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	BeppoSAX
		BeppoSAX was an Italian-Dutch satellite for X-ray astronomy.
		BeppoSAX was named in honour of the Italian astronomer Giuseppe "Beppo" Occhialini[?].
		One of BeppoSAX's main achievements was the identification of numerous Gamma ray bursts with extra-galactic objects (see the linked article for details).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/be/BeppoSAX.html (416 words)

	BeppoSAX MISSION HOME PAGE
		The X-ray astronomy satellite BeppoSAX (Satellite per Astronomia X, "Beppo" in honor of Giuseppe Occhialini), is a project of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) with participation of the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs (NIVR).
		BeppoSAX has been developed with the support of a consortium of institutes in Italy and in The Netherlands and of the Space Science Department of ESA (SSD).
		A comparison of the BeppoSAX publication rate with that of other astronomy satellites is available here.
	bepposax.gsfc.nasa.gov (156 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| BeppoSAX takes the plunge
		Shut down one year ago Wednesday due to several spacecraft system failures and a rapidly decaying orbit, the BeppoSAX satellite's orbit hugging the equator was gradually lowered naturally by minuscule amounts of atmospheric drag present at orbital altitudes.
		About 57 pounds of toxic hydrazine propellant is reported to be still aboard, which prompted the project office to warn the population of potential hazards with any debris that fell on ground.
		The highly successful mission was ultimately ended April 30, 2002, because of battery degradation and an orbit that was quickly becoming lower due to the effect of atmospheric drag.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0304/29sax (1025 words)

	BeppoSAX takes the plunge
		The remains of BeppoSAX were predicted to fall within a "footprint", or box, that stretched about 320 kilometers long and about 84 kilometers wide.
		Also in their extensive studies of the BeppoSAX re-entry, Italian experts calculated that pieces left over would impact Earth at velocities ranging from 60 kilometers per hour to about 460 kilometers per hour.
		BeppoSAX was launched seven years ago Wednesday from Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard an Atlas 1 rocket.
	www.atlasaerospace.net /eng/newsi-r.htm?id=436 (675 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Italian satellite lands in Pacific
		BeppoSax was an X-ray observatory which helped astronomers hunt down gamma-ray bursts, colossal flashes of radiation which can, within a few seconds or minutes, match the energy our Sun will produce in its entire lifetime.
		Researchers working on BeppoSax found evidence that some of these bursts were linked to the massive explosions of huge stars, or hypernovae, work confirmed by other space observatories, such as Chandra and Hete.
		BeppoSax was launched in 1996 and switched off in April last year.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/2986055.stm (328 words)

	BeppoSAX publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		BeppoSAX study of the X-ray binary XB 1832-330 located in the globular cluster NGC 6652 (A&A in press)
		On the hypothesis of an advection-dominated flow in the core of NGC 1052: new constraints from a BeppoSAX observation
		A BeppoSAX observation of the coronal X-ray emission of the active binary VY Ari (to appear in A&AL)
	www.rssd.esa.int /SA-general/Research/Sax/saxlecspubli.html (1020 words)

	BeppoSAX GRB Observations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thanks to BeppoSAX staff personal efforts we are planning a NFI follow-on, with the instruments switched on during the whole night.
		GRB990627 was detected simultaneously by the GRBM and WFC of BeppoSAX.
		GRB 990510 was detected by the GRBM and WFC of BeppoSAX on May 10, around 8:49 UT. A follow-on with NFI is being done.
	gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov /sax_grbs.html (1027 words)

	SAX
		BeppoSAX is developed with the support of a consortium of institutes in Italy and in The Netherlands and of the Space Science Department of ESA (SSD).
		Another distinctive characteristic of the BeppoSAX mission is the observing time allocation policy, which reserves a large fraction of the available time to scientifically well defined programs (the Core Programs).
		The detectors exploit the UV light produced in a high electrical field region to which the electron cloud, resulting from the X-ray photo-absorption, is drifted from the absorption region.
	astroa.physics.metu.edu.tr /~emrah/sax.html (2602 words)

