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Topic: Benthic zone

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	Deep Ocean
		The mesopelagic zone impinges on the sea floor on the outer parts of the continental shelves and the upper part of the continental slopes.
		This is the benthic zone, and the animal communities living there are called collectively the benthos, names that are derived from a Greek word meaning deep.
		The benthic zone is the thinnest and most clearly limited zone of all, because most benthic animals live either on the surface of the sea-bed sediments or within the top few centimetres of bottom mud.
	www.fathom.com /course/10701050/session2.html (1740 words)

	Benthic Or Benthonic Environments Online Encyclopedia Article About Benthic Or Benthonic Environments
		Shallow benthic environments are those towards the shore from the edge of the continental shelf.
		The supralittoral zone lies just above the mean high tide line, sometimes called the ‘splash zone’, because the organisms are exposed to sea water mainly from the wave splashes, periodic storm waves, and spring tides.
		At the sea floor itself, the various benthic habitats can be divided into those where the organisms live primarily on the surface of the bottom (benthic epifauna) and those where they actually inhabit the sediment (benthic infauna).
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /Cambridge/entries/028/benthic-or-benthonic-environme.html (238 words)

	Cephalopod Ocean Habitats
		Bathyal zone - The benthic region along the upper continental slope between the edge of the continental shelf and the abyssal benthic region.
		Neritic region - The pelagic and benthic realms overlying the continental shelf.
		Epipelagic zone- The upper pelagic zone of the ocean.
	tolweb.org /accessory/Cephalopod_Ocean_Habitats?acc_id=1998 (444 words)

	Benthic Habitat Mapping - What is Benthic Habitat
		Many benthic habitats (for example, coral reefs, eelgrass beds, and kelp forests) have three-dimensional structure that serve as shelter and provide storm protection by buffering wave action along coastlines.
		Benthic habitats play a critical role in the breakdown of organic matter, through the actions of scavengers, deposit-feeders, and bacteria.
		Many benthic organisms, such as amphipods and worms, and plants, such as widgeon grass, serve as important food sources for many species of fish, shellfish, and birds.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /benthic/start/what.htm (432 words)

	Benthic Communities in Spartina alterniflora– and Phragmites australis–Dominated Salt Marshes in the ...
		For example, LaSalle et al (1991) found that benthic communities, along with fish and shellfish, of a natural marsh that developed on dredged material were similar in species composition and abundance to those of natural marshes.
		At M-12, benthic taxa diversity was not significantly different between the creek bank and the edge of the vegetation for July, August, or September.
		Development of a diverse benthic community may not have occurred because of the low salinity that is representative of an oligohaline area.
	www.urbanhabitats.org /v03n01/benthic_full.html (6374 words)

	IUCN News - World Conservation Union launches new project to prevent illegal forest activities in Ghana
		The benthic protected areas declared by the Southern Indian Ocean Deepwater Fishers’ Association (SIODFA) are a global first as no such zones in the high seas existed prior to this.
		The benthic zone adjacent to the seabed in deep-sea areas is inhabited mostly by organisms that tolerate low temperatures and can survive without light.
		Fisheries and related scientific data exist for most of the benthic protected areas and a considerable amount was collected by research vessels of the Soviet Union, especially from the Ukraine.
	www.iucn.org /en/news/archive/2006/07/2_qa_fishing_high_seas.htm (1126 words)

	Marine Life - MSN Encarta
		The shallow-bottom habitat that extends from the shore to the edge of the continental shelf supports mollusks, polychaete worms, and attached algae and sponges.
		It is sparsely populated with deposit feeders and filter feeders such as the pycnogonid sea spiders and stalked crinoids (sea lilies).
		Below that stratum is the abyssal zone, the cold, dark waters inhabited by bioluminescent fishes.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562481/Marine_Life.html (772 words)

	Benthic Zone \| Buzznick.com
		Benthic, a term meaning bottom is the name of the ocean zone ranging from the...
		The Benthic Zone, (God bless it) is the division of the ocean that lies peacefully at the bottom.
		The benthic zone is the thinnest and most clearly limited zone of all,...
	www.buzznick.com /benthiczone.html (122 words)

	EPA Aquatic Biodiversity - Classifying Lakes and Ponds
		The open water habitat exists within the limnetic and profundal zones whereas the benthic habitat is found at the very bottom of the lake.
		Photosynthesis occurs in this zone where phytoplankton that oxygenate the water are ingested by the slightly larger zooplankton.
		The benthos or benthic zone of lakes and ponds lies at the bottom where decomposition occurs.
	www.epa.gov /bioiweb1/aquatic/classify.html (1424 words)

