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Topic: Benjamin Huntsman

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	Handsworth, South Yorkshire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Huntsman made a highly significant scientific discovery which enabled Sheffield to develop from small township into one of the leading northern industrial cities that shaped the destiny of Victorian Britain.
		Huntsman revolutionised the technology of steel making through his invention was "cast" or "crucible steel".
		Huntsman found that he could benefit in Handsworth not only from the experience of the glass makers but also from the ready access to refractory materials and fireclays in the Sheffield district.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Handsworth,_South_Yorkshire (2672 words)

	Benjamin Huntsman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benjamin Huntsman (4 June 1704 - 20 June 1776), English inventor and steel-manufacturer, third son of a Quaker farmer, was born in Epworth, Lincolnshire.
		The growing competition of imported French cutlery made from Huntsman's cast-steel at length alarmed the Sheffield cutlers, who, after vainly endeavouring to get the exportation of the steel prohibited by the British government, were compelled in self-defence to use it.
		Huntsman had not patented his process, and its secret was discovered by a Sheffield iron-founder, who, according to a popular story, obtained admission to Huntsman's works in the disguise of a tramp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benjamin_Huntsman (286 words)

	Tilt Hammer - Crucible Stee - Benjamin Huntsmanl
		Benjamin Huntsman was born in Lincolnshire, England in 1704.
		Huntsman then turned his attention to the French who were quick to take advantage of the new steel and bought all his produce.
		Benjamin turned down this honour because he felt that it would conflict with his desire to work in seclusion and would also be against his principles as a memeber of the Society of Friends (Quakers).
	www.tilthammer.com /timeworks/hunt.html (491 words)

	Industrial Biography - CHAPTER VI.
		Huntsman had very pressing and favourable offers from some spirited manufacturers in Birmingham to remove his furnaces to that place; and it is extremely probable that had the business of cast-steel making become established there, one of the most important and lucrative branches of its trade would have been lost to the town of Sheffield.
		In the mean time the demand for Huntsman's steel steadily increased, and in l770, for the purpose of obtaining greater scope for his operations, he removed to a large new manufactory which he erected at Attercliffe, a little to the north of Sheffield, more conveniently situated for business purposes.
		Huntsman died in 1776, in his seventy-second year, and was buried in the churchyard at Attercliffe, where a gravestone with an inscription marks his resting-place.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/biography/IndustrialBiography/chap7.html (3658 words)

	hg - pafg33 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Michael Benjamin Huntsman was born on 3 Oct 1947 in Idaho Falls, Bonneville, Idaho.
		Kristine Huntsman was born on 1 Mar 1949.
		Benjamin Carter was born in 1702/1703 and died on 14 Aug 1759.
	www.huntsman-gifford.com /paf/pafg33.htm (925 words)

	Benjamin Huntsman -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		A major development occurred in 1751, when Benjamin Huntsman established a steelworks at Sheffield, Eng., where the steel was made by melting blister steel in clay crucibles at a temperature of 1,500° to 1,600° C (2,700° to 2,900° F), using coke as a fuel.
		According to some scholars, Benjamin was a deacon under a bishop named Abdas during the reign of King Yezdigerd in Persia.
		Benjamin Franklin served as the U.S. Ambassador to France.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9041583?tocId=9041583 (738 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Huntsman frequently attempted to introduce improvements into the design of his clocks, but found himself hampered by the poor quality of the steel then available, which was not sufficiently uniform for the production of clock springs and pendulums.
		In 1740, Huntsman moved to Handsworth, where there was a better supply of coke for fuel, and began experimenting in secret with a new steelmaking process based on a modification of the method used by brassfounders.
		Huntsman believed that if he could successfully melt down the raw steel in a crucible, then it should be possible to produce a more uniform material by a more thorough mixing of the iron and charcoal.
	www.cyburkespace.info /content/nodes/Huntsman.txt (732 words)

	[No title]
		Elzie HUNTSMAN: born on Mar 5 1869 in Allen County, Kentucky; died on Jul 31 1915 in Allen County, Kentucky 12.
		George Washington HUNTSMAN: born on Oct 12 1859 in Allen County, Kentucky; married on Jul 8 1891 in Allen County, Kentucky; died on Jul 8 1919 in Allen County, Kentucky 15.
		Benjamin C. HUNTSMAN: born on Jan 20 1820 in Allen County, Kentucky; married on Jan 4 1842 in Allen County, Kentucky; died on Sep 13 1898 in Swenson, Stonewall County, Texas 45.
	members.aol.com /AWoodham/amysahnentafel.txt (2109 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Crucible Steelmaking
		In about 1740, Benjamin Huntsman bought a house at Handsworth, which was then a small village to the east of the city.
		Not much is known about how Benjamin Huntsman developed and refined his process, but by the time of his death in 1776 he had a thriving business and a world-wide reputation, to say nothing of a cohort of would-be emulators.
		Huntsman and his peers in different crafts (Wedgwood for another) took the vital steps from knowledge to utility.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/getwriting/A2826461 (3412 words)

