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	Benjamin Robins - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benjamin Robins (1707–July 29, 1751), English man of science and engineer.
		Robins also made a number of important experiments on the resistance of the air to the motion of projectiles, and on the force of gunpowder, with computation of the velocities thereby communicated to projectiles.
		He wrote pamphlets in support of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, and was secretary of a committee appointed by the House of Commons to inquire into the conduct of that minister.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benjamin_Robins (408 words)

	BENJAMIN FRANKLIN - LoveToKnow Article on BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Benjamin could not remember when he did not know how to read, and when eight years old he was sent to the Boston grammar school, being destined by his father for the church as a tithe of his sons.
		But Benjamins management of the paper, and particularly his free-thinking, displeased the authorities; the relations of the two brothers gradually grew unfriendly, possibly, as Benjamin thought, because of his brothers jealousy of his superior ability; and Benjamin determined to quit his brothers employ and to leave New England.
		With Benjamin Harrison, John Dickinson, Thomas Johnson and John Jay he was appointed in November 1775 to a committee to carry on a secret correspondence with the friends of America in Great Britain, Ireland and other parts of the world.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FR/FRANKLIN_BENJAMIN.htm (5969 words)

	Long Shots & Straight Shots
		Robins' computed, the velocity of expansion was about 7,000 feet per second, we shall have some idea of the enormous force which is exerted in the direction of the bullet to move it, of the breech of the gun to make it kick, and of the sides of the barrel to burst it.
		We have before mentioned that Robins pointed out the enormous effect of the resistance of the atmosphere to the passage of a shot; and "because," as he says, "I am fully satisfied that the resistance of the air is almost the only source of the numerous difficulties which have hitherto embarrassed that science," viz.
		Robins said of the breech-loaders of his day, "And, perhaps, somewhat of this kind, though not in the manner now practised, would be, of all others, the most perfect method for the construction of these barrels." Mr.
	www.researchpress.co.uk /targets/longshots.htm (2126 words)

	00-2841 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Robins admitted in a statement to police that he had met "Benjm13" in an internet chat room, that "Benjm13" told Robins that he was a 13-year-old boy, that they'd had sexually explicit conversations, and that Robins had e-mailed sexually explicit materials to "Benjm13".
		Robins tries to distinguish it by reverting to his argument that child enticement is a strict liability offense, making the defendant's state of mind about the age of the victim irrelevant and the rationale of Kordas inapplicable.
		Robins also claims the allegations in the criminal complaint and the evidence adduced at the preliminary hearing are insufficient to establish probable cause.
	www.courts.state.wi.us /html/sc/00/00-2841.htm (4990 words)

	Robins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Robins also invented the ballistic pendulum which allowed precise measurements of the velocity of projectiles fired from guns.
		As described by Robins, a large wooden block is suspended in front of a gun.
		Robins was sent to India in 1750 and there he prepared the defence of Madras.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Robins.html (387 words)

	The First Wind Tunnels
		Benjamin Robins, the British mathematician, proved in 1746 that air resistance was a critical factor in the flight of projectiles.
		Robins mounted variously shaped objects on the tip of the arm and spun them in different directions.
		He found that the shape of the object seemed to affect the air resistance, or drag, even though equal total areas were being spun and were exposed to the airstream.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Evolution_of_Technology/first_wind_tunnels/Tech34.htm (1432 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Ballistics
		Some of the critical elements involved in the study of interior ballistics are the relationship of the weight of charge to the weight of projectile; the length of bore; the optimum size, shape, and density of the propellant grains for different guns; and the related problems of maximum and minimum muzzle pressures.
		The ballistic pendulum was developed about 1743 by Robins, who was the first to undertake a systematic series of experiments to determine the velocity of projectiles.
		The principle of the ballistic pendulum, as well as of the gun pendulum, which was developed by Thompson, is the transfer of momentum from a projectile with a small mass and a high velocity to a large mass with a resultant low velocity.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761573872__1/Ballistics.html (1313 words)