	Dept. System Ecology
		The effect of changes in macrofauna diversity on the functioning of the benthic community is studied in soft sediments in the coastal zone.
		The benthic diversity in the coastal vegetation zone is relatively high due to extensive macroalgal belts with many arthropod species.
		In the pelagic zone, the diversity of the phytoplankton is rather high, with some 200 recorded species, but there is only about a dozen species of mesozooplankton.
	www.ecology.su.se /projects/projects.asp?id=38 (221 words)

	Rinehart and Wright, 2004, AAG Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Benthic zones and benthic habitats are differentiated by their resolution and scale.
		Benthic zones are larger, coarse resolution areas while benthic habitats are fine resolution regions that occur within benthic zones.
		Benthic zones are derived from bathymetry, slope and topographic position index.
	dusk2.geo.orst.edu /aag04_ron.html (249 words)

	Benthic zone information - Search.com
		The benthic zone is the lowest level of a body of water, such as an ocean or a lake.
		It is inhabited mostly by organisms that tolerate cool temperatures and low oxygen levels, called benthos or benthic organisms.
		No light other than bioluminescence is found in the benthic zone; it is part of the aphotic zone.
	www.search.com /reference/Benthic_zone (128 words)

	Lake Zones. Sweetwater Fishing Australia
		These zones are not easily defined and indeed are very generalized in comparison to geographic features such as break lines, channels and flats.
		The lakes littoral zone is the most transient of all three zones, the area around the lakes edges ebbs to and fro with water levels significantly altering fish habits.
		The littoral zone is seldom static due to changing water levels, and it is this major factor that reflects how anglers fish a dam.
	www.sweetwaterfishing.com.au /littoral.htm (396 words)

	Backyard Ponds & Lakes
		The zones discussed are the Littoral Zone, Limnetic Zone, Profundal Zone, Euphotic Zone, and Benthic Zone.
		The Limnetic Zone is generally classified as the open water area of the lake or pond.
		Again, the size of this zone depends on the age and water clarity of the pond or lake.
	www.gotalgae.com /backyard_ponds_lakes.htm (2234 words)

	Marine Discovery Lesson
		The intertidal zone is the shallowest part of the shelf that is between land and sea.
		However, the bathyal zone is where the shelf breaks (which means an increase in steepness that marks the outer edge of the continental shelf) and to a depth of approximately 4,000 meters (13,000 ft).
		The abyssal zone is from the depths, of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) to 6,000 m (20,000 ft).
	marinediscovery.arizona.edu /lessons/sea_cucumbers/Templates/index.html (2524 words)

	Littoral Summary
		The freshwater littoral zone is that area near the shore characterized by submerged, floating, or emergent vegetation.
		This zone is home to most of the aquatic plantlife (both rooted and floating) in a pond or lake because the high amount of sunlight reaching it allows for significant photosynthetic activity.
		The littoral zone is bordered by the supra-littoral zone, also known as the "spray zone", and the sub-littoral zone, which runs to the edge of the continental shelf.
	www.bookrags.com /Littoral (426 words)

	NYSDEC - Fish Community Objectives for Lake Ontario - 2003 Update (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The fish community inhabiting the nearshore zone is considered to be part of one food web, whereas the offshore zone is divided into a benthic (living near the bottom) food web and a pelagic (living in the open water) food web.
		The nearshore zone is home to a great number of "warm water" fishes, including walleye, small and largemouth bass, yellow perch, sunfish, northern pike, and brown bullhead.
		The fish community living in the nearshore zone is considered to be part of one food web, while the fish community in the offshore zone is dependent upon two food webs: the offshore benthic (living near the bottom of the lake) and the offshore pelagic (living in the open water).
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/fish/lkontfco03.html (3051 words)

	Aquatic Biomes
		Benthic communities (bottom dwellers) are subdivided by depth: the shore/shelf and deep sea.
		Benthic division includes organisms on continental shelf (sublittoral), continental slope (bathyal), and the abyssal plain.
		Abyssal zone is mainly animals at soil-water interface of dark abyssal plain; in spite of high pressure, darkness and coldness, many invertebrates thrive here among sea urchins and tubeworms.
	schools.scusd.edu /kennedy_2/robertclark/apbiologyweb/readings/ecology/aquaticbiomereading.htm (1040 words)

	Twilight Zone IANTD Scuba Dive Nitrox Trimix EANx Cave Wreck Decompression
		For biologists who study organisms that live in caves, the "Twilight Zone" is the region just at the edge of where visible light from the entrance of a cave reaches.
		The reason the coral-reef Twilight Zone is shallower than the open-ocean Twilight Zone stems mostly from the difference in water clarity between the two habitats.
		Besides the wealth of undiscovered species, the ecological dynamics and biological community structure of this zone are of particular interest, because it spans the gap between two very distinct habitats: the lush coral reefs, and the relatively barren abyssal depths.
	www.iantd.com /rebreather/tz.html (1764 words)

