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Topic: Benguela Current

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	The Benguela Current
		The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre.
		The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre (Peterson and Stramma 1991, Wedepohl et al.
		Conceding that the definition of the seaward boundary of the Benguela Current is ambiguous and variable, Shannon (1985) nevertheless observed that there is a well-developed oceanic front in the south.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/benguela.html (1340 words)

	Chapter 2
		A principal demonstration of the effect of the trade winds is the Benguela Current (Shannon and Agenbag, 1987), the dominant dynamical component in Benguela waters.
		During such events, a disorderly pattern of eddies and residual currents are observed, as was the case during the cruise with R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen in February 2000 (Sundby et al, 2000, in prep.).
		Turning south, it opposes the Benguela Current and is deflected westwards in a wide arc, leaving a trail of eddies and whirls after the encounter (Brown et al, 1989).
	www.coaps.fsu.edu /~erik/Master/Area.html (1582 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Benguela
		Benguela, city and seaport in western Angola, capital of Benguela District, on the Atlantic Ocean.
		Benguela Current, current in the South Atlantic Ocean.
		Because of the cool Benguela Current, the waters off the coast of Angola are particularly rich in marine life.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Benguela.html (82 words)

	The Living Edens "Namib" -- Earth, Wind, and Fire
		The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic Ocean.
		The Benguela Current's effect is enhanced by a southwesterly wind, which increases in September and October (early in the southern summer) and blows for approximately 280 days of the year.
		The deeper layers of the Benguela are rich in phosphates and nitrates, a result of the decomposition of animals and plants on the ocean floor.
	www.pbs.org /edens/namib/earth2.htm (383 words)

	Ocean current - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An ocean current is a current that flows more or less permanently in one of the Earth's oceans.
		However the importance of currents is also illustrated by the El Niño effect, in which the temporary reversal of an ocean current causes devastating climatic change in South America, whose effects spread as far as Australia.
		Currents that flow under the surface of the ocean, and are thus hidden from immediate detection, are called submarine rivers.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Ocean_current (181 words)

	Benguela current - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Benguela current is 2-300 km wide and widens further as it flows north.
		Where the icy Benguela and the warm, south-flowing Agulhas current mix, there is a richly productive marine ecosystem off the Cape of Good Hope but storms and turbulence above.
		The cold current creates the desert conditions of the shore of Namibia, and the persistent fogs of the Skeleton Coast.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Benguela_current (203 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Benguela Niños cause disruption of fish spawning recruitment patterns, with dramatic effects on pelagic fish sardine, anchovy, horse mackerel and also the valuable semi-pelagic hake stocks.
		Benguela Ninos are not directly linked to ENSO, but ENSO does influence the Benguela system through its effect on the whole southern hemispheric atmosphere pressure system, which in turn affects the wind field.
		On the outer shelf, the general movement of the upper layers of water is offshore and northwards, whereas the lower layers tend to move onshore and southwards, particularly with the passage of coastal trapped waves.
	ioc.unesco.org /icam/regional16.doc (1043 words)

	The Agulhas Current
		On the average, the Agulhas current retroflects and returns eastward with part of the flow recirculating in the counter-clockwise flowing subtropical gyre and part of the flow feeding the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
		The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the South Indian Ocean.
		Lutjeharms, J.R.E and R.C. van Ballegooyen, 1988: The Retroflection of the Agulhas Current.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/agulhas.html (2095 words)

	BEST Data Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The positions of the current meters and echo sounders are shown in a map of the region.
		The current meter stores analogs in the range [0, 1023], rather than the actual speeds, temperatures, etc. In the case of the BEST data the analogs were converted to usable form (speeds in cm/sec, temperatures in degrees, etc.) by means of calibration equations supplied by the OSU Buoy Group's calibration facility.
		Each current record is archived in three forms: the raw data, exactly as recorded by the instrument, processed data in which the analog values have been cleaned up and converted to metric units, and llp filtered data.
	kepler.oce.orst.edu /datarpt/best/best.htm (923 words)

	The Benguela Current
		Characteristics of Intermediate Water Flow in the Benguela Current as measured with RAFOS floats.
		Buoy 22095 (red) indicates that the Indian Ocean waters, via the Algulhas Current and its rings, are advected northwestward by the Benguela Current.
		Buoy 25851 (blue) is one of the examples of buoys in the cool South Atlantic Current that are advected, into the tropical South Atlantic, by the Benguela Current.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/benguela_2.html (472 words)

	Ba-Bm
		The principal currents are a relatively warm northwards flowing current along the Greenland coast, and the cold southwards flowing Baffin Current.
		This current reversal is due to the seasonal change from the Northeast to the Southwest Monsoon and the concomitant wind forcing.
		A current that flows from southeast to northwest across the Aleutian Basin of the Bering Sea, parallel to the continental slope of the eastern Bering Sea shelf.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/paleo/ocean/node3.html (8033 words)

