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Topic: Berber dynasty

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	Islamic Art Network - Technical Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This dynasty was established in 800 A.D. by Ibrahim ibn Aghlab, who was the governor sent by the Abassid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, to suppress the unrest caused by the Berber tribes in North Africa.
		Their power ended at the hands of al-Mahdi and a coalition of Berber tribes in 909 A.D. The Aghlabids were the most important and most powerful of the three dynasties that ruled North Africa in the ninth century.
		This was a Berber dynasty founded by Mahdi ibn Tumart, who had studied in the east and then came back to claim himself the mahdi.
	www.islamic-art.org /Glossary/glossary.asp (1502 words)

	Morocco - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Berber troops were used extensively by the Arabs in their conquest of Spain, which began in 711.
		The dynasty was named after Idris I, a refugee from the east who was the great-great-grandson of Fatima, daughter of the prophet Muhammad.
		A third Berber dynasty, the Merinids, followed, but it failed to keep a foothold in Spain or to maintain Moroccan rule in North Africa beyond the frontiers of Morocco.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761572952___33/Morocco.html (2519 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Berber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Berber groups are first mentioned in writing by the ancient Egyptians during the Predynastic Period, and during the New Kingdom the Egyptians later fought against the Meshwesh and Lebu (Libyans) tribes on their western borders.
		A second mixed army of Arabs and Berbers came in 712 under Ibn Nusayr himself, and are claimed to have formed approximately 66% of the Islamic population in Iberia, and supposedly that is the reason why they helped the Umayyad caliph Abd ar-Rahman I in Al-Andalus, because his mother was a Berber woman.
		The Berbers live mainly in Morocco (between 35%- 80% of the population) and in Algeria (about 15%-33% of the population), as well as Libya and Tunisia, though exact statistics are unavailableBerber languages#Population.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Berber (3209 words)

	Berber people - ArticleWorld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Berbers live in Morocco comprise an estimate of 35%- 80% of the population, while in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia, Berbers are about 15%-33% of the population.
		Berber groups such as the Kabyles of northern Algeria, are approximately 4 million and who have kept their original language and culture.
		Berber groups are mentioned by the ancient Egyptians during the Pre-dynastic Period and during the New Kingdom.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php/Berber_people (519 words)

	Islamic Art - Dynasties
		Berber dynasty that ruled North Africa and Spain, 1130–1269.
		Dynasty of Berber origin that ruled North Africa and later Spain, 1050–1147.
		Dynasty of former slaves that ruled Egypt and Syria, 1250–1517.
	www.lacma.org /islamic_art/dynasty.htm (159 words)

	Global Adrenaline :: Africa :: Morocco
		With the collapse of the Almohad dynasty came the decline of Rabat.
		In the 15th century, the Berbers were driven out by the Arabs, and Meknes' long and complicated chain of title saw ownership passed from the Wattasids to the Saadians.
		In 1672, Moulay Ismail was proclaimed sultan of the new Alaouite dynasty.
	www.globaladrenaline.com /africa/morocco (2621 words)

	Historical Events: Glossary
		Arab-Islamic dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in Damascus.
		The Almohads, a Berber dynasty which succeeded the Almoravids, reigned in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (Spain) between 1130 and 1269 AD, with their capital in Marrakesh.
		The dynasty collapsed before the expansion of the Arab Islamic forces; its cultural traditions were largely taken over by the Abbasids.
	ismaili.net /mirrors/74_glossary/glossary.htm (1807 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for berber
		Almohad Berber Muslim dynasty (1145–1269) in North Africa and Spain, the followers of a reform movement within Islam.
		Almoravid Berber Muslim dynasty (1054–1145) in Morocco and Spain.
		Tamazight, the Berber language, is to be given official constitutional status by Algeria's president, Abdelaziz Bouteflika.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=berber&StartAt=11 (735 words)