	Purdy Collection: Robins, Benjamin
		Robins, born in Bath in 1707, showed an early aptitude for mathematics and relocated to London to continue his studies.
		Robins invented the ballistic pendulum, used for the measurement of velocity of a projectile and he was admitted as a fellow to the Royal Society in 1747.
		Robins states that this article is very prejudicial to the interests of England because a very large tract of land in South Carolina, which was purchased with public money as a frontier area, is situated perfectly to be used in defense of the other colonies from a Spanish incursion.
	www.library.miami.edu /archives/Purdy/purdy_robins.htm (607 words)

	Report: Rumford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In 1742, Benjamin Robins, a noted mathematician and Engineer-General of the East India Company, and invented the ballistic pendulum for measuring the initial velocity of bullets shot form guns.
		Robins' ballistic pendulum was basically the same as the device still used in the physics laboratory for measuring the velocity of bullets.
		Thompson's modification of Robins' experiment was to measure the recoil of the gun rather than the swing of the pendulum.
	members.aol.com /shodaw3/physics/report.html (1376 words)

	E77 -- Neue Grundsätze der Artillerie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Benjamin Robins übersetzt und mit den nöthigen Erläuterungen und vielen Anmerkungen versehen von Leonhard Euler Königlichem Professor in Berlin.
		Benjamin Robins, and that celebrated author’s Discourse upon the track described by a body in a resisting medium, inserted in the memoirs of the Royal academy of Berlin for the year 1753.
		This is a treatise on the ballistics annotations that Euler added to his translation of Robins' "little budget of rules, experiments, and guesses," thus changing it into the first scientific work on gunnery.
	math.dartmouth.edu /~euler/pages/E077.html (559 words)

	Title:John VICKERY of VA. Genealogy
		ELIZABETH ROBINS (1568) was born on 5-Feb-1788 at FRANKLIN CO., VA. She married JESSE WATKINS (1577), and they had no children.
		MARY (POLLY) ROBINS (1569) was born on 8-Apr-1791 at FRANKLIN CO., VA. She married JOHN H. (1578), and they had no children.
		NATHANIEL ROBINS (1570) was born on 5-Aug-1793 at FRANKLIN CO., VA. He married NANCY ROBINS (1579) on 30-Dec-1813 at HENRY CO., KY, and they had no children.
	www.geocities.com /lvickery98/johns.htm (2841 words)

	Long Range Shooting - An Historical Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Benjamin Robins was a brilliant man who grasped all the fundamentals of ballistics at the same time.
		During the course of his experiments on the subject of the resistance of the air at various velocities he noted that the smooth bored muskets he was using showed wild deviations in accuracy.
		Although he was quoting from the findings of the Bavarian, Leutmann, in the 1720’s, Robins postulated the advantages of increasing sectional density and reducing air resistance by the use of an egg shaped projectile.
	www.researchpress.co.uk /firearms/lrhistory02.htm (1520 words)

	Ancestors - aqwg47
		Benjamin CRAGIN [Parents] was born 8 Jul 1740 in Action,, Massachusetts.
		Benjamin married Mercy ROBINS on 27 Nov 1766.
		Francis CRAGIN [Parents] was born 2 Mar 1742 in of, Temple, Hillsboro, New Hampshire.
	www.noffsinger.org /genealogy/ancestors/aqwg47.htm (335 words)

	In Depth: The Wind Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Although the Wrights' were the first to use a wind tunnel as part of the aircraft design process, they did not invent it, or the notion of testing surfaces in a laboratory environment.
		Benjamin Robins (1707-1751) - Robins was the first scientist to measure drag with an instrument, spinning shapes of different surfaces on a 'whirling arm' apparatus.
		This was the first known use of the whirling arm, which was the predecessor of the wind tunnel.
	www.wrightexperience.com /edu/tunnel/testing/ED.htm (219 words)

	ch1-2
		Benjamin Robins (1707-1751), a brilliant English mathematician, was the first to employ a whirling arm.
		Robins mounted various blunt shapes-pyramids, oblong plates, etc.-on the arm tip and spun them in different orientations.
		He concluded that "all the theories of resistance hitherto established are extremely defective." Different shapes, even though they presented the same area to the airstream, did not always have the same air resistance or drag.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-440/ch1-2.htm (636 words)

