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	Benjamin - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		BENJAMIN, a tribe of Israel, named after the youngest son of Jacob and Rachel.
		As distinct from the others Benjamin was born not beyond the Jordan but in Palestine, between Bethel and Ephrath.
		At all events, Benjamin claimed the honour of providing the great king of Israel whose heroic deliverance of Jabesh-Gilead is referred to elsewhere (see Saul), and it is noteworthy that the tribe only now attain historical importance.
	97.1911encyclopedia.org /Benjamin (390 words)

	Traveling to Jerusalem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Benjamin began his journey from Saragossa, around the year 1160 and over the course of thirteen years visited over 300 cities in a wide range of places including Greece, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia and Persia.
		In addition to his description of Jewish living conditions, Benjamin also reported on the politics, commerce, and geography of the different countries he visited.
		Text Based on Marcus Nathan Adler's The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary (New York: Phillip Feldheim, Inc., 1907).
	chass.colostate-pueblo.edu /history/seminar/benjamin.htm (156 words)

	Benjamin - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Benjamin, in the Old Testament (see Genesis 42-45), youngest and most beloved son of the patriarch Jacob and founder of the Israelite tribe of...
		Benjamin was born in Berlin to a middle-class Jewish family, and...
		Benjamin of Tudela (?-1173), medieval Spanish rabbi who travelled in the Middle East, India, and central Asia, and who may have been the first...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Benjamin.html (92 words)

	Tudela, Spain
		Tudela, situated on the right bank of the Ebro, is the second largest town in the province of Navarra and the chief place in the Ribera district.
		After its reconquest by Alfonso I in 1119 Tudela offered an admirable example of peaceful coexistence between Christians, Muslims and Jews, each living in their own quarters of the town (which can still to some extent be identified on the ground).
		The Jewish quarter of the town produced such eminent figures as the rabbi and geographer Benjamin of Tudela, the poet Abraham ben Ezra and the philosopher Yehuda Halevi.
	www.planetware.com /spain/tudela-e-nav-tud.htm (147 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Benjamin of Tudela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Spanish Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer.
		Benjamin is noted for not only telling facts, but citing his sources; historians regard him as highly trustworthy.
		Benjamin of Tudela, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages, English trans.
	random.dragonslife.org /benjamin-of-tudela/8337 (575 words)

	Benjamin of Tudela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benjamin of Tudela (flourished 12th century) was a medieval Navarrese Jewish Rabbi, traveler and explorer.
		With his broad education and vast knowledge of languages, Benjamin of Tudela was a major figure in the history of geography and Jewish history.
		Benjamin set out on his 13-year journey in 1160, in what began as a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela (544 words)

	Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (Part5) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Graetz gives an abstract of Benjamin's account; he, as well as all other writers, is unable to identify Tilmas, but is of opinion that Tanai must be Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, which, however, is twenty-five days' journey beyond Kheibar.
		In Benjamin's time it was thought that white pepper was a distinct species, but Ritter explains that it was prepared from the fl pepper, which, after lying from eight to ten days in running water, would admit of being stripped of its fl outer covering.
		Benjamin has already made it clear that to get from India to China takes sixty-three days, that is to say twenty-three days from Khulam to Ibrig, and thence forty days to the sea of Nikpa.
	isfsp.org /sages/ben5.html (9101 words)

	AGORA: Summer 2002 Issue: Clouser
		Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela, purportedly the first Mediterranean traveler to write of his journey analytically, traveled for several years.
		{24} Departing from Tudela (Tuteila to him) in Spain (at his time Navarre) at an unknown date, he lived in Rome during the 1160s until he was forced to leave in 1167, continuing his travels and writing until he arrived in France, "the country of Castile," about 1173, the Jewish year 4933.
		Scholars assume adventuresome, methodical Benjamin was a merchant; referred to sometimes as "rabbi," he was respected, but not a rabbi in our sense of the word.
	www.tamu.edu /chr/agora/clouser3.html (377 words)

	Benjamin of Tudela
		Excerpt from The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (Malibu, 1983), 35-42.
		At the close of the ceremony in the Mosque, the Caliph returned, crossing the bridge of boats, and proceeded to his palace by a road corresponding to the Thames Embankment.
		There were large hospitals in Bagdad: the one to which Benjamin alludes is the Birmaristan of the Mustansiriyah, in Western Bagdad, which for three centuries was a great school of medical science.
	www.history.umd.edu /Faculty/BCooperman/NewCity/Tudela.html (2096 words)