	BT Research - Zirid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Zirids (Arabic: زيريون‎) were a Berber dynasty, originating in Petite Kabylie among the Kutama tribe, that ruled Ifriqiya (roughly, modern Tunisia), initially on behalf of the Fatimids, for about two centuries, until weakened by the Banu Hilal and finally destroyed by the Almohads.
		The Hammadids were an offshoot of this dynasty.
		The Berber troops defected and the Zirids were defeated, and the land laid waste by the Bedouin.
	www.breathittteens.com /research.php?title=Zirid (408 words)

	Algeria
		From the great Berber dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohads to the militants seeking an Islamic state in the early 1990s, the call to return to true Islamic values and practices has had social resonance and political power.
		Berber civilization was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organization supported several states.
		The high point of Berber civilization, unequaled until the coming of the Almohads and Almoravids more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of Masinissa in the second century B.C. After Masinissa's death in 148 B.C., the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/algeria/all.html (18075 words)

	How "Berber" Matters in the Middle of Nowhere (Morocco, Tamazight and Tashelhit Language and Social Change)
		But to assert that speaking Berber somehow and sometimes matters is not to say that Moroccan national politics and identity are insignificant, that class and gender are unimportant, that Islam is not central to people’s lives, or that the monarchy is distant and meaningless.
		Berber language —or in the instance I examine here, the variety of it known as Tashelhit—matters in some ways to most everybody who speaks it, and sometimes it matters in ways might be considered political.
		The Berber speaking regions of all of North Africa are experiencing many of the same changes as the Agoundis, and the associated relevance of language seems likely to bear comparison.
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /dcrawford/berber_matters.html (5015 words)

	Royal Air Maroc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These newcomers were the ancestors of the Berbers, their numbers further increased by incursions from the Mediterranean.
		Libyo-Berber script, invented by the Berbers, made its first appearance in the Atlas, and Phoenician letters are inscribed on pottery dating from 500 BC found on the Isle of Essaouira.
		Berbers and Byzantines rose against the invaders, but the Arab Muslim managed to extend their control continuing the process of conversion to Islam.
	www.royalairmaroc.com /ENG/navigation.asp?ID_Doc=1217 (2800 words)

	[No title]
		Berber tribes who controlled key oasis settlements of the Sahara soon learned that they could enrich themselves by this trade, and began to impose heavy taxation on any traffic through their lands, while also furnishing guides, scouts, supplies, and camels at a price.
		Among the Berber tribes seriously involved in the Trade were the Massufa, the Lamta, the Mazata, the Hawwara, and the Hafusa, tribes that were all defined as “Ibadite “ Berbers.
		The Berbers of North Africa and the Berber Twareg groups of the Sahara desert — all Imazighen — succumbed to the tyranny of Arab conquest, rule, and ideology, some of them to the point of creating legends and myths which give them, the conquered, the same authority and superiority as their assailants and conquerors.
	www.tazzla.org /slaveryarticleforpub.html (4209 words)

	A
		Arab-Islamic dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in Damascus.
		The Almohads, a Berber dynasty which succeeded the Almoravids, reigned in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (Spain) between 1130 and 1269 AD, with their capital in Marrakesh.
		This dynasty of Berbers was founded by Yusuf Ibn Tashfin in the Sahara.
	www.islamicart.com /library/enc/a.html (1155 words)

	Algeria - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The native Berber or Amazigh population of Algeria has been under the rule of foreign occupants for much of the last 3000 years.
		Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Khair ad-Din and his brother Aruj who made its coast a base for the corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s, after which the center of activity moved to Tripoli in Libya.
		The mixed Berber and Arab population is mostly Islamic (99%); other religions are restricted to extremely small groups, mainly of foreigners.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=358 (1159 words)

	Berber people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Their languages, the Berber languages, form a branch of the Afroasiatic linguistic family comprising many closely related varieties, including Taqbaylit and Tashelhiyt, with a total of roughly 14-25 million speakers.
		The Berbers live mainly in Morocco (between 35%- 80% of the population) and in Algeria (about 15%-33% of the population), as well as Libya and Tunisia, though exact statistics are unavailable[4]; see Berber languages.
		Prominent Berber groups include the Kabyles of northern Algeria, who number approximately 4 million and have kept, to a large degree, their original language and culture; and the Chleuh (francophone plural of Arabic "Shalh" and Tashelhiyt "ašəlḥi") of south Morocco, numbering about 8 million.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Berber (3851 words)

