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Topic: Benin Bronzes

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Kingdom of Benin

Punitive Expedition

Oba of Benin

African art

British Museum

Benin City

Bronze

History of Benin

Politics of Benin

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	Al Jazeera English - Archive - Museum To Lure Back African Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Based in Benin, once the gateway of the slave trade, the Museum of Returned African Art is set to exhibit a share of the artistic jewels that were taken from the region during the past 150 to 200 years.
		The Benin Bronzes is considered by many to be a case that mirrors the Elgin Marbles.
		Benin City, capital of that empire lying in what is now southwestern Nigeria, was conquered and burned.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/19FD79B0-314F-4E41-B7A9-C85179446068.htm (617 words)

	Benin - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It has a small coast line with the Bight of Benin in the south, borders Togo in the west, Nigeria in the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger in the north.
		It is believed that Vodun (or "Voodoo", as it is commonly known) originated in Benin and was introduced to Brazil, the Caribbean Islands, and parts of North America by slaves taken from this particular area of the Slave Coast.
		Benin · Burkina Faso · Cape Verde · Côte d'Ivoire · Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Liberia · Mali · Mauritania · Niger · Nigeria · Senegal · Sierra Leone · Togo
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Benin (2327 words)

	The British and the Benin Bronzes
		It was hardly credible to the Benin warriors waiting in ambush along the forest path that the party, with its large boxes and over two hundred carriers and servants, was really unarmed.
		The Benin art treasures were treated as little more than curios when they were first brought to this country but as the wonderful quality of the ivory carving and bronze casting became appreciated it was reflected in ever increasing prices in the art auction rooms of the world.
		The Benin artworks belong to a living culture and have a deep historical and social value which goes far beyond the aesthetic and monetary value they hold in exile.
	www.arm.arc.co.uk /britishBenin.html (1768 words)

	IB World Cultures 11 -- Ancient Ruines of Homework
		To verify the authenticity of the bronzes, the museums or art historians utilize the TL dating, or thermoluminescence.
		bronzes are also marketed as decorations, political or religion sculptures.
		bronzes, and one of the famous ones is the Sainsbury African Galleries at the
	www.freewebs.com /amyhung/mar206benin.htm (390 words)

	Benin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in Western Africa, formerly known as Dahomey or Dahomania.
		Due to the amount of Human sacrifices, the amount of slaves exported decreased from 20,000 in the end of the seventeenth century to 12,000 in the beginning of the 1800's; the decline is partly due to many colonial countries declaring slave trade illegal.
		Politics of Benin takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Benin is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Benin (2118 words)

	BBC News \| ARTS \| Benin bronzes sold to Nigeria
		The bronze plaques were seized by the British in 1897 when they took over the kingdom of Benin, now south-west Nigeria.
		If there were two bronzes with a profile of a leopard, one was deemed to be a duplicate, even though they were individually modelled and cast.
		The fate of the plaques sent to Nigeria are in doubt as little of the collection of Benin bronzes is currently on display.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/entertainment/1896535.stm (405 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		During the conquering and burning of the city, most of the country's treasured art, including the Benin Bronzes, was either destroyed, looted or dispersed.
		On receiving the news the Benin king quickly summoned the city's high-ranking nobles for an emergency meeting, and during the discussions the Iyase, the commander in chief of the Benin Army, argued that the white men were on a hostile visit and hence they must be confronted and killed.
		The Benin art was copied and the style integrated into the art of many European artists and thus had a strong influence on the early formation of modernism in Europe.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Punitive_Expedition (1360 words)

	Benin Bibliography
		[X] Becroft, C. "On Benin and the Upper Course of the river Quorra, or Niger, and Account of a Visit to the Capital of Benin in the Delta of the Kwárá or Niger, in the year 1838." Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 11: 184-192.
		[N] Eboreime, J. "Coronation as drama: the installation of a Benin monarch as a study in the continuity of kingship: the transformation of tradition and the manufacture of ethnic identity." Cambridge anthropology 10(2): 41-53.
		[Y] Perry, A. Benin Bronzes at the NFT.
	webits3.appstate.edu /Eli/Africa/benin_bibliography.htm (4940 words)

	Benin City - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benin is the center of Nigeria’s rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is still an important traditional industry, as well as producing honey-glazed ham from unused beef parts.
		On 1 February 1852 the whole Bight of Benin became a British protectorate, where a Consul (representative) represented the protector, until on 6 August 1861 the Bights of Biafra and Benin became a united British protectorate, again under a ritish Consul.
		The University of Benin and Benson Idahosa University are situated in the city and Edo State boasts of being the only state in Nigeria with 4 Universities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benin_City (474 words)

