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Topic: Bengal famine of 1943

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	BANGLAPEDIA: Famine, 1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Famine, 1943 generally referred to as panchasher manvantar (the famine of fifty, that is the Bengali year 1350), was a great calamity.
		Following the Famine Inquiry Commission the causes and the chain of events that led to this famine may be discussed from the fall of Burma early in 1942.
		The Famine Inquiry Commission was appointed by the government of India during the height of the famine in response to vigorous public demand.
	banglapedia.org /HT/F_0016.HTM (1930 words)

	Bengal famine of 1943 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of Britain at the time of the famine and, while the Bengal Famine occurred under his watch, his own role in the disaster, and even the extent of his knowledge about the crisis in Bengal, remain a matter of some dispute.
		During the British rule in India there were approximately 25 major famines spread through states such as Tamil Nadu in South India, Bihar in the north, and Bengal in the east; altogeher, between 30 and 40 million Indians were the victims of famines in the latter half of the 19th century (Bhatia 1985).
		The renowned Bengali painter Zainul Abedin was one of the early documentarians of the famine, with his sketches of the dead and dying.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943 (1484 words)

	FAMINE AND REASONS FOR FAMINE
		Famine is associated with naturally-occurring crop failure and pestilence and artificially with war and genocide.
		The first area in Europe to eliminate famine was the Netherlands, which saw its last peacetime famines in the early 17th century as it became a major economic power and established a complex political organization.
		Famine is sometimes used as a tool of repressive governments as a means to eliminate opponents, as in the Ukrainian Famine of the 1930s.
	www.solarnavigator.net /famine.htm (2722 words)

	THE GREAT HOLOCAUST OF BENGAL
		Bengal was overcrowded with refugees as well as with retreating soldiers from various British colonies which were temporarily occupied by the Japanese.
		There is a tendency to study the Bengal famine in terms of parameters, which were internal to Bengal, like food supply, disease history of rice, inflation economics, democracy as a system of governance, weather analysis and many such wonderful terms.
		Bengal was a victim of a criminal act perpetrated for more than one and three quarters of a century.
	www.samarthbharat.com /bengalholocaust.htm (2114 words)

	Unasylva - No. 139 - Mangroves: What are they worth? - Books
		A localized famine is commonly thought of as resulting from a local failure of crops that is not mitigated by importing food, as happened in the Sahel region of Africa in the late 1960s.
		The 1943 crop of rice and other foods was somewhat low, especially in relation to the extraordinarily large harvest of 1942, but it was distinctly higher than the crop of 1941, which was not a famine year.
		Yet in Table 6.7 (p.71), concerning the Bengal famine of 1943-44, the proportionate increase in destitution is much the same for non-cultivating landowners (admittedly a poor group at the best of times) as for peasant cultivators or for those who worked partly for themselves and partly for others.
	www.fao.org /docrep/q1093e/q1093e06.htm (4473 words)

	Global Avoidable Mortality: The Forgotten Holocaust - The 1943/44 Bengal Famine
		One of the worst famines was that of 1770 that killed an estimated 10 million people in Bengal (one third of the population) and which was exacerbated by the rapacity of the East India Company [1-3,10].
		Interestingly famine was not actually declared by the authorities in 1943 despite the enormity of the circumstances.
		The 1943 Bengal famine is totally missing except for a brief reference, namely "famine strikes Bengal" in a massive German chronology of world events and developments, being listed under the category "daily life" for the year 1943 [20].
	globalavoidablemortality.blogspot.com /2005/07/forgotten-holocaust-194344-bengal.html (3549 words)

	Bengal famine of 1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Bengal famine of 1943 occurred in undivided Bengal (now independent Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal) in 1943.
		In the rice growing season of 1942- 1943, weather conditions were exactly right to encourage an epidemic of the rice disease brown spot.
		The renowned Bengali painter Zainul Abedin was one of the early documentarians of the famine, with his sketches of the dead and dying.
	bengal-famine-of-1943.borgfind.com (281 words)