	EgyptSearch Forums: Sheshonq I: the beginnig of a Berber dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sheshonq I founded the 22nd dynasty in Egypt, and it is known as the libyan/berber/amazigh dynasty.
		the berbers are the indegenous people of north africa from the downhistory, they inhabited north africa from the canaray islands to the western borders of the ancient egypt, and from the southern mideterranean to niger, mali and chade.
		the arabs and the berbers/imazighen believe that berber is the son "mazigh" the son of "ham" (the ketting is variable).
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=next_topic;f=8;t=002560;go=newer (2963 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Art of Islamic Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The dynasty of the Andalusian Umayyads (756-1031) marked the zenith of Arab civilization in Spain.
		But that dynasty collapsed after the death of the formidable dictator-chamberlain al-Mansur in 1002 and the civil war of 1010-1013, and local governors proclaimed themselves taifas, or petty monarchs, with Seville, Toledo and Saragossa the most powerful of the independent kingdoms.
		The Almoravid and Almohad dynasties, both born of religious movements, introduced Qur'ans on vellum, parchment and paper - the oldest surviving one, dated 1090, lent to the exhibition from Uppsala, Sweden.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199205/the.art.of.islamic.spain.htm (2923 words)

	Marokko
		Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled Morocco and Spain in the 12th and 13th cent.
		Berber Muslim dynasty that ruled Morocco and Muslim Spain in the 11th and 12th cent.
		The plains Berbers were eventually absorbed by the Arabs; the mountain Berbers retained their warlike traditions, fiercely resisting French and Spanish occupation of N Africa and in the 1960s helping to drive the French from ALGERIA.
	www.angelfire.com /mo/SARACEN/Maroc.html (2065 words)

	Smatterings of Random Spanish History dealing with the Moors
		Apart from the moral effect of this campaign upon the Moslem rulers of Spain, its result was insignificant, though the famous ambuscade in which perished Roland, the great Paladin, at the Pass of Roncesvalles, furnished to the medieval world the material for its most glorious and influential epic, the "Chanson de Roland".
		It was one of the noble clans, the Witiza family, that, at the beginning of the 8th century, caused the decline of the Visigoth kingdom, by appealing for aid to Muslim and Berbers warriors from across the Strait of Gibraltar to fight the royal usurper.
		The Muslims summoned the Almoravids, a Berber Dynasty from Morocco.
	foclark.tripod.com /gypsy/Spain.html (1169 words)

	Islam -- The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims
		Ghaznavid -- a dynasty in Afghanistan and the Punjab, 351-582 (A.D. Ghorid -- a dynasty in Afghanistan and India, 543-612 (A.D. Hadith -- the sacred Traditions of Islam which were originated by Muhammad; specifically, the Traditions uttered by Muhammad or based on his actions.
		Khwarizm -- Muslim dynasty, 470-629 (A.D. 1077-1231), which in its last fifty years extended from the Indus almost to the Euphrates, from the Ural Mountains to the Persian Gulf; it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion.
		Samanid -- dynasty in Transoxiana which at one time extended from the borders of India almost to Baghdad, 261-389 (A.D. Sayyid (Sayed) -- a title of honor given to a descendant of the Prophet through Fatimah and the family of Ali; in some countries it may be given to a descendant of the Quraish.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=1656&C=1649 (2920 words)

	Tunisia Political, Economic Environmental Information News
		The population is largely Berber and Arab, and Islam is the dominant religion.
		A.D.) and the Byzantines (6th cent.), the Arabs conquered Tunisia in the 7th cent., and the Berber population was converted to Islam.
		Tunisia was seized by the Ottoman Turks, and as one of the Barbary States it became a stronghold of pirates, on whom the treasury depended for several centuries.
	en.marweb.com /maghreb/tunisia (512 words)

