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	Benthic Habitat Mapping - What is Benthic Habitat
		Benthic habitats vary widely depending upon their location and depth, and they are often characterized by dominant structural features and biological communities.
		Benthic organisms are also important members of the lower food web, consuming organic matter and phytoplankton and serving as food sources for higher level consumers.
		Benthic habitats play a critical role in the breakdown of organic matter, through the actions of scavengers, deposit-feeders, and bacteria.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /benthic/start/what.htm (424 words)

	Benthic Communities in Spartina alterniflora– and Phragmites australis–Dominated Salt Marshes in the ...
		For example, LaSalle et al (1991) found that benthic communities, along with fish and shellfish, of a natural marsh that developed on dredged material were similar in species composition and abundance to those of natural marshes.
		At M-12, benthic taxa diversity was not significantly different between the creek bank and the edge of the vegetation for July, August, or September.
		Development of a diverse benthic community may not have occurred because of the low salinity that is representative of an oligohaline area.
	www.urbanhabitats.org /v03n01/benthic_full.html (6194 words)

	Benthic Barrier
		Benthic barriers or other bottom-covering approaches are another physical management technique that has been in use for a substantial period of time.
		The problem with synthetic sheeting is that the gasses evolved from decomposition of plants and normal decomposition activity of the sediments underneath the barrier collect under the barrier, lifting it (Gunnison and Barko 1992).
		Benthic barriers, effective and fairly low-cost control techniques for limited areas (e.g., <1 acre), may be best suited to high-intensity use areas such as docks, boat launch areas, and swimming areas.
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /aqua/apis/mechanical/html/benthic_.html (850 words)

	Data - Hudson River Estuary Benthic Mapper
		Benthic Mapper presents the data from the first third of the estuary to be surveyed - the map shows the areas for which data is currently available.
		To view one of these data sets in Benthic Mapper, locate it in the Layers menu at the lower right in the blue frame and place a check in the box.
		Bathymetric data are rendered on Benthic Mapper in two types of "aerial" displays: as a bathymetric contour map of the estuary floor (contour lines) and color-coded bathymetry (color bathymetry).
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/imsmaps/benthic/webpages/benthicdata.html (1151 words)

	OzEstuaries; Coastal Indicators - Benthic Invertebrates
		Benthic invertebrates are organisms that live on the bottom of a water body (or in the sediment) and have no backbone.
		Benthic communities can change in response to nutrient enrichment leading to eutrophication, and this has occurred around the world.
		The biomass of benthic invertebrates in estuaries and coastal embayments is often high.
	www.ozestuaries.org /indicators/benthic_inverts.jsp (2767 words)

	Benthic Macro-Invertebrates
		Benthic macro-invertebrates are invertebrates (or animals without a backbone) that live on the bottom of streams during all or part of their life cycle.
		Although benthic macro-invertebrates (BMI´s) often go unnoticed because of their size and habitat, they are an extremely important part of river ecosystems, and serve as a link in the food web between decomposing leaves and algae, and fish and other vertebrates.
		Many benthic macro-invertebrates are the larval forms of flying insects, such as mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies.
	www.naparcd.org /benthicmacro.htm (728 words)

	Bay Monitoring-Benthic
		The benthos is the community of organisms that live in or on the bottom of the Bay and its tributaries.
		Benthic macroinvertebrates are used as biological indicators because they are reliable and sensitive indicators of habitat quality in aquatic environments and they are ecologically important components of the Chesapeake Bay’s food web.
		Benthic community health serves as a measure of water quality that is integrated over time because it captures the effect of water quality problem such as low dissolved oxygen that occurred prior to the time of sampling.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /bay/monitoring/benthic/index.html (219 words)

	Fossil Groups - Benthic Foraminifers
		Foraminifers are covered with an organic test that varies from a simple single chamber with an aperture, to a complex, multichambered, perforate, calcitic wall, to an agglomeration of mineral grains embedded in the organic test.
		Benthic foraminifera display a variety of life cycles that include sexual and asexual phases and produce megalospheric and microspheric generations.
		Benthic foraminifera occupy a wide range of marine environments, from brackish estuaries to the deep ocean basins, and occur at all latitudes.
	geology.er.usgs.gov /paleo/forams_b.shtml (429 words)

	Stream Health as Measured by Benthic MacroInvertebrate Surveys
		Most benthic macroinvertebrates found in flowing water are aquatic insects or the juvenile stages of many insects that we know, and fear, as flying adults.
		Benthic macroinvertebrates often go unnoticed because of their size and habitat, but they are an extremely important part
		Collecting benthic macroinvertebrates is a relatively easy process and the computationally simple measures of taxa richness, density, and % composition can produce an understanding of a river's condition.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/esi/1998/r/pres/gibbsbenthic.htm (1176 words)

	Monitoring Benthic Habitats
		Benthic organisms are collected from subtidal soft bottom habitats in the Chesapeake Bay.
		The sediments are sampled with a benthic grab, which is a mechanical device that scoops a fixed amount of bottom sediment each time it is used.
		Sediments collected in the benthic grab are sieved through a screen with 0.5 millimeter openings, and animals retained in the sieve are preserved to be identified and counted.
	esm.versar.com /Vcb/Benthos/benthos/habitat.htm (278 words)