	Benjamin
		New York, N. THIS is the book of travels, which was compiled by Rabbi Benjamin, the son of Jonah, of the land of Navarre--his repose be in Paradise.
		The said Rabbi Benjamin set forth from Tudela, his native city, and passed through many remote countries, as is related in his book.
		Facing Jerusalem for a distance of three miles are the cemeteries(83) belonging to the Israelites, who in the days of old buried their dead in caves, and upon each sepulchre is a dated inscription, but the Christians destroy the sepulchres, employing the stones thereof in building their houses.
	beloit.edu /~joycee/benjaminofTudela.html (6070 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Benjamin of Tudela mentions the fact that some 500 Jews, led by two rabbis, make up the Jewish community of the island.
		In the latter part of the 12th century CE there lived in the Spanish Jewish community of Tudela, in the Navarra region of north-eastern Spain, a gem merchant named Rabbi ben Jonah.
		Benjamin of Tudela chronicled in his diary that 'the (Salonika Jewish) community was comparatively large, perhaps numbering as many as 2,000 (individuals).
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=7669 (844 words)

	Rabbi Benjamin ben Yonah of Tudela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Rabbi Benjamin ben Yonah was born in Tudela, Navarre (in between modern Spain and France), 1127 CE.
		An English translation was published in 1840 as The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, which we present here in its entirety.
		The object of his journey is unknown, though it has been suggested that he was a gem-merchant-he more than once shows an interest in the coral trade.
	www.sephardiccouncil.org /sages/tudela.html (263 words)

	HHF Factpaper: The Judaic Origins of Venetian Glass, Part I
		Benjamin sojourned in Antioch, Tyre, Sidon and Damascus, and recorded the activity of the Judaic communities in those cities and the names and provenances of some of the heads of the communities.
		Benjamin of Tudela also visited the Judaic community of Antioch, another of the glassmaking centers with which the Fustat Jews were in contact.
		Benjamin recorded that there were 10 heads of families residing in Antioch "engaged in glassmaking," a total of some fifty persons Since Benjamin recorded no trade but glassmaking being pursued by that community, we may assume that they were all so engaged.
	www.hebrewhistory.info /factpapers/fp029-1_venetian.htm (5879 words)

	CICLOGEOGRAFIA: 04 febrero 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Whatever his intentions may have been, we owe Benjamin no small debt of gratitude for handing to posterity records that form a unique contribution to our knowledge of geography and ethnology in the Middle Ages.
		THIS is the book of travels, which was compiled by Rabbi Benjamin, the son of Jonah, of the land of Navarre—his repose be in Paradise.
		In every place which he entered, he made a record of all that he saw, or was told of by trustworthy persons—matters not previously heard of in the land of Sepharad[1].
	www.eldespertador.info /2006_02_04_ciclogeografia_archive.html (346 words)

	Benjamin of Tudela - LoveToKnow 1911
		BENJAMIN OF TUDELA (in Navarre), a Jewish rabbi of the 12th century.
		It is from Benjamin that we know that the Jews of Palestine and other parts of the East were noted for the arts of dyeing and glass-making.
		This page was last modified 23:20, 1 Sep 2006.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Benjamin_of_Tudela (198 words)

	NOVA Online \| Lost Tribes of Israel \| Where are the Ten Lost Tribes?
		The tribes split along territorial and political lines, with Judah and Benjamin in the south loyal to the Davidic house, and the rest of the tribes in the north ruled by a succession of monarchies.
		Benjamin, son of Jonah, was determined to see the world.
		When visiting in Persia and in the Arabian peninsula, Benjamin came across Jewish tribesmen whom he was convinced were descendants of the Lost Israelites.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/israel/losttribes.html (865 words)

	AllRefer.com - Benjamin of Tudela (Historians, Miscellaneous, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Benjamin of Tudela[tOOdA´lA] Pronunciation Key, d.1173, rabbi considered the first European to approach the borders of China, b.
		His account, Massaoth Schel Rabbi Benjamin, sheds light on the situation of Jews in Europe and Asia.
		An English translation was published in 1840 as The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/BenjT.html (191 words)

	Benjamin of Tudela
		He left Tudela, Spain between 1159 and 1163, and he returned in 1172.
		There is no general account of the Mediterranean world or of the Middle East in the mid-twelfth century which approaches that of Benjamin of Tudela in importance, whether for Jewish or for general history.
		Benjamin then headed south describing, sometimes at length, the conditions in Salerno, Amalfi, Melfi, Benevento, and Brindisi.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/BenjaminTudelo.html (836 words)

	Travelling to Jerusalem--Benjamin of Tudela--
		Benjamin is one of the very few writers of the Middle Ages who gives us an account of these subjects of Prester John.
		On the contrary, as is so fully described in Benjamin's Itinerary, they broke the power of Sultan Sinjar, the mighty Shah of Persia, who, had he been spared by the men of Ghuz, would have proved a serious menace to Saladin.
		It will be noted that Benjamin seems to use every effort to trace and to afford particulars of independent communities of Jews, who had chiefs of their own, and owed no allegiance to the foreigner.
	chass.colostate-pueblo.edu /history/seminar/benjamin/benjamin1.htm (20341 words)

