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Topic: Berber Jews

	The Berbers
		Berbers are identified primarily by language but also by traditional customs and culture - such as the distinctive music and dances.
		Berber is not officially recognised in Morocco, though French (the old colonial language) is. There was some pressure in 1996, when the constitution was being revised, to have Berber recognised.
		Berber is basically a spoken language, though there have been (and still are) attempts to gain acceptance for a written form.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/background/berber.htm (504 words)

	Writings by Mike Marqusee on politics, culture and sport - anti-war - cricket - Bob Dylan - Muhammad Ali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Jews in Morocco were scholars, poets, slave traders and bandits.
		At the time of independence in 1956, there were some 250,000 Jews in the country, living in communities in the cities of the coasts and the plains, in the Atlas Mountains and southern oases like the Draa.
		Village by village, community by community, Jews were induced to leave by Zionist recruiters, aided by the international climate, and, ironically, a mystical and decidedly pre-modern strain in Moroccan Jewry, among whom pilgrimage to Palestine (and the chance to die there) was long established as a Jewish equivalent to the Muslim Haj.
	www.mikemarqusee.com /index.php?p=221 (1076 words)

	Berber people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Berberism had its roots before the independence of these countries, but was limited to some Berber elite.
		Berbers are sometimes not discriminated against based on their ethnicity or mother tongue.
		The Berbers live mainly in Morocco (between 20%-33% of the population) and in Algeria (about 8%-15% of the population), as well as Libya and Tunisia, though exact statistics are unavailable[2]; see Berber languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berber_people (3826 words)

	The Kahina, Queen of the Berbers (January 2004 - Issue #85)
		She ordered Berbers who were still nomadic to destroy the cities, orchards, and herds of sedentary Berbers, to make North Africa a desert.
		Under the sacred standard of this prophet queen were combined the Moors of Mauritania and the Berbers of the mountains, and of the plains bordering the interior deserts.
		Her death leads to the disappearance of most of the Berber gods and of the Kahina's powers, followed by the victory of the Arabs and of monotheism.
	www.whoosh.org /issue85/klossner6.html (4120 words)

	El Tarik :: Jews and Christians in Algeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Relatively large numbers of Jews found refuge in the L'Aures during the later years of the Roman occupation due to persecution in the larger towns and cities by the authorities, and the interaction between the Jews and the Berbers of this area resulted in some conversions.
		Jews remained present in Algeria throughout the early Islamic period, with the community being made up primarily of the descendents of the original Jewish exiles and pre-Islamic Berber converts.
		Jews were highly influencial in Algerian intellectual life in medieval North Africa, for instance, the first documented observation of the relationship between Berber dialects and Semitic languages was made by an Algerian Jew of Tahert, Judah bin Qurayche.
	eltarik.blog.com /655378 (3040 words)

	HHF Factpaper: Jews in Africa, Part I - The Berbers and the Jews
		The westward movement of the Jews from Egypt and Cyrenaica to the Barbary states was once again swelled by the expulsion of the Jews from Alexandria by Bishop Cyril in 414, and by recurrent Byzantine expulsions through the next few centuries.
		The Jews, however, stayed on, and their numbers were swelled by an influx of Jews from Syria and Egypt into the vacuum left by the Greeks.
		The remnants of the Berber force fled to the Aures mountains, with the queen’s guard at the rear.
	www.hebrewhistory.info /factpapers/fp019-1_africa.htm (4760 words)

	[No title]
		Berber tribes who controlled key oasis settlements of the Sahara soon learned that they could enrich themselves by this trade, and began to impose heavy taxation on any traffic through their lands, while also furnishing guides, scouts, supplies, and camels at a price.
		Among the Berber tribes seriously involved in the Trade were the Massufa, the Lamta, the Mazata, the Hawwara, and the Hafusa, tribes that were all defined as “Ibadite “ Berbers.
		The Berbers of North Africa and the Berber Twareg groups of the Sahara desert — all Imazighen — succumbed to the tyranny of Arab conquest, rule, and ideology, some of them to the point of creating legends and myths which give them, the conquered, the same authority and superiority as their assailants and conquerors.
	www.tazzla.org /slaveryarticleforpub.html (4209 words)

	New Page 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Jews from these Near Eastern communities are also sometimes called "Oriental Jews" or the Hebrew equivalent Mizrahîm, some of whom were once also referred to as "Arab Jews", a phrase that is rarely used today.
		However, the spread of Jews into Europe is most commonly associated with the Diaspora which ensued from the Roman conquest of Judea, emigration from Palestine into the greater Roman Mediterranean area antedated the destruction of Jerusalem at the hands of the Romans under Titus.
		In spite of the restrictions placed upon the Jews as dhimmis, life under Moslem rule was one of great opportunity in comparison to that under prior Christian Visigoths, as testified by the influx of Jews from abroad.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis70.htm (3811 words)

