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	Beno Gutenberg, June 4, 1889—January 25, 1960 \| By Leon Knopoff \| Biographical Memoirs
		BENO GUTENBERG WAS THE foremost observational seismologist of the twentieth century.
		Gutenberg calculated "the travel-times of waves to be reflected and refracted at the surface of the core, outside as well as inside"; the waves refracted at the core-mantle boundary are the P´ or PKP phases, and the reflected waves are the PcP phases.
		Gutenberg was especially pleased with his calculation of the distribution of the density, and hence the elastic moduli, as a function of depth in the Earth (1923).
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/biomems/bgutenberg.html (8083 words)

	Beno Gutenberg biography
		Beno Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany, on June 4, 1889.
		Gutenberg and Richter also collaborated on the development of various magnitude scales using seismic waves of different types so that observers could assign magnitudes to earthquakes that have both shallow and deep foci and occur at various epicentral distances.
		Gutenberg retired from Caltech in 1958 but continued to be active in some professional organizations and in research.
	www.agu.org /inside/awards/gutenberg.html (751 words)

	EGS - Beno Gutenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beno Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany, on 4 June 1889; he studied geophysics, physics and mathematics in Darmstadt and later in Göttingen, where he received his Dr. Phil.
		In June, 1930, Beno Gutenberg accepted this invitation and became director of the seismological laboratory in 1947.
		Beno Gutenberg died on 25 January 1960 in Pasadena.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/egs/gutenberg.htm (236 words)

	Arthur Gutenberg, Management and Organization Expert, 80
		Arthur Gutenberg, a retired professor of management and organization who taught at the USC Marshall School of Business for 25 years and lectured at universities around the world, died March 10 of congestive heart failure at his home in Pasadena.
		Gutenberg was born in Germany, son of Beno Gutenberg, a geophysics professor who was co-developer of the Richter Scale.
		Gutenberg is survived by his wife of 28 years, Barbara; five children from a previous marriage, including twin sons, twin daughters and a single son; and a sister.
	www.usc.edu /uscnews/stories/6545.html (371 words)

	Biographies of scientifics of ballistic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1910 Gutenberg made a trip to the coast of Norway, and was able to correlate surf in Norway with microseisms in Gottingen.
		Gutenberg and Richter (1938) reanalyzed the data on P? in the shadow zone and, using realistic models for the velocities in the core, concluded that the boundary of the inner core involved a gradual transition over a distance of 300 km starting at a radius that was 100 km less than Lehmann's value.
		Shortly thereafter, Gutenberg and Richter (1936) constructed the surface wave magnitude scale for distant earthquakes (MS), and the surface wave magnitudes were normalized according to the local scale.
	ballistics.name /08.html (8141 words)

	EGU - Beno Gutenberg
		Beno Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany, on 4 June 1889; he studied geophysics, physics and mathematics in Darmstadt and later in Göttingen, where he received his Dr.Phil.
		During World War 2 Beno Gutenberg served as an adviser for the US Navy and, in 1951, for UNESCO.
		In 1957, Beno Gutenberg handed the directorship of the seismological laboratory over to Frank Press and, in 1959, he became a professor emeritus of the California Institute of Technology.
	www.copernicus.org /site/EGU/awards/beno_gutenberg.html (235 words)

	Beno Gutenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-born seismologist who made several important contributions to the science.
		Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany and obtained his Ph.D. from University of Göttingen in 1911.
		He then held positions at German University of Strasbourg and University of Frankfurt-am-Main until he joined Caltech in 1929.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beno_Gutenberg (172 words)

	Beno Gutenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beno Gutenberg is seen by many as a man who laid the foundation for the science of geophysics.
		Using the knowledge that he had obtained on seismology and the past studies that were done at the university, Gutenberg was able to look at the seismic waves and determine what he believed the radius of the earth’s core was and that it was made up of iron.
		Gutenberg did this for two years, and then decided it was time for a change.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/student/mcpherson1/benopaper.htm (1034 words)

	Caltech Seismological Laboratory [Earthquakes, Research, Academics]
		Beno Gutenberg, a renowned German geophysicist, joined the geology division of Caltech in 1930, and became the Lab's first director.
		Richter and Gutenberg’s collaboration led to several important studies, of which the most well-known is the magnitude scale.
		Gutenberg and his colleagues—Hugo Benioff, John Buwalda, Richter, and others—led the Seismological Laboratory to worldwide prominence in the study of local earthquakes and, equally important, in the use of teleseismic recordings to study the Earth’s deep interior.
	www.seismolab.caltech.edu /history.html (654 words)