	William Palmer Robins
		Encouraged by his father, William Benjamin Robins, an art teacher and a naturalist, father and son would stroll the countryside sketching together.
		Robins was an author, an essayist and an illustrator of fine books.
		W.P. Robins subsequently married Miriam Gladys Mathews, the younger sister of Mabel, and went on to have four more children: Miriam (Cherry Lankester), Carol Elizabeth (Campbell)1926-2001, Sally Lawford, an artist in her own right) and David, who died in his infancy.
	www.wprobins.com (658 words)

	Benjamin Robins -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		British mathematician and military engineer who laid the groundwork for modern ordnance (field-artillery) theory and practice with his New Principles of Gunnery (1742), which invalidated old suppositions about the nature and action of gunpowder and the flight of projectiles and formed the basis of all later scientific studies in these fields.
		The American robin (Turdus migratorius), a large North American thrush, is one of the most familiar songbirds in the eastern United States.
		Benjamin Franklin served as the U.S. Ambassador to France.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9063910 (722 words)

	BENJAMIN ROBINS - LoveToKnow Article on BENJAMIN ROBINS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		BENJAMIN ROBINS - LoveToKnow Article on BENJAMIN ROBINS
		Of less interest nowadays are Robins's more purely mathematical writings, such as his Discourse concerning the Nature and Certainty of Sir Isaac Newton's Methods of Fluxions and of Prime and Ultimate Ratios (1735), " A Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition of Sir Isaac Newton's Treatise of Quadratures " (Phil.
		In 1749 he was appointed engineer-general to the East India Company, and went out to superintend the reconstruction of their forts; but his health soon failed, and he died at Fort St David on the 2gth of July His works were published in two volumes in 1761.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RO/ROBINS_BENJAMIN.htm (397 words)

	The `Analyst' Controversy: Index of Papers
		The differing approaches taken by James Jurin and Benjamin Robins in their respective defences of the methods of Isaac Newton subsequently gave rise to a controversy between Robins and Jurin, conducted in the pages of
		Benjamin Robins wrote what is perhaps the most thorough and well-written response to Berkeley, with the exception of Colin Maclaurin's two-volume
		Benjamin Robins and James Jurin differed considerably in their interpretation of certain passages in the works of Sir Isaac Newton.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /pub/HistMath/People/Berkeley/ACIndex.html (946 words)

	ROBINS, Benjamin., New Principles of Gunnery: containing, the Determination of the Force of Gunpowder, and an ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		ROBINS, Benjamin., New Principles of Gunnery: containing, the Determination of the Force of Gunpowder, and an Investigation of the Difference in the Resisting Power of the Air to Swift and Slow Motions.
		Today the device is used to demonstrate conservation of momentum as well as for the purpose to which Robins put it: to determine the muzzle velocity of bullets.
		It was there that Robins described the ballistic pendulum.” (DSB)Robins was one of Newton's most ardent admirers, and much of his writing consists of attacks on Newton's enemies, particularly Leibniz, the Bernoullis, Berkeley and James Jurin.
	www.polybiblio.com /finch/89899.html (228 words)

	Rifle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Originally, rifles were sharpshooter weapons, whilst the regular infantry made use of the greater firepower of massed muskets, which fired round balls of calibers up to 0.75 inch (19 mm).
		Benjamin Robins, an English mathematician, realized that an extruded bullet would retain the mass and kinetic force of a musket ball, but would slice through the air with much greater ease.
		The innovative work of Robins and others would take until the end of the 1700s to gain acceptance.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/R/Rifle.htm (1884 words)