	3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mining is an important economic factor in the Benguela Current: Angola is already a significant oil-producing nation, and in Namibia and South Africa the marine diamond-mining industry yields close to a million carats of diamonds each year.
		Under the current Benguela Current LME project, 80 sub-projects are carried out to implement the Strategic Action Programme.
		One of the next steps of the Benguela Current LME programme is to set up a commission, including the ministries of fisheries, environment, energy and shipping.
	www.iucn.org /congress/news/detail.cfm?idPass=120 (714 words)

	Page 7
		The Benguela system is a narrow, ribbon-like system with open ocean boundaries and is highly unusual in that it is bounded to the north and south by warm waters of tropical origin, with the tropical Atlantic waters of the Gulf of Guinea to the north and the Agulhas Current to the south.
		Many valuable deposits lie close to the international boundaries and rough seas and variable currents are important for the dispersion and final destination of the sediment plumes and other effluents, which arise from extractive operations.
		Currently the posts of Activity Centre Directors and secretarial assistants are being advertised and accommodation organized in the three countries.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /sancor/nov2002pg7.htm (1465 words)

	Benguela - Current News & Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There is also the Benguela railway line which started from the Copperbelt in Zambia to Ndola then to Lubumbashi, into Angola then into the port of Benguela.
		The Vikeya duet, representing central Benguela province, is the winner of the 13th edition of Angola's national music contest called "Variante 2004", with the...
		According to the source, the decision approved by the provincial associations of Benguela, Malanje, Namibe, HuÃla and Lunda-Norte, was due to an environment...
	news.daylightonline.com /2003/Benguela.html (803 words)

	LME29: Benguela Current
		The LME is defined by the Benguela Current.
		GIWA characterizes the Benguela Current LME as severely impacted in the area of overexploitation of fisheries, and biological and genetic diversity.
		GIWA characterizes the Benguela Current LME as severely impacted in the area of chemical pollution, solid wastes, radionuclides, spills and economic impacts.
	na.nefsc.noaa.gov /lme/text/lme29.htm (2619 words)

	Global warming threatens Namibia's Skeleton Coast
		Marine life off the coast rely heavily on the nutrient-rich upwellings of the cold Benguela current.
		The Benguela current, which runs along the west coast of southern Africa, brings cold water from the South Pole.
		The current greatly reduces the amount of rainfall that falls along coastal areas, resulting in semi-arid and desert vegetation in the western coastal plains.
	www.terradaily.com /2004/040612102432.q8a6wz5c.html (507 words)

	Benguela News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is the Benguela Current, which, chilled by the upwelling of deep ocean waters, moves northward along the west coast of southern Africa.
		THE abundance of life in the Atlantic Ocean's Benguela current is the focus of a new documentary produced by the Benguela Large Marine Ecosystem programme...
		This was disclosed on Wednesday in Lobito, central Benguela province, by WFP representative, Rick Corsino, at the end of a donation of foodstuffs by the...
	news.daylightonline.com /2005-02/Benguela.html (6444 words)

	Ocean Currents and Tides: Benguela Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The icy Benguela current moves north from the Southern Ocean (around Antartica) and flows northwards along the West Coast of Africa.
		Along with the accompanying winds the Benguela current reaches as far as southern Angola, making it extremely difficult to travel southward along the Atlantic Coast.
		South African folklore considers the meeting of the two currents--the cold Benguela and the warm Agulhas--(roughly off the Cape of Good Hope) as the place where the two oceans meet.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /%7Efeegi/benguela.html (100 words)

	PROCEEDINGS OF THE EXPERT CONSULTATION TO EXAMINE CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF NERITIC FISH RESOURCES
		The cool Benguela current flows north along the southern African west coast between latitudes 35°S and 15°S (Newman, 1977).
		Between latitudes 22°S and 19°S there are frequently onshore movements during spring and summer of a surface water mass whose temperature and salinity characteristics suggest that it derives from mixing of the cold Benguela Current from the south with the warmer Angola Current from the north (O' Toole, 1980).
		The upwelling plumes are separated from oceanic waters by sharp gradients of temperature and salinity.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X6850B/X6850B16.htm (10103 words)

	Skeleton Coast and Benguela current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Benguela Current is an icy stream of water that comes directly from Antarctica and pushes with great force onto the continental mass of southern Africa.
		Because the Benguela current is so cold, (the ocean temperature rarely rises above 12*c) and the desert inland so hot, early in the morning, two banks of air of wildly differing temperatures meet on the Skeleton Coast.
		Experts tell us that if the Benguela current was to shift 5* further off the coast of Namibia, we would be blessed with a tropical coast something similar to Mozambique on the Indian Ocean, on the east coast of southern Africa.
	www.crazykudu.com /skeleton-coast.html (1532 words)