	Hudson River Estuary Benthic Mapper Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Benthic Mapper's data and maps are valuable for understanding, managing and restoring estuary habitats, for responding to environmental incidents, and for understanding sediment and contaminant transport.
		Benthic Mapper is a publicly-available tool that will help create the detailed understanding of subsurface features critical to effective management of this rich and complex resource.
		The staff working on the Benthic Mapping Project would like to hear from river users about whether their experience confirms or conflicts with the data presented in Benthic Mapper.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/imsmaps/benthic/webpages/index.html (541 words)

	Benthic Jones - The Various Recordings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		the benthic jones song "flight" is on there because the split benthic jones/bechtel album is due out from e.c.
		in january 2003, the benthic jones song "nebraska" was featured along with songs from seven great artists on the second volume of energy castle recordings compilation club.
		selected as a winner in kid antrim music's annual songwriting competition, the benthic jones song "nebraska" was also featured on kid antrim's 2002 rock compilation with 15 bands from 5 different countries and a bunch of u.s.
	www.benthicjones.com /discog.html (217 words)

	MBARI - Benthic Biology and Ecology
		The Benthic Ecology and Biology group is primarily interested in factors that regulate the abundance and distribution of benthic communities.
		We are currently involved in projects examining links between climate changes and the ecosystem in the Ross Sea of Antarctica, investigating biotic and abiotic factors that structure cold-seep communities, the ecology of non-seep communities in Monterey Canyon, and the biological effects of direct CO sequestration.
		Under the direction of Jim Barry, the Benthic Ecology and Biology group continues to study all aspects of life on the deep sea floor.
	www.mbari.org /benthic (89 words)

	The Missouri River Benthic Fish Study
		Because many benthic fishes are uniquely adapted to the Missouri River, their presence or absence is often a good indicator of how substantially river habitat has been altered.
		The objectives of this four-year study, initiated in 1996, are to describe and evaluate abundance, growth and reproductive success of key benthic fishes, to measure important features of their habitats and describe habitat use.
		Almost none of the native, benthic fishes found in the Williston Reach were found in the Garrison Reach.
	www.nativefish.org /articles/Benthic_Fish.php (1150 words)

	NOAA GLERL Assessments of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Great Lakes Project
		Tends in benthic macroinvertebrate populations are an excellent indicator of ecosystem health in the Great Lakes.
		Presently, wide-scale population changes are occurring in many lake areas as a result of decreased nutrient loads and the introduction and spread of invasive species such as the zebra and quagga mussel.
		Benthic samples were collected at 160 sites throughout Lake Michigan in summer 2000 to determine the lake-wide distributions of Diporeia and other taxa.
	www.glerl.noaa.gov /res/Task_rpts/2000/edynalepa09-3.html (1434 words)

	Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates
		Freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates, or more simply "benthos", are animals without backbones that are larger than ½ millimeter (the size of a pencil dot).
		Many species of benthos are able to move around and expand their distribution by drifting with currents to a new location during the aquatic phase of their life or by flying to a new stream during their terrestrial phase.
		Benthic communities can be used to monitor stream quality conditions over a broad area or they can be used to determine the effects of point source discharges from sources such as sewage treatment plants and factories.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /streams/pubs/freshwater.html (1171 words)

	Benthic zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The benthic zone is the lowest level of a body of water, such as an ocean or a lake.
		It is inhabited by organisms that live in close relationship with (if not physically attached to) the ground, called benthos or benthic organisms.
		The superficial layer of the soil lining the given body of water is an integral part of the benthic zone, as it influences greatly the biological activity of the benthic zone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Benthic (225 words)

	Benthic Monitoring Guide
		Benthic macroinvertebrates are an extremely important part of river ecosystems.
		Benthic means bottom dwelling and refers to the organisms that live in, crawl upon, or attach themselves to the bottom (or substrate) of the river.
		Benthic Analysis Instructions - describes how to record field data using Benthic Field Data Sheet and how this data will be translated into Taxa Richness, EPT Richness, and Pollution Tolerance Indices (3-part and 4-part) once entered into the website database.
	www.green.org /files.cgi/234_Benthic_Monitoring_Guide.html (1472 words)

	CCMA: Biogeography: Benthic Habitat Mapping of American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana ...
		Efforts are also underway to update the benthic habitats of Florida and to explore mapping coral reef ecosystems in the U.S. Freely Associated States, including the Republic of Palau, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Federated States of Micronesia.
		The recently completed maps are characterized by unprecedented accuracy and detail, and represent the first comprehensive assessment of benthic habitats of the shallow water environments (less than 99 feet water depth) for these Pacific Island Territories.
		Thirty-four distinct benthic habitat types (e.g., patch reef, unconsolidated sediment, etc.) within eleven unique ecological zones (e.g., lagoon, reef crest, etc.) were mapped directly into a GIS using visual interpretation of satellite images.
	ccma.nos.noaa.gov /ecosystems/coralreef/us_pac_mapping.html (585 words)

	TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) for Benthic Impairments
		Benthic macroinvertebrates (macro-organisms that are large enough to see with the naked eye; invertebrate-lacking a backbone) are "living recorders" of past and present water quality conditions.
		Because a benthic impairment is based on an assessment of benthic macroinvertebrates, rather than on some specific pollutant (e.g., the amount of bacteria in a stream), the cause of the impairment is not explicitly identified.
		benthic macroinvertebrates - organisms living in, or on, the bottom of a waterbody that are visible without a microscope ("macro-") and lack backbones ("invertebrates").
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/bse/442-556/442-556.html (2210 words)

	Benthic Monitoring
		The disposal of fish waste and other organic material is another issue that typically requires a survey of the benthic environment in order to assess the impact of the activity.
		Marine areas influenced by point source effluent (i.e., sewage outfalls) require pre/post benthic surveys to assess the impact of the organic and nutrient input on the environment.
		In the event of a breach of the allowable impact levels, suitable management modifications are implemented to reduce the impact and allow a suitable degree of recovery of the benthic environment.
	marine.ie /home/services/operational/benthic/home.htm?... (443 words)

	CCMA: Biogeography: Benthic Habitat Mapping of Palau and Development of Mapping Plan for the Freely Associated States
		The objective of the mapping effort will be to complete the delineation and identification of all shallow water benthic habitats (<30 meters water depth) by Spring 2007 according to the mapping methodologies NOAA has implemented elsewhere in the Pacific.
		The classification scheme used to map benthic habitats for Palau will include thirty-two distinct benthic habitat types (i.e., four major and 14 detailed geomorphological structure classes; eight major and 18 detailed biological cover types) within twelve zones will be mapped directly into a geographic information system (GIS) using visual interpretation of orthorectified IKONOS satellite imagery.
		Benthic Habitat Mapping in American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
	ccma.nos.noaa.gov /ecosystems/coralreef/palau_fas_mapping.html (681 words)

	DEEP-SEA BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA
		Benthic foraminifera are an important component of the deep-sea biomass in the present oceans, adapted to its cold, dark, and extremely oligotrophic environments.
		This section is designed to introduce the basics of what we benthic foraminiferal taxonomy, ecology and paleoecology and their use as a proxy for interpreting the state of past oceans and climates, specifically oceanic productivity and deep water oxygenation.
		In the present world we thus see bentho-pelagic coupling, in which the benthic faunas reflect what happens at the ocean surface where their food is produced.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /BFhandout.htm (2497 words)

	Benthic Lab
		We have the only benthic lab in the Eastern United States that is capable and licensed to handle samples that are contaminated with hazardous or radioactive wastes.
		The AMERICAN AQUATICS benthic lab is designed to simultaneously process both contaminated and uncontaminated samples.
		In the past two years we have performed about 700 stream assessments using benthic organisms as indicators of relative health.
	www.american-aquatics.com /Benthic_Lab/benthic_lab.html (123 words)

	CCMA: Biogeography: Benthic Habitat Mapping of Florida Coral Reef Ecosystems (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The estimated cost to generate a detailed shallow-water benthic habitat map using high-resolution satellite or similar imagery is approximately $4.35 million.
		The benthic habitats of the Florida Keys were mapped from a series of 450 aerial photographs collected in 1991-1992.
		Benthic habitats were classified into four major categories — corals, seagrasses, hardbottom, and bare substrate — and 24 subcategories, such as sparse seagrass and patch reef.
	www.ccma.nos.noaa.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /ecosystems/coralreef/fl_mapping.html (854 words)

	Benthic biology and ecology
		Some benthic communities of organisms are dependent on the downward transport of organic matter from the surface waters.
		The overall goal is to quantify the role of benthic communities in carbon cycling and the balance of energy in the deep ocean.
		These studies represent the first stage of a long-term research theme concerning coupling between the physics and biology of the upper ocean and their impact on the patterns and function of seafloor communities.
	www.mbari.org /rd/projects/1999/Benthic_biology_ecology.html (526 words)

	Missouri River Benthic Fish Study.
		The study of the fishes in the entire 2,300 miles of the main stem (exclusive of reservoirs) Missouri River might be one of the largest river fisheries studies conducted.
		The focus of this 4-year study was the benthic fish guild, which is a group of 26 species of bottom-associated fish.
		The benthic trawl and drifting trammel nets were selective for deep mid-channel habitats and produced some of the largest catches of sicklefin chubs and sturgeon chubs ever.
	wfs.sdstate.edu /units/fishes.html (1892 words)

	Benthic Macroinvertebrates
		This is an open ended field exercise in which students sample the benthic macroinvertebrate populations of a given stream and determine community structure through the use of two indices.
		It is part of a semester course in stream ecology in which students survey and describe a stream ecosystem.
		Certain benthic macroinvertebrates have very specific tolerances and thus are excellent specific indicators of water quality.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/AEF/1994/bartsch_benthic.html (1128 words)

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