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Topic: Berber Spring

	Kabylie - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the Berber Spring in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of agitation for the official recognition of the Berber language in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria).
		The Arouch emerged during the Black Spring of 2001 as a revival of a traditional Kabyle form of democratic organization, the village assembly.
		The MAK (Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie) also emerged during the Black Spring, and is a political association that militates for the autonomy of Kabylie; thus it may be described as "Kabylist".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kabyles (1286 words)

	Berbers on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Except for the nomadic Tuareg, the Berbers traditionally were small farmers, living under a loose tribal organization in independent villages with local industries (iron, copper, lead, pottery, weaving, and embroidery).
		Despite a history of conquests, the Berbers retained a remarkably homogeneous culture, which, on the evidence of Egyptian tomb paintings, derives from earlier than 2400 BC The alphabet of the only partly deciphered ancient Libyan inscriptions is close to the script still used by the Tuareg.
		With the disintegration of these dynasties, the Berbers of the plains were gradually absorbed by the Arabs, while those who lived in inaccessible mountain regions, such as the Aurès, the Kabylia, the Rif, and the Atlas, retained their culture and warlike traditions.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/b/berbers.asp (751 words)

	The Amazigh Voice, December 1995 - March 1995
		Later known as the Berber Spring, the 1980 events were sparked by the "lack of imagination" which the government exhibited when it prevented the Berber writer and anthropologist Mouloud Mammeri from giving a conference on ancient Berber poetry on March 10th of that year.
		Today, the Berber Cultural Movement, which was born in the aftermath of the Berber Spring, continues to claim peacefully the rights of the Berber people to their culture and language and demands the recognition of Tamazight (Berber language) with full education and cultural benefits.
		In fact, written Arabic language was introduced in the Berber regions by the French institutions, the so-called "Bureaux Arabes." Her assertion that "the status of the Berbers was elevated" is the upper-most indignity to the memory of the hundreds of thousands of Berbers who died battling France.
	www.ee.umd.edu /~sellami/DEC95/review2.html (2040 words)

	Congrès Mondial Amazigh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In fact, however, even when they are French, Berbers are not recognized as full citizens and continue to be treated in regards to their origin, the color of their skin or their name, as immigrants, even as aliens, with all the preconceived notions and pejorative images that this entails.
		In addition, Berbers face a secondary level of discrimination, one of a socio-cultural nature, by the fact that they are assimilated to other groups of immigrants, because of common countries of origin.
		It follows that children of Berber origin and their parents have no other choice but to be subjected to the politics of arabisation and islamisation effective in their countries of origin, or, if they object, to suffer insults and disdain from the dominant arabo-islamic elements of their communities.
	www.congres-mondial-amazigh.org /article.php3?id_article=289 (2863 words)

	Encyclopedia article: Kabylie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is part of the Atlas Mountains (A mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert; extends from southwestern Morocco to northern Tunisia) and is located at the edge of the Mediterranean Sea (The largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia).
		The area is populated by the Kabyles, the second Berber (A member of a Caucasoid Muslim people of northern Africa) group per order of importance after the Chleuhs in Morocco (A kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa with a largely Muslim population; achieved independence from France in 1956).
		Since the Berber Spring in 1980, Kabyles have been at the forefront of agitation for the official recognition of the Berber language (additional info and facts about Berber language) in Algeria (see Languages of Algeria (additional info and facts about Languages of Algeria)).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ka/kabylie.htm (1777 words)

	Berber Spring, June 1, 2001
		Then there is the power of coffeehouse rumor: some Berbers believe that the military has deliberately provoked the demonstrations in order to distract attention from the economy and from reputed splits in the upper military leadership.
		On the whole, the Berber population has been strongly anti-Islamist, in part because the Islamists are strong supporters of Arabization, and in part because the Berber country is more secularized or, in some cases, attracted to Sufism or other expressions of Islam which the radical Islamists tend to reject.
		Spring 2001 may go down as another "Berber spring" like that of 1980 and the troubles of 1998.
	www.theestimate.com /public/060101.html (949 words)