	Site Title - Person Page 111
		Benjamin Marion Lewis was a farmer, laborer, and pound keeper.
		Benjamin Marion Lewis was born on Saturday, 20 March 1841 in Carlinsville, Macoupin, Illinois.
		Benjamin Marion Lewis married Barbara Young Crockett at the age of 20 and 16 on Sunday, 27 April 1862 in Logan, Cache, Utah.
	www.bonnieruefenacht.com /secondsite/web-p/p111.htm (4578 words)

	BESSEMER PROCESS FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both Bessemer and Huntsman were based in the city of Sheffield, England.
		Sheffield has an international reputation for steel-making, which dates from 1740, when Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique for steel manufacture, at his workshop in the district of Handsworth.
		This process had an enormous impact on the quantity and quality of steel producton and was only made obsolete, a century later, in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter which allowed the true mass production of steel.
	www.19gmarketinggroup.com /Bessemer_process (749 words)

	Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust - Kelham Island Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Shepherd Wheel - Collections ...
		The longcase clock was made by Benjamin Huntsman in the 1740s.
		As a boy, he quickly showed skills in mechanical work and became apprentice to a clockmaker when he was 14 years old.
		Huntsman’s experiments in crucible steelmaking began in 1740 and he developed the process over the next two years.
	www.simt.co.uk /collections/collections-2-6.html (180 words)

	Benjamin Huntsman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Before Huntsman's technique was discovered, steel was produced by a process known as cementation.
		When small pieces of shear steel were melted in a crucible the impurities in the metal formed a surface slag which could be removed by skimming.
		Huntsman did not patent his process, preferring to keep it a secret for as long as possible.
	basil.acs.bolton.ac.uk /~mjh1hlc/huntsman.htm (313 words)

	Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a high level equilibrium trap in which the nonindustrial methods were efficient enough to prevent use of industrial methods with high costs of capital.
		Other improvements followed, with Benjamin Huntsman developing a crucible steel technique in the 1740s, and Henry Cort's puddling furnace enabling large-scale production of wrought iron to take place.
		The reliance on overseas supplies was diminished, and improvements in machine tools and the use of iron and steel in the development of the railways further boosted the industrial growth of Great Britain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Industrial_revolution (5722 words)

	Treetonweb: About Catcliffe, Rotherham, South Yorkshire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Benjamin Huntsman, who by devising a process of crucible steel making, transformed the nature of steel making in Sheffield and made an important contribution to the Industrial Revolution.
		It is said that Huntsman moved to Handsworth because of the proximity of the glassworks at Catcliffe.
		Huntsman found that he could benefit from the experience of the glass makers and conducted experiments in secret.
	www.treetonweb.co.uk /parish/catcliffe.htm (969 words)

	OA Online News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Huntsman Polymers Corp., the largest private employer in Odessa, announced Monday it is closing the styrene production unit and eliminating between 100 and 120 jobs, 60 of which are from the styrene plant.
		Don Olsen, vice president of public affairs for Huntsman Corp., said the styrene plant is not as inefficient as larger, more modern plants around the country.
		He said Huntsman has not made any improvements to the styrene plant since the company bought the plant in 1997.
	www.oaoa.com /news/nw042501a.htm (765 words)

	Tilt Hammer - Crucible Steel
		Benjamin Huntsman's crucible steel process changed all that.
		Le Play, Professor of Metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines of France, wrote in 1846 that Huntsman's memorable discovery advanced the steel manufactures of Sheffield to the first rank, and powerfully contributed to the establishment of the industrial and commercial supremacy of Great Britain.
		Within 100 years of the invention of the process, Sheffield was producing 20000 tons of crucible steel a year.
	www.tilthammer.com /timeworks/steel.html (230 words)

	HECNet - Handsworth - From Past to Present
		By devising this process of crucible steel making, Benjamin Huntsman transformed the nature of steel making in Sheffield and thereby made a very important contribution to England's "industrial revolution".
		In 1740, Sheffield produced only 200 tons of steel per year; by 1860, this total had risen, because of the application of Huntsman's techniques, to over 80,000 tons per year - almost half of Europe's total tonnage.
		Eventually, this competition from overseas encouraged the Sheffield cutlers to adopt Huntsman's methods, thereby laying the foundations of Sheffield's Industrial Heritage Heritage.
	www.handsworth.org.uk /history (2890 words)

	Encyclopedia: Steel
		As for alloys of intermediate carbon content (that is, steel), crucible steel was rediscovered in the 1740s by Benjamin Huntsman in Handsworth in England.
		In his process, wrought iron and cast iron were heated in small ceramic crucibles, melting together to form steel.
		Hot-dip galvanizing is the process of coating iron or steel with a thin zinc layer by passing the steel through a molten bath of zinc at a temperature of around 450°C. Zinc rusts to form zinc oxide, a fairly strong material that stops further rusting, protecting the steel...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Steel (10033 words)

