long, troubled dream.
		This famine, also, was caused by the total failure of the December rice-crop, and it was brought to a close by an abundant harvest in the succeeding year.
	etext.library.adelaide.edu.au /f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html (4896 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Bengal famine of 1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This meant that the peasantry had to eat their surplus, and the seed that should have been planted in the winter of 1942-3 had been consumed by the time the hot weather began in May 1943.
		Sen was awarded a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998 for his studies of the Bengal and other famines in Asia and Africa.
		It has been argued that the famine was primarily due to an epidemic of brown spot disease Helminthosporium oryzae, affecting the crop.
	random.dragonslife.org /bengal-famine-of-1943/5249 (1453 words)

	famine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		"The Famine in Bengal -- Arrival of relief at a distressed village," from the Illustrated London News, 1874
		"Famine in India," a wood engraving from the Illustrated London News, 1874
		"The Famine in Bengal: Grain-boats on the Ganges," from the Illustrated London News, 1874
	www.columbia.edu /itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/calcutta/famine/famine.html (106 words)

	HVK Archives: Bengal famine of 1943 and crime of Muslim League ministry
		Bengal famine of 1943 and crime of Muslim League ministry - HINDU JAGRITI KENDRA
		Bengal became the bridgehead of British colonial Intervention and
		in the context of the agony evoked by the ravages of the famine
	www.hvk.org /articles/0198/0001.html (1446 words)

	Ockham's Razor - 21/02/1999: Bengali Famine
		The causes of the famine are complex, but ultimately when the price of rice rose above the ability of landless rural poor to pay and in the absence of humane, concerned government, millions simply starved to death or otherwise died of starvation-related causes.
		The Bengal Famine and its aftermath for the debilitated Bengal population consumed its victims over several years in the case of complete British inaction through most of 1943 or insufficient subsequent action.
		The wartime Bengal Famine has become a 'forgotten holocaust' and has been effectively deleted from our history books, from school and university curricula and from general public perception.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ockham/stories/s19040.htm (1645 words)

	Religion in Ancient Bengal: Before Guptas
		The earliest mention in Jaina texts of Bengal describes this as a primitive place with bad food, culture, and language; where mahAvIra jaina was attacked by pet dogs.
		The tribal religions in Bengal today has a large emphasis on the worship of non-animate spirits embodying the world around us: the places, rocks, trees and forests playing an important role in these beliefs.
		We also finds idols of manasA whose worship (though not in idol form) is still common in bengal; and indications are that she was worshipped even in the early pala period.
	members.tripod.com /~tanmoy/bengal/preguptarelig.html (1034 words)

	Painting of West Bengal
		Gobardhan Ash (1907 - 96), a serious turn in the art scene of Bengal occurred during the 30’s of this century and a new trend was set in the works of Rabindra Nath Tagore and Jamini Roy.
		Gobardhan Ash was born in the year 1907 in a remote village, Begampur of Hooghly district in West Bengal to a family solely dependent on agricultural income.
		This man made famine during World War II deeply influenced the conscience of Bengal and left its deep mark on contemporary literature, theatre and art.
	www.calcuttayellowpages.com /painting.html (411 words)

	India's Green Revolution
		Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India (that included today's Bangladesh).
		Nevertheless, when the British left India four years later in 1947, India continued to be haunted by memories of the Bengal Famine.
		The eastern plains of the River Ganges in West Bengal state also showed reasonably good results.
	www.indiaonestop.com /Greenrevolution.htm (1276 words)

	Modern Bengal
		Farrukh siyar, son of Azim-us-shan revolted in Bengal in 1713 and captured power in Delhi (1713–deposed in 1719) with the help of syed brothers (qutb-ul-mulk hasan ali and amir-ul-umra hussain ali), and Murshid Quli Khan became viceroy or subedar of Bengal.
		The last two kings of independent Bengal, ´Alîwirdî Khân hâshim ad dawla (1741–1756) and mîrzâ mah.mûd Sirâj ad Dawla (1756–1757) are still remembered for their struggle against the British under Rovert Clive; which happened primarily when the British supported Ghasiti Begam against Siraj-ud-Daulah.
		The later history of Bengal is tied to the history of British India.
	members.tripod.com /~tanmoy/bengal/modern.html (2475 words)

	The 1943 Bengal Famine
		At the time of the famine, the bandit Jugi too supposedly took upon himself the noble task of saving people’s lives.
		He said famine was an yearly thing for them.
		He blew his nose, cleared his throat, and said, so they tried their usual way to live when the big famine came, the way they handle it when there’s no rice at home.
	bangla-translator.net (4299 words)

	Online NewsHour: Nobel prize winner -- October 15, 1998
		Cambridge Professor Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics for his work on welfare economics and the causes of famine.
		PHIL PONCE: Professor, one of the specific issues that the Nobel citation talks about is your interest in understanding famine, and it says that your best-known work has to do with understanding that famine isn't just caused by a shortage of food but by other things like unemployment, drop in income.
		It did not fall in the Bengal famine of '43, and it was at a peak height in the Bangladesh famine of '74.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/economy/july-dec98/sen_10-15.html (1155 words)

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