	Radio Netherlands Worldwide - Independent thinking, independent voice - English - Great X-ray spotter meets its end
		One of the discoveries for which BeppoSAX will be best remembered is solving the riddle of the gamma ray flashes.
		In the 70's these bursts of highly energetic radiation were measured for the first time but where they came from and what was causing them was unknown.
		BeppoSAX's data shed further light on these processes and it also discovered a new class of pulsar.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /features/science/030526bepposax.html (491 words)

	Mission Outline
		X-ray astronomy satellite, renamed BeppoSAX after launch in honour of Giuseppe (Beppo) Occhialini, is a major program of the Italian Space Agency (ASI) with participation of the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs (NIVR).
		BeppoSAX was launched on April 30, 1996, by an Atlas-Centaur into a 600 Km orbit, with a period of
		The possibility, offered by these frequent communications, of a fast reaction and rescheduling within a few hours in favour of target of opportunity objects has turned out to be very useful in the case of GRBs.
	www.astro.livjm.ac.uk /~crg/doktorthese/node29.html (371 words)

	Impact alert as X-ray satellite plummets to Earth - 29 April 2003 - New Scientist
		The 1400-kilogram BeppoSAX satellite is expected to break up as it enters the Earth's atmosphere on Tuesday evening, showering the area below its flight path with chunks of metal.
		BeppoSAX carries solar panels that are 18 metres wide.
		The BeppoSAX satellite is attracting particular interest, Ailor thinks, because it had a high-profile scientific mission.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3670 (571 words)

	Gamma-ray bursts and afterglows
		On February 28, 1997, the gamma-ray burst GRB970228 was detected by the BeppoSAX GRBM and localized by the WFC.
		On 8 May 1997 the second breakthrough came with another BeppoSAX GRB: GRB970508, which was observed by the BeppoSAX NFI 5.7 hours after the burst, and by optical telescopes starting 4 hours after the burst.
		At early times, during the GRB itself, the photons having an energy near to that needed to ionise the iron atoms, are absorbed by the gas, until the atoms are fully stripped of their electrons.
	www.europhysicsnews.com /full/12/article7/article7.html (1871 words)

	Gamma-ray Burst 980425
		Further BeppoSAX observations are already planned to monitor the behavior of the source and to establish its association with GRB980425.
		In addition, radio observations of the transient BeppoSAX NFI source 1SAXJ1935.3-5252 were made (also at 6cm and 3cm) on April 29.79 and April 30.00 UT No radio sources were detected in the 1' error radius of the two NFI sources.
		The majority of BeppoSAX observations were performed with the star tracker Z (i.e., the one co-aligned with the NFI) in the attitude control loop.
	www.mpe.mpg.de /~jcg/grb980425.html (3248 words)

	The Ground Support Facilities for the BeppoSAX Mission
		The BeppoSAX ``Satellite per Astronomia X", a program of the Italian (ASI) and the Netherlands (NIVR) Space Agencies, was launched on April 30th into a circular orbit of 590 km altitude and 3.9 degrees inclination.
		The main tasks of this system are both health monitoring of the BeppoSAX instruments and quick-look inspection of the scientific results with the goal of detecting and locating major changes in X-Ray sources and searching for X-Ray transient phenomena up to high energy events as Gamma Ray Bursts.
		The main tasks accomplished by QLA are both health monitoring of the BeppoSAX instruments and quick-look inspection of the scientific results with the goal of detecting and locating major changes in X-Ray sources and searching for X-Ray transient phenomena up to high energy events such as Gamma Ray Bursts.
	www.adass.org /adass/proceedings/adass97/brucal.html (977 words)

	Gamma-ray Burst 990705
		On July 5, 1999 a GRB was detected by the BeppoSAX GRBM and WFC instruments.
		On July 5, 16:01:25 UT a GRB (GRB990705) was detected simultaneously by the GRBM and WFC of BeppoSAX.
		Concerning the GRB990705 (BeppoSAX mail # 99/16 and 99/17): the LVD neutrino telescope in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory was running on July 5th, 16:01:25 UT and it has been steadily taking data since June 22nd, with an active scintillator mass of 573 ton.
	www.aip.de /~jcg/grb990705.html (1964 words)