	Tanco Memorial Lecture by Amartya Sen - August 1990, London
		Since famines are associated with the loss of entitlements of one or more occupation groups in particular regions, the resulting starvation can be prevented by systematically recreating a minimum level of incomes and entitlements for those who are hit by economic changes.
		Famines have been averted in post-independence India by having systematic public arrangements for regenerating incomes when a large section of the population lose their normal incomes as a result of a drought or a flood or other economic changes.
		Famines are typically precipitated by the loss of entitlements of one or more occupation groups, and the process can be halted by generating replacement incomes for the potential victims.
	www.thp.org /reports/sen/sen890.htm (8634 words)

	About Bengal
		As a result of the Bengal renaissance in the 19th and 20th centuries, much of India's most famous literature, poetry, and lyrics are in Bangla; the works of Rabindranath Tagore (the first Asian to be awarded a Nobel Prize), for example, are in Bangla.
		Neighbouring regions are Nepal to the northwest, Sikkim and Bhutan to the north, Assam to the northeast, Bangladesh to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south, Orissa to the southwest and Jharkhand and Bihar to the west.
		The rise of the Chandra dynasty in southern Bengal expedited the decline of the Palas, and the last Pala king, Madanpala, died in 1161.
	www.nyu.edu /clubs/bengali/Bengal.htm (1827 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		Winston Churchill was Prime Minister of Britain at the time of the famine and, while the Bengal Famine occurred under his watch, his own role in the disaster, and even the extent of his knowledge about the crisis in Bengal, remain a matter of some dispute.
		During the British rule in India there were approximately 25 major famines spread through states such as Tamil Nadu in South India, Bihar in the north, and Bengal in the east; altogeher, between 30 and 40 million Indians were the victims of famines in the latter half of the 19th century (Bhatia 1985).
		The 1943 yield, while low, was not in itself outside the normal spectrum of recorded variation, and other factors beyond simple crop failure may thus be invoked as a causal mechanism.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Bengal_famine_of_1943 (1441 words)

	Kenneth Arrow on Amartya Sen's Poverty and Famines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A localized famine is commonly thought of as resulting from a local failure of crops that is not mitigated by importing food, as happened in the Sahel region of Africa in the late 1960s.
		The 1943 crop of rice and other foods was somewhat low, especially in relation to the extraordinarily large harvest of 1942, but it was distinctly higher than the crop of 1941, which was not a famine year.
		Although famine is a fairly unusual event, and improvements in transportation and communication have made it less and less likely, the need to respond to specific famines is no less urgent.
	finance.commerce.ubc.ca /~bhatta/BookReview/arrow_on_sen's_poverty_and_famine.html (2618 words)

	Welcome to the University of Wales Swansea Website
		Famine, when a vulnerable people's command over food is reduced to their starvation set, subsumes other hardships and exposes the limitations of security in the community.
		Famines are shown in capitals, scarcities and distress are recorded as such and are defined in the text.
		Actual famine (declared or acknowledged) occurred during 1868-69 in Jabalpur district only, during 1896-97 and 1899-1900 in all districts, and price rises and distress were serious enough to conclude that famine struck in 1907-08 and 1920.
	www.swan.ac.uk /cds/devres/pubs/pid9.htm (5201 words)

	What is Famine?
		Famine may be seen as "the regional failure of food production or distribution systems, leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated disease" (Cox 1981, 5).
		What this definition does not adequately convey is that famine is the endpoint of a lengthy process in which people in increasing numbers lose their access to food.
		Finally, so far as these initial observations are concerned, it is important to note that famine occurs not only because a chain of events disposes to a famine outcome but also because nothing, or at least nothing effective, is done to break the process.
	www.ucc.ie /famine/About/abfamine.htm (751 words)