	The Tazzla Institute - Book Review
		Berber funerary practices seem to have extended from the Atlantic ocean to the banks of the Nile consistently, and might have given rise to the later "Egyptian" funerary rites and the whole pyramidal complex (Cf.
		The omission of the Canary Islands in the history of Berbers is a glaring one.
		The thought advanced in this language that the Berbers were invented by the Arabs for the purpose of their conquest is refuted by the documented presence of Berbers in North Africa for centuries before the arrival of the Arabs.
	www.tazzla.org /berber.html (2862 words)

	albawaba.com middle east news information::Algerians in Switzerland mark Berber Spring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Algerian community in Switzerland marked the 25th anniversary of the Berber Spring with a huge concert organized by the two major Algerian associations operating in Switzerland, the Kabyles of Switzerland Association and the Aldjazair Association.
		The "Berber Spring" is celebrated to commemorate the events which took place in March 1980, when Algerian police prevented writer Mouloud Mammeri from entering Tizi Ouzou to give a lecture on ancient Berber poetry.
		Berber students went to the streets in Kabylie region and later in Algiers until security forces stormed Tizi Ouzou University.
	www.albawaba.com /en/countries/Algeria/182854 (185 words)

	some amazigh and riffian articles www.azizabal.tk
		However, it is widely accepted by scholars that it was a Berber language given the continuity of the population.
		The fact that parents in these Berber areas often let the schools teach their children Arabic, while the parents only pass on Tarifit has often been an issue of contention as these people are practicing Muslims and do not wish to use the language of the faith.
		The zawiyya had long been a staple of Moroccan spirituality, and especially Berber spirituality, and consisted of a type of shrine at the tomb of a holy man. These zawiyyas were highly criticized throughout the Arab world for being a form of idolatry and not truly Islamic, and ‘Abd al-Karim felt the same way.
	www.geocities.com /azizabal/articls.html (4822 words)

	Afropop Worldwide
		Obviously, this is unacceptable to Berbers in general, so for those who believe this is the objective of contemporary governments, this is a life-and-death matter.
		In Algeria, where the Berber language rights movement is most overt and powerful, there have been periodic mass demonstrations since 1980 when the so-called Berber Spring uprising forced this issue into public view.
		In June of 2001, over 1-million Berber demonstrated in Algiers, and in May of 2002, Berber in the Tamazight-speaking region of Kabylia boycotted the country's parliamentary elections because they feel that the country's entire political system is rigged against them.
	www.afropop.org /multi/feature/ID/112 (4253 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Also the Rally for Culture and Democracy (RCD), a new Berber party calling for separation of church and state, the amendment of the Algerian constitution to remove the part which makes Algeria an Arab state and the official recognition of the Berber language, was officially recognized in December.
		April 22 1995: A march by Berbers to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the "Berber Spring" protest for the recognition of the Berber language is broken up by police.
		Berber leaders have protested that the language is still being taught in only 16 provinces and there is a need for more television in the Berber Language.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/algberbchro.htm (1950 words)

	Berber Intifada - North Africa - Worldpress.org
		The start of the unrest coincided with the anniversary of the Berber Spring, a state crackdown in 1980 during which hundreds of Berbers were said to have been killed by Algerian security forces.
		Berber activists in Morocco and Algeria mainly demand recognition of their Amazigh tongue as an official language.
		Although modern linguists have been unable to link it directly to any of the dozen modern Berber languages spoken in North Africa, it is widely accepted by scholars that the alphabet represents a Berber language, given the ethnic continuity in the region.
	www.worldpress.org /print_article.cfm?article_id=348&dont=yes (967 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Rising tide of Berber unrest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The anniversary of the "Berber Spring" is still celebrated in the region with marches and demonstrations.
		The inhabitants of Kabylia, along with other Berbers living in remote, mostly desert or mountain areas, were never fully Arabised and succeeded in holding on to elements of their culture and identity, despite conversion to Islam.
		Other Berbers in Algeria who have retained their language are the Shawiyya in the east, the Mzabis in the northern Sahara and the Tuareg in the far south.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/middle_east/newsid_1396000/1396736.stm (753 words)

	Muslimedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The incident coincided with the anniversary of the "Berber spring" in 1980 that marked the beginning of open agitation for the recognition of Berber language and culture.
		But in their current protests the Berbers are demanding an end not only to the official rejection of their cultural identity but also to their economic deprivation.
		That is why his suggestion that the constitution could be amended to accommodate Berber demands for recognition of their language is likely to prove a passing remark designed to defuse a dangerous situation temporarily.
	www.muslimedia.com /archives/oaw01/alg-berber.htm (980 words)

	US Defense Intelligence Assessment: The Rise of Amazigh Nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The still widely used ethnolinguistic word "Berber" is disliked because of its pejorative and demeaning character--it implies that the person so called is "barbarian" in every sense of the word.
		The cultural vehicle that grew from the Berber Spring was the Berber Cultural Movement (Mouvement Culturel Berber, MCB), which later formally remained separate from the political parties.
		Neither claimed Berberism, or Amazighité, as their overriding political philosophy, but most of their constituents were Kabyle Imazighen and remain so today.
	amazighworld.net /history/modernhistory/amazigh.php (3072 words)

	The Amazigh - Imazighen - Berber - The people in North Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Those who inhabit the northern Maghrib (the western part of North Africa) and most of the Atlas Mountains are typically light brown to pallid in complexion, with a high frequency of blond and red hair and green and blue eyes relative to the region as a whole.
		Berber merchants were responsible for bringing goods from these cities to the north.
		The Berbers have found in French society the very same essential values upon which their own are founded, democracy, liberty, laity, and equity.
	www.en.original-people.eu.org /amazigh-berber.shtml (1548 words)

	The Kabylie Erupts: Algeria's Berbers Are Heard From, May 4, 2001
		Algeria's Berbers are the largest Berber community in North Africa, though as is often the case with minorities in the region, their exact numbers are difficult to assess with confidence: the last census to ask the question was in 1966.
		Though the Berbers are the indigenous peoples of all of North Africa, today the term is used for those who speak Berber languages rather than Arabic; for Algeria estimates range anywhere from 15% to 35%, with most experts choosing a figure somewhere in between.
		The modern Berber identity movement, disdaining the term "Berber" which ultimately comes from "barbarian", has embraced the name used by the largest Algerian group, the Kabyles, for themselves: Amazigh for the singular and Imazighen for the plural, from a word meaning free or noble men.
	www.theestimate.com /public/050401.html (2559 words)

	North African Berbers and Kabylia's Berber Citizens' Movement - [tamazgha]
		There was the huge demonstration organized by the Berber Cultural Movement, MCB, in 1990 in Algiers demanding the recognition of the Berber language, as well as a seven-month-long school boycott from September 1994 to April 1995, also demanding the teaching of Tamazight and its recognition as a national and official language.
		The Berber Spring was crushed and the regime sought to isolate Kabylia and to portray the events as a foreign conspiracy targeting Algerian unity.
		Professor of Tamazight (Berber) and director of the Berber research center (CRB) in Inalco (Paris), Salem Chaker remains one of the architects of the standardization of Tamazight.
	www.tamazgha.fr /article.php3?id_article=225 (2737 words)

	BBC News \| MIDDLE EAST \| Berbers battle for recognition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		April marked the 21st anniversary of the "Berber Spring" which signalled the beginning of overt activism for official recognition of the Berber language and culture.
		Although most Algerians are descended from Berbers - the original inhabitants of North Africa who predate the Arabs - the inhabitants of the mountainous region of Kabylia have never been fully Arabised.
		The anniversary of the Berber Spring is generally celebrated in the two main regional towns, Tizi Ouzou and Bejaia, with marches in which demonstrators chant vehement anti-regime slogans.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/1307002.stm (703 words)

	May 2001 New Monitor
		This week, they are recalling the "Berber Spring" of 1980 when the government refused to permit the writer Mouloud Mammeri to give a lecture on 16th-century Berber poetry; but the thousands of arrests that followed this revolt are insignificant compared with the deaths last week.
		On Saturday alone, 30 Berbers were killed around Tizi Ouzou as youths attacked police stations, set up barricades of burning tyres on the main roads from Algiers and demanded an end to the "injustice" in their lives.
		The Berbers were the original inhabitants of Algeria until the Arabs conquered North Africa in the 7th century.
	www.preventgenocide.org /prevent/news-monitor/2001may.htm (19976 words)