	Chandra :: Field Guide to X-ray Astronomy :: History of X-Ray Astronomy
		Although RXTE does not have focusing X-ray mirrors, it has the unique capability to study rapid time variability in the emission of cosmic X-ray sources over a wide band of X-ray energies, and is expected to make valuable contributions to our understanding of neutron stars and fl holes.
		BeppoSAX was a program of the Italian Space Agency with participation of the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs.
		BeppoSAX proved to be useful for X-ray imaging sources associated with Gamma-ray bursts, determining their positions with unprecedented precision, and monitoring the X-ray afterglow.
	chandra.harvard.edu /xray_astro/history3.html (296 words)

	HEASARC: BeppoSAX Guest Observer Facility
		SAX was launched on April 30 1996 and renamed BeppoSAX in honor of Giuseppe Occhialini.
		Due to the poor and degrading spacecraft conditions and to the rapid orbital decay all in-orbit operations of the BeppoSAX mission ended on April 30 2002.
		The BeppoSAX U.S. Coordination Facility (USCF) was established at the HEASARC in February 1997 with the main aim to provide a BeppoSAX archive in US.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/sax/saxgof.html (232 words)

	A new spectacular Gamma Bang detected by BeppoSAX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The sky region involved in the explosion was recognized by the Wide Field Camera, the large imaging detector onboard the satellite, and an accurate position of the new source was soon determined at the BeppoSAX Scientific Operation Centre in Rome.
		The object, observed for a day and a half, was fading as usual, revealing the long-lasting energy emission from the remnants of the explosion and allowing a refined positioning of the burst.
		The study of such bright afterglows is of paramount importance to analyze in detail the X-band spectrum and to test the theoretical models of the phenomenon.
	www.rm.iasf.cnr.it /ias-home/sax/grb990510.html (350 words)

	SPACE.com -- BeppoSAX Satellite Falls Harmlessly Into Ocean
		The Agenzia Spaziale Italiana initially put 39 countries on notice that portions of BeppoSAX could come down on their territory.
		But the odds were always greatest that the fragments would splash harmlessly into the ocean, said William Ailor, director of The Aerospace Corp.'s Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies in El Segundo.
		BeppoSAX's end came nearly seven years to the day after its April 30, 1996, launch.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/bepposax_falls_030430.html (442 words)

	BeppoSAX - X-Ray Astronomy Satellite (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The BeppoSAX Mission, with a general description of the Satellite, its instruments and sub-systems
		BeppoSAX Observer's HandBook Issue 1.0 (Jul 7, 1995)
		Please, note that it is possible to find BeppoSAX Home Pages also at IFCTR, IFCAI, SRON and SSD/ESA.
	www.tesre.bo.cnr.it.cob-web.org:8888 /Research/SAX (197 words)

	Chapter 31: The Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy
		Following the BATSE alert, the BeppoSAX Wide-Field Cameras (WFC) quickly localized the sky position of the burst within a circle of 3 arcmin radius in the southern constellation Chamaeleon.
		The burst was detected on Dec. 14, 1997, by the Italian/Dutch BeppoSAX satellite and NASA's Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite.
		BeppoSAX precision led to the detection of a visible light afterglow, found by a team from Columbia University, New York, NY, and Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, including Professors Jules Halpern, David Helfand, John Torstensen, and their collaborators, using a 2.4-meter telescope at Kitt Peak, AZ, but no distance could be measured from these observations.
	www.williams.edu /astronomy/jay/ETU5/chapter31_5th.html (5444 words)

	SAX Hot News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		If you have not received it and you are interested in subscribing to this service please send an e-mail message to majordomo@sax.sdc.asi.it without subject and with the words "subscribe saxpi" as the only text.
		Our investigations have shown that there is no problem in the hardware but the reason of the reset is still under investigation and we intend to recommence our normal observation activity as soon as the reason for the reset has been understood.
		At this moment BeppoSAX is continuing to monitor for gamma ray bursts with the PDS and WFC are being used to monitor for transient phenomena.
	www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk /~erik/sax/hotnews.html (2875 words)