	Jewish History Sourcebook: The Expulsion from Spain, 1492 CE
		The Expulsion from Spain, 1492 CE In the spring of 1492, shortly after the Moors were driven out of Granada, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expelled all the Jews from their lands and thus, by a stroke of the pen, put an end to the largest and most distinguished Jewish settlement in Europe.
		The Jews that were at Naples supplied them with food as much as they could, and sent around to the other parts of Italy to collect money to sustain them.
		Marx, A., "The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain," JQR, 0.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/jewish/1492-jews-spain1.html (1669 words)

	THE JEWS OF MOROCCO
		As these Jews became the new cultural elite, the m'gorashim began to be accepted by the toshavim in Northern cities such as Tetuan and Tangier.
		The bare bones existence of the Jews of Morocco may look bleak, but something must have kept their communities flourishing; it appears they were sustained by a profound sense of distinctive Jewish culture.
		If Moroccan Muslims and Moroccan Jews are in possession of a Livret de Famille they may obtain birth certificates from the civil authorities having jurisdiction over their place of birth.
	www.sefarad.org /publication/lm/017/morocco.html (2264 words)

	Chapter 5: Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Jews served individual rulers, particularly as tax officials, in spite of protests by religious zealots and by those to whose interest Jewish domination was perceived as [173] threatening.
		Habûs, the Zîrîd emir of the Berber kingdom of Granada.
		Two centuries later, with Berber power on the wane, the turban was abandoned by all classes throughout eastern al-Andalus, an indication of a definitive reversal in the direction of cultural flow, and it was worn only rarely by the subjects of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada.
	libro.uca.edu /ics/ics5.htm (10685 words)

	The Hindu : Magazine / Columns : Beyond polarities
		Indeed, there are a number of saints jointly venerated by Jews and Muslims, and in remote areas Muslims have traditionally acted as custodians of the graves of Jewish saints.
		During World War II, Jews in Vichy-administered Morocco fared better than Jews in any European country under fascist control — much better than in France itself.
		The borders of what we call "the Arab world" or even "Islam" appear porous, host to multiple identities, as do the borders surrounding "the Jews", who until relatively recently were widely perceived — inside and outside Europe —; as a non-European people.
	www.hindu.com /mag/2006/12/03/stories/2006120300160300.htm (1104 words)

	Jewish Existence in a Berber Environment
		The Jews were also not the lowest status group in the Atlas Mountains; lower, for example, were the fls, the descendants of former slaves, who traditionally were servants or followed such crafts as pottery.
		Though the approach of the intermediary role of the Jew cannot alone explain the complex Jewish situation, as manifest in Morocco or in Iran, it is a key variable in elucidating the Jewish situation in many places throughout the history of the Diaspora.
		Because the Jews stood entirely outside the political system, and because their occupational services were much in demand, many informants said that to kill or even to molest a Jew was an infinitely worse offense than to kill a fellow tribesman.
	www.mondeberbere.com /juifs/shokeid.htm (4833 words)

	Ancient Berber script
		The ancient Berber script is probably based on or derived from the Punic script, with some influence from the South Arabian and North Arabian scripts.
		From the 12th century onwards, Berber languages were written with the Arabic abjad.
		A version of the Berber script, known as Neo-Tifinagh is still used to some extent in Morocco.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/berber.htm (198 words)

	THE JEWS OF EGYPT
		The Jews, along with others including the Christians and Samaritans, began to flee or were executed until their numbers were diminished to less than 900, a far cry from the estimated 12-20 000 who flourished in the mid- twelfth century (Patai 129).
		In the ensuing years, many Jews gained high posts in the Ottoman (Turkish) courts which ruled at that time, and the Jewish finance minister (the" chelibi") was officially regarded as the political leader of the Jews (Patai 129).
		Nevertheless, the Jews continued to resist pogroms, persecution and economic containment's, including the heavy taxation enforced by governor 'Ali Bey during the emancipation, in his attempt to reestablish the old Ayyubid empire in 1768.
	www.sefarad.org /publication/lm/046/14.html (2192 words)

	The 21st Annual SFJFF:: DJ Cheb i Sabbah interview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We are Berber Jews, which, as far as we know, goes back 2,600 years.
		Berber Jews were the original Palestinians, who fled Roman persecution and went west.
		When the Jews and the Moors were sent back to Africa after expulsion, the Jews seemed to have kept this Andalucian musical tradition alive.
	www.sfjff.org /sfjff21/guests/interviews/chebiji.htm (675 words)

	European Jewish Congress - The Jewish Community of Morocco
		The Jews are generally descended from three different groups : Sephardim, Berber Jews, and Ashkenazim.
		From 1438, the Jews of Fez were forced to live in special quarters called mellahs, a name derived from the Arabic word for salt because the Jews in Morocco were forced to carry out the job of salting the heads of executed prisoners prior to their public display.
		The condition of the Jews did not improve until the establishment of the French Protectorate in 1912, when they were given equality and religious autonomy.
	www.eurojewcong.org /ejc/article.php?id_article=138 (574 words)