	Youngfolk's Book of Invention
		Huntsman was a Lincoinshire boy, born in 1704.
		Unfortunately Huntsman left no written records of his experiments, but we know that they went on for a very long time, and that he had failure after failure.
		At last, one winter night, a ragged tramp was found shivering at the door of Huntsman’s foundry, and the workmen let him in to warm himself by the fire.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt4.htm (3128 words)

	hunttext (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Just as Huntsman was contemplating a move to Birmingham, the Sheffield cutlers abandoned their moves to block his steel making business and stated using his steel to make their own products The Royal Society wanted to enroll Huntsman as a member in recognition of the merit of his invention of the crucible steel process.
		Benjamin turned down this honour because he felt that it would conflict with his desire to work in seclusion and would also be against his principles as a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers).
		The crucible steel process was developed by Benjamin Huntsman in great secrecy.
	www.rowlinson-sheffield.org.uk /hunttext.htm (1192 words)

	(HUNTSMAN, Benjamin) FOURNESS & ASHWORTH, Bref examen, des qualités de l'acier fondu, de Huntsman. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman invented cast, or crucible, steel, thereby transforming the manufacturing industry and establishing Sheffield as the world's major steel centre.
		His process produced a material of exceptional hardness and durability which was rapidly utilised for tools, drills, dies, hammers, files, wire and rolls for rolling mills, though it was also used for buttons, buckles, mirrors etc. Matthew Boulton was a prolific purchaser of Huntsman's steel and it was widely known throughout Europe.
		Huntsman's son, William, carried on with his father's steel production and it was on his behalf that this remarkable testimonial was written.
	www.polybiblio.com /elton/5812.html (294 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team - Sheffield - text only
		Benjamin Huntsman, who operated a foundry at Handsworth, four miles to the east of Sheffield, invented the crucible steel process.
		Benjamin Huntsman's invention of the crucible steel process changed all of that.
		When the British government refused the Sheffield cutlers' demand that Huntsman's exports should be banned, the cutlers were forced to start using his steel for their own products.
	www.channel4.com /history/timeteam/2004_sheff_t.html (3637 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		I am trying to research the early life of Benjamin Huntsman, who was a clockmaker in the Doncaster area in the early 18th century and would appreciate any information anyone may have.
		I know of no images of Benjamin Huntsman; he was a quaker and ay that time it was against that religion to allow images of people to be made.
		If you type Benjamin Huntsman into google or other search engine you should turn up some decent info; that's how I found what I know about him.
	www.greatestcities.com /go.bml?journal=forum&itemid=1160949&dir=prev (219 words)

	Navigator Magazine: May 2000 -- Objectivist Center -- Reason, Individualism, Achievement, and Freedom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Benjamin Huntsman: Steelmaker to the Enlightenment: David Kelley has remarked on the need to create, justify, and dramatize an ideal that will counter the pastoral ideal that is shared equally by our classical heritage our and Judaeo-Christian tradition.
		In that connection, he noted, the year 2000 is the 250th anniversary of the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the historical event that proved the practical power of reason.
		In this issue, Navigator recounts the life of one of the great inventor-industrialists of the time, Benjamin Huntsman.
	www.objectivistcenter.org /navigator/issues/nav_5-2000.asp (411 words)

	Sheffield Forum Archive - Benjamin Huntsman
		Ah I found what the connection was, the date is actually 1772 and its reputed that Huntsman made the actual numbers that are still on the pub whilst he lived in the house.
		In the corner of the board room was a clock with a plate stating that it was made by Benjamin Huntsman and contained the part of the first ever crucible steel ever produced.
		I am told that there may be a Huntsman clock in a Sheffield Museum that is closed for renovation until 2005 but unfortunately I cannot obtain any further info.
	www.sheffieldforum.co.uk /showthread/t-8989.html (777 words)

	hg - Name Index - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Huntsman, Ida Rebecca b.1873 - Fillmore, Mllrd, Ut Huntsman, Ira b.1854 - Fillmore, Millrd, Utah
		Huntsman, Lenard Glenore b.1913 - Woodville, Bonneville, Idaho
		Huntsman, Rochelle b.1943 - Shelley, Bingham Co, Id Huntsman, Samuel b.1809 - Belm.
	www.huntsman-gifford.com /paf/pafx3.htm (6351 words)

	Benjamin Huntsman -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Benjamin Huntsman -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The (A steel manufacturing city in northern England famous for its cutlery industry) Sheffield cutlery manufacturers, however, refused to buy it, on the ground that it was too hard, and for a long time Huntsman exported his whole output to (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France.
		See (A facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement) Smiles, Industrial Biography (1879).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/benjamin_huntsman.htm (201 words)

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