	Judaism.com - The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela Travels in the Middle Ages By: Benjamin Tudela
		This is a book of travels composed by Rabbi Benjamin, son of Jonah, from the land of Navarre.
		This Rabbi Benjamin had left his native town Tudela and traveled through many far countires, as is related in this book.
		Benjamin of Tudela covered even greater distances than Marco Polo in a I3-year odyssey that took him to every part of the then-known world and wrote an account of his voyages which to this day remains our best source of information about Jewish life in the Middle Ages.
	www.judaism.com /display.asp?etn=FGDBA (326 words)

	NPR : Excerpt: 'The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela'
		He must reach Tudela, a town in northern Spain, before the town gates are locked for the night.
		Dear friends, says Benjamin, as most of you know, I'd always dreamed of seeing Jerusalem, and as many places mentioned in the Bible as possible.
		I know that when I decided to leave Tudela fourteen years ago, to abandon the comforts of home for the hardships and dangers of the unknown, some of you thought I'd gone mad.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4703049 (709 words)

	New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers \| Christian Classics Ethereal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		BENJAMIN OF TUDELA (a town of Navarre, on the Ebro, 160 miles n.e.
		Grätz, Geschichte der Juden, vi, note 10) left home and traveled through Catalonia, southern France, Italy, Greece, the islands of the Levant, Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia to Bagdad; thence he proceeded to Egypt by way of Khuzistan, the Indian Ocean, and Yemen; and finally returned to Spain in 1173.
		The information which he gathered with great diligence not only concerning the places visited, but also of adjoining lands, was written down in a Hebrew work (Massa'oth shel rabbi Binyamin, "Itinerary of the Rabbi Benjamin"), which is one of the most famous of early books of travel.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc02.benjamin_of_tudela.html (260 words)

	The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela: The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela
		Joseph, son of R. Menachem, R. Benbenast, R. Benjamin, R. Abraham, and R. Isaac, son of R. Moses of blessed memory, of this city, are also very great scholars and wise men.
		There are likewise at Rome, R. Joab, son of the rabbi R. Solomon, R. Menachem, the president of the university, R. Jechiel, who resides in Trastevere, and R. Benjamin, son of R. Shabthai, of blessed memory.
		Benjamin calls the river Orontes Jabbok; the Arabians call it Oroad, or Asi.
	www.sacred-texts.com /jud/mhl/mhl20.htm (14231 words)

	Alibris: Tudela
		From 1165 to 1173 Benjamin of Tudela journeyed from his native Navarre through the greater part of the then-known world.
		The Jewish community of Tudela, a Spanish city, seeks to convince the new king in 1114 to grant them the rights to which they have become accustomed.
		Early travels in Palestine; comprising the narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, De La Brocquière, and Maundrell.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Tudela (551 words)

	Mértola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Y lo cierto es que Benjamín de Tudela es prácticamente un desconocido en España -y en EH (sic).
		Tudela en aquella época era una ciudad muy activa culturalmente.
		De los datos que apuntaste me llamó la atención el del grupo de eruditos ingleses que se desplazó a Tudela en el siglo XII para entrar en contacto con la aljama local, atraídos por el saber científico de los árabes.
	littera.deusto.es /prof/abaitua/mertola/1076200461 (989 words)

	[No title]
		Benjamin of Tudela lived in the second half of the 12th century.
		26) that Benjamin refers to heads of families." If there were estimated to be 3000 heads of the Jews in the city making their total as per the note, to be about 19,000 Jews, than calculating, there would be 6 plus members per family.
		And it could be that Benjamin's or Pethahiah (a 12th century traveler, visiting about 1175) numbers were wrong or during time there were 19,000 Jews but it does not necessarily mean that there were that many there, at the time of Benjamin's visit.
	shomron0.tripod.com /update6.20.2002k.htm (1882 words)

	Nextbook: Reading Lists
		When Benjamin returns to Spain after 14 years, he regales friends with rich stories of his far-flung journeys in the Middle East.
		Based on the written account of the great medieval traveler, this first-person tale for young readers provides colorful details of life in the 12th century, from ships infested with rats to the use of lemons to treat wounds.
		Interspersed with historical sidebars about the Crusades and the fall of the Temple, Benjamin's travelogue evokes the wondrous adventures and harrowing hardships of medieval times in a compelling and gorgeously illustrated account.
	www.nextbook.org /books/bookdetail.html?bookid=1305 (132 words)

	BookLoons Reviews - Travels of Benjamin of Tudela by Uri Shulevitz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Having heard of Benjamin of Tudela, I was fascinated by this book on his travels, of interest to young and old, and enhanced by exciting pictures that bring the text to life.
		From there he traveled, dressed as an Arab, 'by camel, donkey and riverboat' to Baghdad, to Babylon and the ruins of the Tower of Babel, to Susa in Persia (where the prophet Daniel's coffin hung from a bridge), and on to Egypt and Mount Sinai.
		He also communicates the excitement and awe that Benjamin must have felt, and that travelers feel today, visiting places they have heard of but never seen before.
	www.bookloons.com /cgi-bin/Review.ASP?bookid=4219 (370 words)

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