	Marine Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Tides uncover parts of this zone and the area uncovered is the intertidal zone, above is the supratidal zone, affected by salt spray but not covered by sea water and below the intertidal zone is the subtidal zone..submerged and extending seaward.
		The open ocean is divided into zones depending on the amount of light it receives...from the epipelagic layer to the mesopelagic zone 200-1000m in which daytime inhabitants migrate upwards during the night, bringing back nutrients and some exhibit bioluminescence (light producing organs called photophores).
		Benthic If the organism resides primarily in or on the substrate and doesn't swim or drift for extended periods as an adult it is considered benthic.
	darter.ocps.net /classroom/klenk/Ecology.htm (2131 words)

	Ocean Zonation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ocean bottom is the benthic zone and the water itself (or the water column) is the pelagic zone.
		The neritic zone is that part of the pelagic zone that extends from the high tide line to an ocean bottom less than 600 feet deep.
		Water deeper than 600 feet is called the oceanic zone, which itself is divided on the basis of water depth into the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones.
	www.mbgnet.net /salt/oceans/zones.htm (151 words)

	Benthic Zone
		Benthic, a term meaning bottom is the name of the ocean zone ranging from the deepest parts of the ocean to the tidal affected areas.
		The life in this zone is mostly made up of bottom dwellers which get most of their food from dead and decaying organisms.
		Therefore most of the organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers because they depend on dead flesh as their main food source.
	library.thinkquest.org /04oct/00116/benthic.htm (112 words)

	COAST - Marine & Aquatic Habitats Activities - Benthic BINGO
		The benthic zone is defined as the bottom layer of the ocean.
		A benthic community may exist in areas that are shallow or deep, warm or cold, or dark or bright.
		The organisms found in the benthic zone are directly related to the specific habitat type.
	www.coast-nopp.org /resource_guide/elem_mid_school/ma_habitats_acts/bingo.html (412 words)

	The Deep Sea at MarineBio.org - Ocean biology, Marine life, Sea creatures, Marine conservation...
		The intertidal zone where the water meets land and the pelagic zone, or open ocean, make up a much smaller portion of the total area of the ocean, yet an abundance of ocean life is found in these zones because sunlight penetrates the water.
		The zone just beneath the pelagic zone is the benthic zone, which reaches depths of about 700-1,000 m.
		The abyssal zone is found beneath the benthic zone extending down to the deepest depths of the ocean, which are about 33,000 feet.
	www.marinebio.com /Oceans/TheDeep (2092 words)

	The World’s Biomes: Aquatic
		The topmost zone near the shore of a lake or pond is the littoral zone.
		The pelagic zone is generally cold though it is hard to give a general temperature range since, just like ponds and lakes, there is thermal stratification with a constant mixing of warm and cold ocean currents.
		Mid-ocean ridges (spreading zones between tectonic plates), often with hydrothermal vents, are found in the abyssal zones along the ocean floors.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /glossary/gloss5/biome/archive/aquatic.html (1608 words)

	Vocabulary / Background
		The final area of the littoral zone is the subtidal zone, which is always covered by seawater, and extends into the neritic zone.
		The oceanic zone, by far the most extensive, is all the rest of the ocean beyond the continental shelf.
		The benthic zone extends from the intertidal, to the continental shelf, to the continental slope, to the deep ocean floor.
	www.usc.edu /org/seagrant/Education/IELessons/Unit3/Lesson3/U3L3VB.html (698 words)

	shimmersplash: "The Mesopelagic Zone, Part 1 (Revision)"
		Photic or sunlit zone: The upper layer of the ocean penetrated by sunlight.
		Note: The term "twilight zone" is used interchangeably for both the dysphotic zone of sunlight penetration and the mesopelagic zone of sea depth.
		Between the waters of the oceanic photic or sunlit zone and aphotic, dark, or midnight zone, intersecting the pelagic, limnetic, or open water zone above the sea floor or benthic zone, at an approximate depth of 200-1000 meters (656-3280 feet) below the ocean’s surface, lies the mesopelagic zone (‘middle sea’), also called the twilight zone.
	shimmersplash.livejournal.com /18748.html (2533 words)

	aquaticbiomes (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The pelagic zone, or "open ocean," is characterized by communities of highly motile animals, such as fish, squids, and marine mammals.
		The seafloor and the communities inhabiting it are referred to as the benthic zone.
		Organisms in the intertidal must adapt to periods of being covered by salt water and periods of being exposed to air, according to the ebb and flow of the tides.
	facstaff.uww.edu /wentzl/aquaticbiomes.html (186 words)

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