	Dollars and Sense: The Magazine of Economic Justice
		Born in Bengal, India, in 1933, Sen witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943 in his youth.
		This may seem obvious, yet before - and after - Sen, famine studies have remained fixated on the drop in food available instead of whether specific social groups are entitled to it.
		Instead, Sen emphasizes that no famine has ever raged in a country with an oppositional press and functioning electoral system, since hell-raising by newspapers and oppositional political groups at the first signs of starvation forces governments into action.
	www.dollarsandsense.org /archives/1999/0199reuss.html (822 words)

	DEVELOPMENT: FAMINE SHAPED WORK OF NOBEL LAUREATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		United Nations, Oct 14 (IPS/Farhan Haq) -- Amartya Sen, winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Economics, is haunted by the memories of the famine which hit India's Bengal region in 1943 where he lived as a child.
		In his pioneering research on famine and welfare economics, Sen ascertained that most of the major world famines affect only 4 to 5 percent of any given society - and that none has occurred in a democratic society with a free press.
		The Bengal famine of 1943, for example, came at a time of economic growth for Bengal as a whole but the growth also spurred inflation, making it difficult for some sectors of the society to afford food.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/process/followup/1998/10160298.htm (609 words)

	Famines in India
		B.M. Bhatia believes earlier famines were localised and it was only after 1860, during the British rule, that famine came to signify general shortage of foodgrains in the country.
		The famines were the result of the almost total collapse of India's native industries, as its skilled artisans were driven out of work while British imports flooded the Indian markets.
		The first Bengal famine of 1770 is estimated to have taken nearly one third of the population.
	www.lonympics.co.uk /Famine_in_India.htm (796 words)

	Amazon.com: Bengal Tiger and British Lion: An Account of the Bengal Famine of 1943: Books: Richard Stevenson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This history of the Bengal Famine of 1943 describes the interplay of politics, economics, sociology and military policy, which caused a famine due to a lack of cash, not a lack of food.
		The Famine, whose story is almost unknown due to wartime censorship by the British, occurred because of a hyperinflation in the price of rice caused by the provisioning for the major offensive against the Japanese on India’s eastern borders.
		The cause of the Famine was the deadly alienation between the Bengalis and their British rulers.
	www.amazon.com /Bengal-Tiger-British-Lion-Account/dp/0595362095 (679 words)

	The Hindu Business Line : Africa's tragedy — Famine as commerce
		A hundred years later, the same class of people were largely responsible for the great Bengal Famine in 1943, in which an estimated 1.5 million to 3 million people perished.
		As Nobel laureate, Amartya Sen, explains in his now well-known theory of entitlements, the Bengal famine was not the result of a drastic slump in food production but because the colonial masters had diverted food for other commercial purposes.
		In the last 60 years or so, following the great human tragedy of the Bengal famine, food aid was conveniently used as a political weapon.
	www.blonnet.com /2002/08/21/stories/2002082100080900.htm (1405 words)

	Famine as Commerce
		A hundred years later, the same class of people were largely responsible for the great Bengal Famine in 1943, in which an estimated 1.5 million to 3 million people perished.
		As Nobel laureate Amartya Sen explains in his now well-known theory of entitlements, the Bengal famine was not the result of a drastic slump in food production but because the colonial masters had diverted food for other commercial purposes.
		At the height of the 1974 famine in the newly born Bangladesh, the US had withheld 2.2 million tonnes of food aid to 'ensure that it abandoned plans to try Pakistani war criminals'.
	www.globalhunger.net /sharma2.html (1382 words)

	Famine in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many scholars associate the origins of the famine with the almost total collapse of India's native industries such as textiles, as its skilled artisans were driven out of work while British imports flooded into the Indian markets, though it is highly doubtful that the abundance of textiles would cause critical shortages of food.
		(Dutt, 1900 and 1902; Srivastava, 1968; Sen, 1982; Bhatia, 1985.) In the century preceding, the first Bengal famine of 1770 is estimated to have taken nearly one-third of the population.
		Mere distress is not a sufficient reason for opening a relief work." (quoted in Davis 2001:31, 52) The Famine Commission of 1880 observed that each province in British India, including Burma, had a surplus of foodgrains, and the annual surplus amounted to 5.16 million tons (Bhatia, 1970).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Famine_in_India (846 words)