	Gamma-ray bursts may originate in star-forming regions
		New findings from two X-ray satellites suggest that gamma-ray bursts, some of the most intense blasts in the Universe, may be created in the same area where stars are born.
		Gordon Garmire of Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., found X-ray emission to be greater than that expected by the standard scenario of a fireball in a low-density medium — an important clue that the explosion occurred in a dense region.
		Piro is the Mission Scientist for BeppoSAX, the instrument that first detected X-ray afterglows from gamma-ray bursts.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-04/NSFC-Gbmo-0304101.php (625 words)

	Gamma Ray Bursts: The Present and Future
		The BeppoSAX Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GRBM) was triggered on Feb. 28.123620 UT. A quick-look analysis of the GRBM light curve shows a moderately intense, multi-peaked gamma-ray burst lasting about 80 s, with one major structured peak followed by three minor peaks.
		A BeppoSAX TOO pointing of the Narrow Field Instruments was performed starting on Feb. 28.458, just 8 hr after the GRB trigger time.
		The BeppoSAX satellite was the first to pinpoint the location of a GRB well enough to permit an optical counterpart to be found.
	spiff.rit.edu /classes/phys240/lectures/grb_pres/grb_pres.html (2770 words)

	The largest explosion in the Universe observed by BeppoSAX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On Jan. 23, the Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor on board of BeppoSAX detected the strongest Gamma-ray burst ever observed in three years of operations.
		The BeppoSAX GRB team, led by L. Piro (Mission Scientist, Istituto Astrofisica Spaziale, Rome), E. Costa (Principal Investigator of GRB program), F. Frontera (Responsible of GRBM instrument) and J.Heise (responsible of WFC instrument), distributed to a worldwide network of more than 200 observers, the coordinates of the event (IAUC 7095, GCN 199, 202, 203).
		All these operations were carried out at the ASI Operation and Science Centers of BeppoSAX c/o Telespazio.
	www.rm.iasf.cnr.it /ias-home/sax/grb990123.html (327 words)

	BeppoSAX Resumes Operation Without Gyros
		The initial design of the attitude control subsystem (AOCS) of the BeppoSAX astronomical satellite, built by Alenia Spazio for the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and orbited on April 30, 1996, foresaw the use of three permanently active gyroscopes and three reserve ones.
		This software was used up to the degrading of the last gyroscope, in September of this year, necessitating a gyroless reconfiguration of the attitude control software.
		The satellite, managed from Earth and visible to the Malindi station in Kenya for only 10 minutes per orbit, is able to carry out a variety of programmed pointing to sources indicated by the scientists.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/salvage-01a.html (508 words)

	spacetoday.net: BeppoSAX reenters over Pacific
		The Italian astronomy satellite BeppoSAX harmlessly reentered late Tuesday over the Pacific Ocean, with any surviving debris landing hundreds of kilometers from the nearest islands.
		The reentry had generated modest concern because about 400 kilograms worth of satellite debris was expected to survive reentry and reach the surface, including pieces as large as 120 kg.
		BeppoSAX was launched by NASA in 1996 to perform X-ray astronomy.
	www.spacetoday.net /Summary/1645 (209 words)

	Gammaflits
		In addition to Frail and Kulkarni, the astronomers are Greg Taylor of NRAO and Italians Luciano Nicastro and Marco Feroci of the BeppoSAX Gamma Ray Burst Team.
		BeppoSAX is an Italian-Dutch satellite, launched late last year, that detects gamma ray bursts and provides precise sky positions to allow ground-based telescopes to observe them.
		This year, the rapid and improved positions provided by the BeppoSAX satellite have allowed astronomers to look for the bursts, or their optical/ radio counterparts, quickly with other instruments on the ground and in space.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/sax.html (4295 words)

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