	Press Information Note 56 (MERIP): "The Kabyle Riots: Repression and Alienation," by Heba Saleh
		He promised a fair and transparent investigation, and declared that the issue of Berber language would be addressed in a forthcoming revision of the constitution.
		The recent riots occurred around the twenty-first anniversary of the 1980 "Berber Spring," which marked the start of overt activism for recognition of the Berber identity.
		The inhabitants of Kabylia along with pockets of other Berbers living in remote, mostly desert or mountain areas -- the Shawiyya in the east, the Mzabis in the northern Sahara and the Tuareg in the far south -- were never fully Arabized and have retained their language.
	www.mafhoum.com /press/49P10.htm (1824 words)

	Islamica Community Forums - Who are the Berbers? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Berbers are a NATIVE North African people, and are closely related to Egyptians (who are also native North Africans).
		Also, I think that at least the ancient Berbers in what is now Tunisia have had some sort of relations (either economic, or martial, or something) with ancient Rome...
		My mom's co-worker is an Algerian Berber and she makes sure people know she's Berber, though she grew up in Algiers and speaks Arabic better than her own mother tongue.
	www.islamicaweb.com /archive/t-16196 (1951 words)

	Algeria shaken by riots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This is an annual commemoration of the brutal arrests and killings of Berber protesters carried out by the Algerian military government in 1980.
		About a third of the Algerian population are Berbers, who are of different ethnic origin to the majority Arab population and speak a different language, Tamazight.
		There has been persistent discrimination against Berbers in employment and the allocation of scarce government housing, as well as the refusal to grant Tamazight equal status with Arabic in the region.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/may2001/alge-m10.shtml (1094 words)

	4.20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The restive region of Kabylia remained relatively calm on the double anniversary of the Black Spring of 2001 and the Berber Spring of 1980.
		The day was marked by a series of peaceful marches, meetings, and galas throughout the region to comemmorate the martyrs of the past 25 years of struggle in the Berber regions of Algeria.
		The RCD (Rally for Culture and Democracy) and the MCB (Cultural Berber Movement), both of which had been ostracized and labeled traitors during the unrest of the last four years, were permitted to join the march.
	www.mprsnd.org /drifty/ep.htm (649 words)

	"The Rebel is Dead. Long Live the Martyr!" by Paul A. Silverstein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The murdered driver was Lounes Matoub, a popular singer-songwriter who has been at the forefront of the Berber cultural movement for the last 20 years.
		His first major concert took place in April 1980, coinciding with the "Berber Spring"--several weeks of student demonstrations and general strikes in Kabylia which gave birth to the modern Berber Cultural Movement (MCB).
		The place of Berber language and culture in Algeria has been fiercely debated since the early nationalist movement of the 1930s and 1940s.
	amazighworld.net /history/lounesmatoub/merip_silverstein.php (1285 words)

	allAfrica.com: Algeria: Algeria in the Grip of Massive Protests
		The disturbances in Kabylia first broke out on April 19 when a young Berber man was killed while in police detention after his arrest during a march to commemorate the 21st anniversary of the Berber Spring.
		Thousands of Berbers took to the streets of Kabylia and the capital Algiers in April 1980 to demand official recognition for the Berber language and culture.
		The Berbers, North Africa's original inhabitants, are thought to number at least one third of the overall population of Algeria.
	allafrica.com /stories/200105220375.html (321 words)

	The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
		It was here, too, on 20 April 1980, during the Berber spring, that rioting students demanding recognition of the Amazigh language and culture were shot.
		Other Berber communities in the Maghreb, both elsewhere in Algeria (4) and in Morocco (Rif, Atlas, Sous), have expressed similar demands.
		But though regional issues may have sparked the recent unrest in Kabylia, they are not the main concern of the demonstrators.
	zena.secureforum.com /Znet/algeria.htm (848 words)

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