	Benin Bronze Mask
		Benin art was thus predominantly Royal and so closely tied to the rituals used in service of devine Kingship that it underwent few modifications over the generations.
		Benin bronzes were the first of the African arts to win widespread acceptance throughout Europe.
		The proud past of the Benin Kingdom began its rise in the 12th Century AD, when it took its ruling Dynasty from the earlier Yoruba Kingdom of Ife into a highly developed culture flourishing in the 16th and 17th Centuries before the slave trade began a long decline.
	www.vilasart.co.uk /beninbronze.html (701 words)

	Kingdom of Benin
		Benin was an influential city-state in northwest Africa generally from the 15th to 17th century.
		It was founded by the Edo or Bini people in the 13th century, and by the early 14th century a royal court was in place.
		One of the richest arts that originated in Africa are some of the hand cast bronzes that came out of the kingdom of Benin.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/sec_papers/Kingdom_of_Benin.html (342 words)

	Display Products
		The bronzes of Benin are the outcome of a long tradition.
		The discovery of the Benin bronzes dates from 1897, when a British punitive expedition stripped the city of Benin of many objects, which were carried to London.
		The “Benin style” is a court art from the palace of the divine oba.
	www.djoniba.com /africanbuys/products.php?pg=5 (286 words)

	benin
		The “Benin style” is a court art from the palace of the oba, and has nothing in common with tribal art.
		Bronze figures ordered by the king were kept in the palace.
		Their status was marked by the establishment of the term ‘Benin bronzes’, despite their being largely of brass.
	www.zyama.com /benin/pics..htm (764 words)

	Benin bronzes
		benin bronzes, and a lot supplementary information can be found here.
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	www.goto-benin.com /Benin-Activities/benin-bronzes.html (162 words)

	Benin Art Bronze Sculpture
		The Benin Empire dates back to prehistoric times, the political systems that were monarchial, were well established before the fourteenth century.
		They produced many fine bronze and or brass heads, figurines, brass plaques, and large rectangular metal pictures, which were used to decorate the Oba's palace.
		One example of these is the symbol used for FESTAC '77, a Benin Bronze Head a true masterpiece and of the highest quality.
	www.rebirth.co.za /sculpture/bronze.htm (474 words)

	Nigeria
		Bronze, still a precious metal in Benin today, could in the past only be worn with the oba's permission.
		A Benin leopard pendant which appeared in a recent auction was attributed by William Fagg to the sixteenth century.
		1) summarizes the literature on the dating of Benin art, and states that while the Oberlin face is similar to pendants depicted in seventeenth-century reliefs, the weight of the brass and the style of the flanges appear to be eighteenth century.
	www.oberlin.edu /amam/Nigeria.htm (2262 words)

	British Museum Sold Benin Bronzes - Forbes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The bronze plaques were seized during the British "punitive expedition" against the Benin ruler in 1897, and since Nigerian independence in 1960 there have been numerous calls for the return of the royal treasures.
		A newly declassified 1972 report to the BM trustees admits that the Benin bronzes were "booty" but were nevertheless legally acquired by the museum.
		It has been no secret that a few BM bronzes were sold in the 1950s, but for different reasons neither the museum nor the Nigerian authorities have been keen to draw attention to the sales.
	www.forbes.com /2002/04/03/0403conn.html (1361 words)

	African royalty demands return of ancient stolen treasures
		The Benin Bronzes are unique collection of bronze and ivory art looted from the West African kingdom by the Victorian British army.
		The bronzes are of huge spiritual, cultural and historical importance to the Benin peoples, who have unwritten history and they are unable to perform some rituals without the artefacts.
		A bronze head from Benin owned by Queen Elizabeth II In the same year Grant wrote, in a letter to the Glasgow Museum, which read: "The denial and destruction of the history of the Benin people were acts of appalling racism which need urgently to be rectified."
	www.blink.org.uk /print.asp?key=3116 (854 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Entertainment \| Queen's 'replica' bronze is real
		It was generally regarded that the bronze, which is part of the Royal Collection, was a replica that had been commissioned by General Yakubu Gowon to present to the Queen on his visit.
		Many bronze pieces were officially seized from the ruler's palace but others were looted by officers who brought them back to Britain.
		The Benin head is on display in the State Rooms at Buckingham Palace until 29 September.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/entertainment/2260924.stm (546 words)

	New museum to lure back sub-Saharan Africa's lost art -- Middle East Times
		More than 100 years after a British force torched the capital of the old kingdom of Benin and carted off the exquisite Benin Bronzes, an international campaign is being launched for a museum to lure back some of sub-Saharan Africa's lost artistic heritage.
		In 1897 Admiral Sir Harry Rawson led a "Punitive Expedition" against the Kingdom of Benin as a reprisal for the killing of eight British representatives.
		Ironically, the dispersal of the Benin Bronzes also shattered the European concept of African art as a relatively elementary form of tribal craft, not on the same level as Western art.
	www.metimes.com /print.php?StoryID=20060209-043430-3452r (872 words)