	OCT 02 1999 OPINION The real lesson of Narmada : The Economic Times Online - India's No.1 Business Newspaper - ...
		To the young people who gathered recently at the Narmada to protest against the Sardar Sarowar project the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, in which 3 million people died, is a piece of history.
		The Green Revolution, food self sufficiency and the avoidance of famine are among the finest achievements of independent India.
		We now have three times the number we had in 1943 to feed, and will regret the water we did not supply, the harvests we did not reap and the dams we did not build.
	www.narmada.org /archive/et/021099.02opin01.htm (1125 words)

	My People Uprooted - by Tathagata Roy: CHAPTER 3 : THE THREE HORRORS OF THE FORTIES
		For Bengal however, it could be said that the years were quite extraordinarily bad, because the province suffered three major traumas, not counting partition.
		Thus, to him, unless a famine is hidden from the rest of the world – including the rest of his own country as far as possible – it may lead to his own downfall.
		The root of the famine lay apparently in two unrelated incidents: primarily in the advance of the Imperial Japanese towards India, and secondarily in the Midnapore cyclone of October 1942.
	bengalvoice.com /uproot_chapter3.htm (7872 words)

	Ockham's Razor - 21/02/1999: Bengali Famine
		The causes of the famine are complex, but ultimately when the price of rice rose above the ability of landless rural poor to pay and in the absence of humane, concerned government, millions simply starved to death or otherwise died of starvation-related causes.
		The Bengal Famine and its aftermath for the debilitated Bengal population consumed its victims over several years in the case of complete British inaction through most of 1943 or insufficient subsequent action.
		The wartime Bengal Famine has become a 'forgotten holocaust' and has been effectively deleted from our history books, from school and university curricula and from general public perception.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ockham/stories/s19040.htm (1645 words)

	Painting of West Bengal
		Gobardhan Ash (1907 - 96), a serious turn in the art scene of Bengal occurred during the 30’s of this century and a new trend was set in the works of Rabindra Nath Tagore and Jamini Roy.
		Gobardhan Ash was born in the year 1907 in a remote village, Begampur of Hooghly district in West Bengal to a family solely dependent on agricultural income.
		This man made famine during World War II deeply influenced the conscience of Bengal and left its deep mark on contemporary literature, theatre and art.
	www.calcuttayellowpages.com /painting.html (411 words)

	HVK Archives: Bengal famine of 1943 and crime of Muslim League ministry
		Bengal famine of 1943 and crime of Muslim League ministry - HINDU JAGRITI KENDRA
		Bengal became the bridgehead of British colonial Intervention and
		in the context of the agony evoked by the ravages of the famine
	www.hvk.org /articles/0198/0001.html (1446 words)

	The Hindu : Bengal's famine
		He attributes the famine to, among others, ``failure of crops instigated by East Bengali Communists in an attempt to sabotage the British war effort which the Communists called the People's War.'' He says that neither ``Ms.
		Amartya Sen was born then and all they have to say is based purely on hearsay and their ideology.'' I am one year older than Mr.
		One need not be an adult in 1943 to know the causes of the famine.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/10/05/stories/0505130b.htm (165 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Poverty and Famines
		Aside from developing the underlying theory, the approach is used in a number of case studies of recent famines, including the Great Bengal Famine of 1943, the Ethiopian famines of 1973 and 1974, the Bangladesh famine of 1974, and the famines in the countries of the African Sahel in the 1970s.
		The book contains some technical economic analysis, but the text of the book has been kept as informal as possible, so that the text is accessible to the non-technical reader, and the main lines of reasoning and their applications to the case studies are easily followed.
		Technicalities and mathematical reasoning are confined to the four appendices, which (1) present a formal analysis of the notion of exchange entitlement, (2) provide illustrative models of exchange entitlement, (3) examine the problem of poverty measurement, and (4) analyse the pattern of famine mortality based on the Bengal famine of 1943.
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0198284632/toc.html (331 words)

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