	Almoravids - Berber dynasty. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The dynasty, originally a puritanical reform movement, derived its name from the Arabic almurabitun ("the men of Ribat").
		An illustrated guide to the various Islamic dynasties, dating from the 5th to 19th centuries is also provided.
		In addition, the site hosts an online book store, offers a number of desktop images for download and provides a list of Islamic Charity and Relief organizations world wide, also a list of schools, Institutes, and academies around the world that offer art and architecture programmes with Islamic art and architecture interest.
	www.islamicarchitecture.org /dynasties/almoravids.html (712 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Magic Circles of Djemaa el-Fna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Today, just as centuries ago, it is here that Marrakshis and their country cousins, be they Berber, Arab, Tuareg or fl African, congregate to be awed, amazed, entertained and, very likely, parted from some, or all, of their money.
		Djemaa is related to the Arabic jami', or mosque, and indeed the Saadian dynasty had once planned to build a great mosque here, on what is still the old city's last remaining expanse of open land.
		Thus Arab and Berber compete ceaselessly for the upper hand which, once decided, is always soon to change.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199304/the.magic.circles.of.djemaa.el-fna.htm (3227 words)

	Africa to 1500 by Sanderson Beck
		Berbers defeated the Turks in civil strife at Cairo in 1029.
		Mamluk means slave, and this dynasty rose in Egypt during the later crusades through military discipline and by seizing the throne of Egypt in 1250.
		The Shi'a dynasty of the 'Ubaydid-Fatimids arose in Egypt.
	www.san.beck.org /1-12-Africato1500.html (15707 words)

	Western North Africa (The Maghrib), 1000–1400 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Despite periods of struggle among different dynasties, the entire region is united under Almohad rule.
		Two Berber dynasties, the Zirids and Hammadids, control Tunisia and eastern Algeria, as Fatimid vassals.
		(al-Murabitun), another dynasty of Berber origin, conquer Morocco and found Marrakesh as their capital.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/07/nfw/ht07nfw.htm (523 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Caliphate and the First Islamic Dynasty (The Berbers) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Today, the Berbers are still a diverse population, but the languages they speak are considered dialects of the same language, Berber.
		Using one term, Berber, to describe several ethnically diverse groups, compares to using the term "Indian" to describe the indigenous populations of North and South America.
		Berbers were also often called Moors throughout history, from the Greek Mauros, or "inhabitant of Mauritania," a region of North Africa.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/caliphate/berbers.html (306 words)

	Essays.cc - Berbers In North Africa
		The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of the Berbers on North Africa.
		This Berber dynasty, which had founded the towns of Miliana, Medea, and Algiers and centered significant local power in Algeria for the first time, turned over its domain west of Ifriqiya to the Banu Hammad branch of its family.
		The fiercely brave, camel- borne nomads of the western desert and steppe as well as the sedentary farmers of the Kabylie region to the east swore allegiance to the Sanhaja.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/aym36.shtml (3849 words)

	17-18th Dynasty Family Tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Egyptologist Petrie wrote: "His [Seqenenra] wife Aahhotep was one of the great queens of Egyptian history, important as the historic link of the dynasties, and revered along with her still more celebrated and honored daughter Nefertari.
		As Seqenenra was Berber, Nefertari might be three-quarters fl; while Aahmes, if son of an Egyptian, thus accounting for the difference.
		The age of Aahmes at his accession, after the insignificant reigns of his brothers, shows that he was the son of a first husband, implying that Aahhotep first married an Egyptian, and secondly, Seqenenra.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/seqenenra.html (466 words)

	Introduction to Islamic Art
		New rulers, of varying ethnic backgrounds, established short-lived regional dynasties, in contrast to the preceding period, in which Arab leadership predominated and the Islamic world was united under the centralized authority of the caliph.
		Members of this dynasty were vigorous sponsors of Persian art and culture whose patronage culminated in the late fifteenth century with the brilliant Timurid court at Herat, in Khurasan.
		Although the dynasty came to an end in 1507, one member of the Timurid house survived and went on to found the Mughal dynasty in India.
	calligraphyislamic.com /IntroIslamicArt.html (4493 words)

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