	175 Scientific Prospectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Benguela Current flows roughly parallel to the coast and within ~180 km of it south of 25°S, and then turns to the west over the Walvis Ridge between 23° and 20°S (Fig.
		The Benguela Current is a connection between the waters north of the polar front in the South Atlantic and the Equatorial Currents of the Atlantic.
		The Benguela Current and its associated upwelling are not recorded well in the sediments at these sites.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/prosp/175_prs/175backg.html (1041 words)

	UPWELLING VARIABILITY ALONG THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN DURING THE LAST 250 ka. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Core GeoB 3603 underlies the northern branch of the Agulhas Current which is one of the world´s major western-boundary currents responsable for a substantial leakage of tropical and subtropical water from the South Indian Ocean into the S-Atlantic.
		Vertical and lateral shifts in the current´s movements and in the upwelling-intensity, especially during glacial intervals, would effect inter- and intra-ocean heat transfer and thus affect the thermohaline circulation.
		However, because the shelf break is deeper for the Benguela coast, the modifications of the circulation may be different during the sea level changes for the two upwelling systems.
	www.images-pages.org /bordabst.html (7338 words)

	UNDP: Integrated Management of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
		The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) is shared between three countries - Angola, Namibia and South Africa.
		By 1995 collaboration between countries in the Benguela Current region countries had become possible, and the foundation was then laid for the sustainable management of this complex ecosystem.
		Originally conceived in 1995 as a means to ensure the integrated management, sustainable development and protection of a changing Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem, the BCLME Programme was developed over the next five years by Angola, Namibia and South Africa in partnership with the GEF and UNDP.
	www.undp.org.za /projects/benguela.html (626 words)

	KAPEX RAFOS Float Data Report 1997–1999
		The overall objective of the Benguela Current Experiment is to measure the northward flow of intermediate water in the eastern South Atlantic.
		The goal of this experiment is to obtain the first long-term Lagrangian measurements in the Benguela Current, which is the origin of the northward-flowing intermediate water in the South Atlantic and in the Benguela Current extension, which is the main conduit of intermediate water westward across the South Atlantic (Figure 1).
		Figure 1: Schematic circulation diagram of currents at the intermediate water level (~750 m) in the vicinity of South Africa showing the general location of the Benguela Current (after Boebel et al., 1998).
	wfdac.whoi.edu /kpxwhdr.htm (3412 words)

	Physical Oceanography
		The BEST (Benguela Source and Transport) project was designed to investigate the form of the Benguela Current and ratio of the Agulhas Current and South Atlantic Current source waters masses.
		The transport of the Benguela Current and its variability is measured by a moored array of instruments as well as analysis of the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter and CTD density field observations.
		A transect between the southern IES mooring was undertaken to support the moored instrument array and to inspect for streams of South Atlantic Current and Agulhas Current directed into the Benguela Current, and to investigate their relationship to the eddy field.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/fac/physocean/BEST/WOCE_v6.html (1283 words)

	INDIAN OCEAN - Online Information article about INDIAN OCEAN
		Corrientes becomes the Agulhas current, one of the most powerful stream currents of the globe.
		On the west coast of Madagascar and on the banks of the African coast south of 3o° S., reaction currents or " back• drifts " move in the opposite direction along the flanks of the Agulhas current; these back-drifts are of great importance to navigation.
		The west wind drift sends a stream northwards along the west coast of Australia, the West Australia current, the homologue of the Benguela current in the South Atlantic.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/INDIAN_OCEAN.html (1934 words)

	Fundamentals
		The northern part is dominated by the Angola Current which consists of a pole-ward directed surface current with a vertical extension of about 50 m and a pole-ward undercurrent.
		The Angola Current is the continuation of the South-Equatorial-Counter-Current (SECC) which bends southward at the Angolan coast.
		The undercurrent is believed to extend into the southern part of the eastern boundary current system and advects tropical planktonic organisms into the Benguela ecosystem.
	www.io-warnemuende.de /projects/benefit/poseidon/plan/node3.html (976 words)

	Technical Note 20/4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This transect is important not only for the history of the Benguela Current and coastal upwelling migration, but also for its contribution to the climatic history of southern Africa.
		The Kunene River, reaching the coast at ~17°S, is at the climatological barrier between an illite zone in arid areas to the south and a kaolinite zone from tropical weathering areas to the north (Bornhold, 1973).
		This transect, situated as it is on the only topographic high over which the Benguela Current passes, is central to the reconstruction of the history of the current.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/publications/tnotes/tn20-4/leg175.html (3047 words)

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