	Benin Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benin grew increasingly rich during the 16th and 17th centuries on the slave trade with Europe, slaves from enemy states of the interior were sold, and carried to the Americas in Dutch and Portuguese ships.
		However, after the slaying of eight British representatives in Benin territory, a 'Punitive Expedition' was launched in 1897, in which a British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, conquered and burned the city, destroying much of the country’s treasured art and dispersing nearly all that remained.
		The portrait figures, busts, and groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass (conventionally called the "Benin Bronzes") made in Benin are displayed in museums around the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin (764 words)

	Benin Bronzes - Definition, explanation
		They were seized by a British force in the "Punitive Expedition" of 1897 and given to the British Foreign Office.
		Previously, all pre-European art from the continent, outside North Africa, was thought to be tribal art, using less complex techniques.
		It is thought that they were originally nailed to walls and pillars in the palace as decoration, some possibly also offering instructive scenes of protocol.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/be/benin_bronzes.php (256 words)

	Court Art of Benin - Pitt Rivers Museum
		In Benin animals are symbols of deities or cults.
		The mudfish is a symbol of peace, prosperity, and fertility.
		The head and representations of the head are an important part of ritual and belief in Benin.
	www.prm.ox.ac.uk /benin.htm (1107 words)

	Art and science in Benin bronzes African Arts - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Bronze sculptures with clay-core remnants have also been dated in this way, including the so-called bronze art of the kingdom of Benin in Nigeria.
		An erstwhile shrine, a serendipitous discovery, brass castings at the northern boundaries of empire--these excite a scholar's professional gonads and stimulate a collector's salivary glands.
		Bronzes from Cameroon are conspicuous by their bulbous faces and excessive filing, which artificially creates a thinness approaching that of early Benin bronzes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0438/is_1_37/ai_n6260659 (632 words)

	Category: Bronzes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This is a Benin bronze horn from the Yoruba peoples, of Benin, West Africa.
		The Benin style bronzes are well known and considered some of the finest works ever created by the tribes of this area...The Yoruban peoples would create masterpieces in wood and bronze for use in political and ritual activities.
		This is a very fine bronze horn with an ancestral image on top holding a scepter or club.
	www.shanigallery.com /brhorn.html (103 words)

	WOODS MUSEUM NIGERIAN RESEARCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The discovery of the Benin bronzes dates from 1897, when a British punitive expedition stripped the city of Benin of about 2, 500 to 3,000 objects, which were carried to London.
		The head represents a Queen Mother of Benin, a formal role which might be filled not only by a ruler's mother but by a suitable related senior female.
		Edan, paired bronze castings joined at the top by a chain, are among the best known images of the Ogboni society, usually created when a new member is initiated, Edan represent the initiate and his vows of secrecy concerning all society matters.
	www.nsu.edu /resources/woods/nigeria.htm (2977 words)

	British-Museum-sold-Benin-bronzes
		The solution adopted now seems bizarre: The BM decided to sell four bronzes to a London dealer as a "test." As Braunholtz proposed to the trustees, "It would be desirable to ascertain their approximate present value in the open market.
		The bronzes were cast in matching pairs, so it is difficult to exhibit them properly," BM African specialist Dr. Nigel Barley said last month.
		Since only five plaques were in the "Treasures" show (three of which had originally been in the British Museum), this raises questions about the whereabouts of the 20 or so others that came from the BM and the dozens of others bought from other sources.
	users.telenet.be /african-shop/british-museum-sold-benin-bronzes.htm (1292 words)

	benin - definition by dict.die.net
		Benin adj : of or relating to or characteristic of Benin or its people; "Benin bronzes" [syn: Beninese, Benin] n : a country on western coast of Africa; formerly part of French West Africa [syn: Benin, Republic of Benin, Dahomey]
		Benin Introduction Benin ------------------ Background: Dahomey gained its independence from France in 1960; the name was changed to Benin in 1975.
		The Paris Club and bilateral creditors have eased the external debt situation.
	dict.die.net /benin (174 words)

	Process ~ Asia Fine Art
		As part of the agreement, to abstract core of mausoleum roman altra rings of benin bronzes excelling, the Egyptian government assigned one-half of the objects uncovered to mold or mould realism shrink sculpt form, to rare first rate for burn out plaques shrine or shrink to the Museum.
		The collection is particularly strong in to abstract core of mausoleum roman altra rings of benin bronzes, gems, and cameos.
		Among the many noteworthy examples is a to abstract core of mausoleum roman altra rings of benin bronzes of a victorious athlete to rare first rate for burn out plaques shrine or shrink.
	www.asiafineart.net /process.html (3476 words)

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