	Gutenberg Family Crest
		Gutenberg developed into a surname independently, from a few sources.
		In continental Europe, the most ancient recorded family crest was discovered upon the monumental effigy of a Count of Wasserburg in the church of St. Emeran, at Ratisobon, Germany...
		In the Gutenberg coat of arms as in all coat of arms the crest is only one element of the full armorial achievement.
	www.houseofnames.com /xq/asp.fc/qx/gutenberg-family-crest.htm (521 words)

	Volcano Dictionary: G - EnchantedLearning.com
		Gutenberg discovered that the Earth has a low-velocity zone in the upper mantle; this zone is now called the Gutenberg discontinuity.
		Gutenberg published a series of papers with Charles Richter (they were titled "On Seismic Waves" and published between 1931 and 1939) and Seismicity of the Earth (published in 1941).
		The Gutenberg discontinuity separates the outer core and the mantle of the Earth.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/volcano/glossary/indexg.shtml (405 words)

	Earthquake Hazards Program: An Interview with Charles F. Richter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beno Gutenberg then made the natural suggestion to plot the amplitudes logarithmically.
		Yes, without any significant contribution from me, he later worked out a version of the magnitude scale that used the measured amplitudes and periods of body waves, that is P (primary), S (secondary), and PP (P waves that are reflected at the Earth's outer surface and then continue on as P waves).
		For deep-focus earthquakes, it has been shown that Gutenberg's results were distorted by the comparatively large loss of energy in body waves from shallow earthquakes when they pass out of and back into the crust.
	wwwneic.cr.usgs.gov /neis/seismology/people/int_richter.html (1855 words)

	Richter magnitude scale article - Richter magnitude scale earthquakes 1935 Charles Richter Beno Gutenberg California ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Richter magnitude scale is a mathematical technique used to quantify the size of earthquakes.
		Developed in 1935 by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, both of the California Institute of Technology, the Richter scale assigns a single number to quantify the size of an earthquake.
		Richter's local magnitude scale was originally intended to be used only in a particular study area in California, and on seismograms recorded on a particular instrument, the Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Richter_scale (678 words)

	Beno Gutenberg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889-January 25, 1960) was a German-born seismologist who made several important contributions to the science.
		Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany and obtained his Ph.D. from University of Gottingen in 1911.
		He then held positions at and University of Frankfurt-am-Main until he joined Caltech in 1929.
	www.newlenox.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Beno_Gutenberg (199 words)

	Active Skim View of: Beno Gutenberg
		So the time was ripe in the first decade of the twentieth century for a bright young investigator to attack the problems of the seismic wave veTocity in the Earth's interior through the application of reacIings of high quality instrumental ciata.
		Gutenberg became scientific assistant for the Meteorological Service at the German Imperial Station for Earthquake Research at the University of Strassburg.
		The magnitude scale for local earthquakes was mainly clue to Richter, the magnitucte scale for distant earthquakes, with application to the largest earthquakes, was clue to both men, with Gutenberg as the prime mover.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309064341&chap=114-147 (784 words)

	Richter, Charles F. (1900-1985) History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		With German-born seismologist Beno Gutenberg, Richter developed the scale that bears his name and measures the magnitude of earthquakes.
		Gutenberg suggested that the scale be logarithmic, so that a quake of magnitude 7 would be ten times stronger than a 6, a hundred times stronger than a 5, and a thousand times stronger than a 4.
		Richter did not seem concerned that Gutenberg's name was not included at first; but in later years, after Gutenberg was already dead, Richter began to insist that his colleague be recognized for expanding the scale to apply to earthquakes all over the globe, not just in southern California.
	bookrags.com /history/earthscience/richter-charles-f-1900-1985-woes-02 (1672 words)

	Agust Flygenring - semsagt.net:
		Richter scale widely used quantitative measure of the magnitude of an earthquake, introduced in 1935 by the seismologists Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter.
		The scale was originally devised to measure the magnitude of local earthquakes in southern California as recorded by a certain kind of seismograph.
		The scale was refined by Richter and Beno Gutenberg to remove the restrictions of distance and type of seismograph used.
	www.semsagt.net /s/2000/06/21/03.21.36.html (121 words)

	Gutenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Gutenberg Bible, the first major book ever printed, is set to go on the internet in full for the first time.
		The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age [p.121-22] What follows is a kind of Cliff's Notes for the Gutenberg Galaxy.
		BENO GUTENBERG WAS THE foremost observational seismologist of the twentieth Beno Gutenberg was born in 1889 in Darmstadt, Germany, where his father
	aliveinfo.com /q/gutenberg.html (717 words)

	[No title]
		Sarma wants to rewrite the history of seismology, the magnitude of the great earthquake of 1897, that rendered his hometown of Shillong into mounds of rubble, has been long known to have a magnitude of 8.7 in the Richter Scale, and there need not be any qualms about it.
		None other than Beno Gutenberg of Germany, who according to Charles F. Richter was perhaps the most brilliant seismologist of the twentieth century, assigned the value 8.7 to this earthquake.
		To cast doubt on the conclusion of Beno Gutenberg is to rewrite the history of seismology.
	www.mail-archive.com /assam@pikespeak.uccs.edu/msg09872/Assam_Dams____Earthquakes.doc (1030 words)

	Content #1 (Earth layers) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To honor Mohorovicic, scientists have named the boundary between the crust and the mantle the Mohorovicic discontinuity or the "MOHO" for short.
		Beno Gutenberg discovered the boundary or discontinuity between the mantle and the outer core.
		This boundary was named after him, the Gutenberg discontinuity.
	www.nides.bc.ca /Assignments/Rocks/layers10.htm (356 words)

	BENO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Search the BENO Family Message Boards at Ancestry.com (if available).
		Search the BENO Family Resource Center at RootsWeb.com (if available).
		Find graves of people named BENO at Find-a-Grave.com (or add one that you know).
	www.worldhistory.com /surname/US/B/BENO.htm (73 words)

	New Page 1
		Andrija Mohorovičić discovered, from the speed of travel of earthquake waves, the boundary between the crust and the mantle that occurs at a depth of about 35 km (22 miles) beneath the continents and a depth of about 10 km (6 miles) beneath the seafloor.
		Beno Gutenberg made the first accurate determination the radius of the core to be 2900 km, a value close to the modern value of 3482 km (2164 mi).
		Beno Gutenberg deduced that the Earth’s core is fluid due to its failure to support shear earthquake waves.
	www.nuclearplanet.com /timetable.htm (1433 words)

	Bruce Bolt on Inge Lehmann
		Gutenberg was especially notable, already in 1914 having used recordings of distant earthquakes to infer an average depth of 2900 km to the boundary of the Earth's central core (Gutenberg 1914).
		However, travel times differ regionally, and she demonstrated that a low-velocity layer for P in the upper mantle, postulated by Gutenberg elsewhere, was not in evidence for Europe and northeastern America (16).
		'The opinion of Lehmann and Gutenberg and Richter that PKP between 110-142° is refracted at an inner core is therefore substantiated.' It is notable, however, that for over 20 years after this adoption of an inner core model, the rate of increase of velocity at the inner core boundary remained highly controversial.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /~cwp/articles/bolt.html (7494 words)

	PANZA, GIULIANO F. - CIRS
		He received the Beno Gutenberg medal from the European Geophysical Society for outstanding contributions to Seismology.
		At present his main research interest are seismic hazard assessment at regional and urban scale, wave propagation theory, including tsunami waves, modelling of seismic sources and of crust and upper mantle structure, volcano seismology, active deformations, non-linear dynamics of the lithosphere, and intermediate-term, intermediate-range earthquake prediction.
		PANZA, G.F. Beno Gutenberg contribution to seismic hazard assessment and recent progress in the european-mediterranean region, Earth Sciences Review, 55, 165-180.
	www.cirs-tm.org /researchers/researchers.php?id=529 (733 words)

	{CategoryName}
		Professor Beno Gutenberg's contributions in seismology unquestionably qualify him for the title of Dean of Modern Seismology.
		It can truly be said that Professor Gutenberg will be missed by his colleagues and friends.
		Comments and concerns should be referred to the webmaster, John Knapp, member of SEG Geoscience Center Committee.
	www.mssu.edu /seg-vm/bio_beno_gutenberg.html (335 words)

	Beno Gutenberg -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889-January 25, 1960) was a German-born (A scientist who studies earthquakes) seismologist who made several important contributions to the science.
		He then held positions at German University of Strasbourg and (Click link for more info and facts about University of Frankfurt-am-Main) University of Frankfurt-am-Main until he joined Caltech in 1929.
		This gives the energy E(s) given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/beno_gutenberg.htm (95 words)

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