	Africa Stage: Team Dispatch - October 13, 1999
		The Jews of Morocco represent a remnant of an ancient, thriving community numbering more than a quarter of a million in 1956.
		The Jews descended from three different branches of Judaism: Sephardim, Berber Jews and Ashkenazim, the predominant stem being the Sephardic stem.
		The word Mellah is derived from the Arabic word for salt, and the Jews in Morocco were forced to carry out the job of salting the heads of executed prisoners before they were shown to the people.
	www.worldtrek.org /odyssey/africa/101399/101399teamjews.html (993 words)

	Jewish Morocco
		South of Ouarzazate, Jews were once a major presence in the oases of the Draa Valley, especially in the town of Agdz.
		East of Tinerir is the Ziz Valley and Tafilalet region, where Jews lived and financed the caravan trade with Sub-Saharan Africa from as early as the eighth century.
		Erfoud was the major Jewish population center of the Tafilalet, where Jews worked as merchants and artisans as late as the twentieth century.
	rickgold.home.mindspring.com /page26.html (347 words)

	north of africa . com
		The biggest victims of the Arab repression are the Amazigh Jews, rejected by both the Muslim government and their fellow Muslim Imazighen.
		If the Amazigh Jews are discriminated in Israel, then it’s an other question and i’m sure they will press the government of Israel and recover their rights as fully citizen...
		In ALgeria, Jews who lived with the Amazigh speaking chawi communities in the Aures mountains and the Mzab valley (with the berber puritans:the mozabites) had equal rights and status.
	www.north-of-africa.com /article.php3?id_article=74 (810 words)

	Mystical Marrakesh \| The Jewish Exponent
		Though Berbers, the original inhabitants of Morocco, can be found in most areas of the country, Marrakesh is their center.
		These nomadic Berber Jews dressed much like the tribesmen, and were conspicuous by their fl cloaks, fl skullcaps or round fl hats, like those worn by the Quakers.
		Yet coming into the country are many Israeli and American tour groups made up of Moroccan Jews visiting their former homes, also joined by American Jews traveling through the land of a once-great Jewish community.
	www.jewishexponent.com /article/3486 (672 words)

	RCAJA Jewish Queen of the Aures
		She was said to have been born to a poor Jewish family of cave-dwellers.
		Al-Kahina's combined forces of Jews, Imazighen, Byzantines and Copts expelled the Arab armies from African soil west of the Mashreq.
		Five years later after Dahya instituted a scorched earth policy that lowered her peoples morale, she fell in battle at the age of 127 to treacherous Amazigh Xian forces sided with the Arabs.
	www.fortunecity.com /millenium/zebedee/67/kahina.htm (524 words)

	RCAJA African Influence on Judaism?
		Both white people and fl people biased against Jews and even most European Ashkenazi Jews themselves hate to deal with the reality of the physical identity of the Y*hudiym/Judahites/Jews in the 8th century BCE.
		This word--kary--is the same in Semitic, Berber* and Chadic, implying the common—Proto-Afrasian--origin of this term.
		Finally, the linguistic sources point to the existence, or familiarity, of the ancients with music and ritual dancing and of strong elements of magic influencing their spiritual life.
	www.fortunecity.com /millenium/zebedee/67/afinf.htm (1602 words)

	Mizrahi Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to a survey by Adva Center, the average income of Ashkenazim was 36 percent higher than that of Mizrahim in 2004 (Hebrew PDF - [4]), but this difference is declining as the communities dissolve.
		According to a study made by the Israeli Central Bureau Mizrahi jews are much less likely to pursue academic studies than Ashkenazi jews, in addition the percentage of Arabs or Mizrahi Jews pursuing a doctorate is less than 10% of the entire third degree student population of Israel [5],[6].
		Although most of the Mizrahi jews in Israel are second generation immigrants, the majority of them fall short of the academic achievements that recent immigrants (such as the Ashkenazi CIS immigrants), that arrived since the 90's, have accomplished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mizrahi_Jews (1818 words)

	Les Cigognes - Marrakech, Morocco: Tourism and Travel Tips
		The country is predominantly Muslim, but has long had one of the largest communities of Jews outside of Israel; there are also many Berber tribes whose faith is more traditional and animist in outlook.
		There is even one tribe of Berber Jews, the Ait Yacoub.
		The Ait Yacoub are great carpet makers, and one of their rare works can be found in the Middle Atlas Room.
	www.lescigognes.com /en/morocco/useful_tidbits.html (411 words)

	Setti Fatma Things to Do Tips by MM212 - VirtualTourist.com
		There are several Berber rug weavers in Vallée d'Ourika on the way to Setti Fatma.
		Berber Jews have lived in this area since ancient times.
		Numerous hilltop Berber villages are located along the way to Setti Fatma in Vallée d'Ourika.
	members.virtualtourist.com /m/ac11c/201ac2/4 (528 words)

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