	Selected Mobile County Family Obituaries
		Enoch Benjamin, Sr., a native of Oak Hill, Alabama and a resident of Prichard, Albama for a number of years, departed this life Wednesday, September 19, 1984 at a local hospital.
		Douglas McArthur "Mack" Benjamin, Sr., a native of Oak Hill, Alabama, born May 12, 1942, former resident of Chicago, Illinois and a resident of Mobile, Alabama for a number of years, departed this life Wednesday, May 26, 1999 at a local hospital.
		Mary Benjamin, four sons; George Benjamin, Jr., Roderick Benjamin, Edward Benjamin and Jasper Benjamin, all of Mobile; two daughers, Tysha (Odell) Williams of Mobile and Kimberly Benjamin of Mobile; a devoted mother, Mrs.
	debben60.tripod.com /singletonfamilyofmobilecountyalabama/id10.html (7331 words)

	Loss of West High officials a concern
		Principal Henry Kluttz and and assistant principals Pam Beaver and Benjamin Robins are leaving in June.
		Kluttz announced his retirement this September, and he and Assistant Principals Pam Beaver and Benjamin Robins are working on contract through the school year.
		Robins had retired four years ago and came out of retirement last summer to replace Assistant Principal Sandy Fogg, who resigned last July.
	www.salisburypost.com /2002march/030702b.htm (603 words)

	Worcester County Genealogy Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Son Daniel Robins, part of land Ingoteague, 1140 acres and part of Friendship, 90 acres and another part of Ingoteague, 140 acres which I purchased from Samuel Scarborough and his wife, Peggy.
		To grandson James Handy, Hog Quarter, 130 acres and Robins Partnership, 350 acres and 1/2 of 438 acres purchased of George Blake called Partnership and 50 acres of Assateague Island land marsh purchased from John Baldwin and his wife Patience.
		To sisters Esther Robins, Sarah Robins, Lanty (Arlanta) Robins, Elizabeth Winants, the mother of Lanty, Mary Purnell, Anderia Spence.
	www.ocmuseum.org /genealogy/search/will_results.asp (6590 words)

	Wikinfo \| Rifle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Originally, rifles were sharpshooter weapons, whilst the regular infantry made use of the greater firepower of massed muskets, which fired round balls of calibres up to.60".
		Benjamin Robins, an English mathematician, realised that an extruded bullet would retain the mass and kinetic force of a musket ball, but would slice through the air with much greater ease.
		By the early 1800s, however, mass production had advanced sufficiently that the Brown Bess of yore was replaced by a range of - generally single-shot, breech-loading - longarms, designed for aimed, discretionary fire by individual soldiers.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Rifle (1553 words)

	Projectiles
		A means was devised by Benjamin Robins (1707-1751), the ballistic pendulum, around 1842.
		Robins measured the velocity of the projectile at various distances from the gun, using the same charge each time.
		He showed that the drag was roughly proportional to the square of the velocity, the first time this was done, but accurate results were impossible due to the lack of reproducibility of the muzzle velocity even when the same charge was used.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/ballist.htm (2163 words)

	Benjamin
		Benjamin is the modern English form of a Hebrew name.
		During the Middle Ages, Benjamin was almost exclusively a Jewish name—except as a name for boys whose mothers had died in childbirth.
		After the Reformation, Old Testament names came into fashion, and Benjamin was a common name from the 17th to 19th centuries.
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/b/benjamin.html (130 words)

	TOOMEYS AND RELATIONS · Listowel Ireland and beyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Benjamin Robins at his place of work (wheelwrights yard) owned and ran by Benjamin.
		Thomas Patrick b 1895, Ada Louise b 1902, Benjamin Charles b1892, George Henry b 1904, Frederick John b 1893.
		Benjamin Charles Robins born 1892 and his wife Mary Eleanor Toomey born 1893 with their first two children William and another Benjamin.
	www.freewebs.com /toomey/robinsphotos.htm (93 words)

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