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Topic: Berbice Dutch Creole

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	Australia encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Australia politics and officials, Australian History. Travel to ...
		Berbice is a region in Guyana, sometimes known as the "ancient county." The Berbice River runs through it.
		It is a former Dutch colony, as is evidenced by the existence of the nearly extinct Berbice Creole Dutch.
		Berbice was settled in 1627 by the Dutchman Abraham Van Pere.
	www.australiaiworld.com /wiki-Berbice (381 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Creole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Louisianans who identify themselves as "Creole" are most commonly from historically Francophone communities with some ancestors who came to Louisiana either directly from France or via the French colonies in the Caribbean; those descended from the Acadians of French Canada are more likely to identify themselves as Cajun than Creole.
		A definition from the earliest history in New Orleans; ie, circa 1718; is: a child born in the colony as opposed to France.
		In the Caribbean region the term creole is used to describe anyone, regardless of race or ethnicity, that was born and raised in the region.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Creole (1214 words)

	Berbice Creole Dutch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Berbice Creole Dutch is a highly endangered creole language spoken on the coast of Guyana.
		After the conquest of English Guyana by the Dutch in 1664, and the subsequent peace treaty in which the English handed it over in exchange for New Amsterdam, the coastal areas came under Dutch cultural influence.
		Berbice Creole Dutch is, as are Negerhollands (extinct) and Skepi Dutch Creole (with a similar preservation status as Berbice Dutch), not based on Hollandic Dutch (the dialect that is closest to Standard Dutch) but on Zealandic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berbice_Creole_Dutch (206 words)

	Berbice - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Berbice is a region in Guyana, sometimes known as the "ancient county." The Berbice River runs through it.
		It is a former Dutch colony, as is evidenced by the existence of the nearly extinct Berbice Creole Dutch.
		Berbice was settled in 1627 by the Dutchman Abraham Van Pere.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Berbice (120 words)

	creole language Information Center - haitian creole language
		A Shuwa Arabic-based creole spoken in 23 villages of the Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture in southwestern Chad; the substrate language was Berakou.
		Gullah is an English-based creole spoken in the Sea Islands and the adjacent coastal regions of South Carolina, Georgia and northern Florida.
		This Creole was spoken by the groups of early immigrants from the Western Isles of Scotland (Hebrides) to the Southern states of the USA (The Carolinas, Alabama, Northern Mississippi and Tennessee).
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_Cr_-_G/creole_language.html (1089 words)

	Ebook More Info -Creole language - Free For You. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A creole language, or just creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent.
		Another factor that may have contributed to the longtime neglect of creole languages is that they do not fit the "tree model" for the evolution of languages, which was adopted by linguists in the 19th century (possibly influenced by Darwinism) and is still the foundation of the comparative method.
		By definition, a creole is the result of a nontrivial mixture of two or more languages, usually with radical morphological changes and a syntax which is not obviously borrowed from either of the parent tongues.
	creole.language.en.lmoney.org (1325 words)

	Everything about Creole Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Creole is used as lingua franca in Belize; it is spoken by 70% of the population.
		The main Creole, Santiago Creole spoken in the capital of the country in the main island is divided into two distinctive varieties: Rural and Urban due to Standard Portuguese influence on the urban dialect.
		Dutch is an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles.
	wikimiki.org /en/creole+language (11072 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:gyn
		Closest to creoles of Saint Vincent and Tobago.
		Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other.
		The classification of the English-lexifier creole languages spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago using a comparison of the markers of some key grammatical features: a tool for determining the potential to share and/or adapt literary development materials.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=gyn (180 words)

	Nieuwe pagina 1
		John McWhorter is to be commended for keeping the issue of complexity of creoles on the research agenda, and putting it squarely in the arena of linguistic typology and language change, where it belongs.
		One of the few good descriptions of a creole is Kouwenberg's (1991) study of the moribund Berbice Dutch Creole, of which only the rudiments were still available at the time of description.
		Altogether, creole languages were often assumed to be instantly known by observers in the colonial era and theoretical linguists in the post-colonial era, due to their European lexicon and simple root shapes.
	home.wanadoo.nl /wku/Linguistics/complexities_of_arguing_about_co.htm (1155 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - creole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The creoles were distinguished from the natives, the fls, and from people born in Europe.
		A sharp distinction of interest always lay between the creoles, whose chief devotion was to the colony, and the foreign-born officials, whose devotion was to the mother country.
		Ghosts in the mirror: colonialism and Creole indeterminacy in Bronte and Sand.(Charlotte Bronte, George Sand)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c1/creole.asp (437 words)

	Berbice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In November 1712 Berbice was briefly occupied by the French under Baron de Mouans.
		In 1784 Berbice was restored to the Netherlands.
		On 27 March 1802 Berbice was restored to the Battalion Republic (Netherlands).
	en.explicatus.org /wiki/Berbice (309 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:BRC
		Speakers claim it is not inherently intelligible with Skepi or Rupununi.
		About 1/3 of the basic lexicon and, most of the productive morphology is from Eastern Ijo in Nigeria; most of the rest of the lexicon is from Dutch, 10% loans from Arawak and Guyanese Creole English.
		Speakers are bilingual in Guyanese, which has influenced Berbice considerably.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=BRC (110 words)

	"What Have You Done for Us Lately: A Correction" by C.D. Green
		Although the creole grammar does not reflect either the target or substratum grammars, Bickerton found that the grammars of creoles all around the world are remarkably similar even though they arise independently.
		If one tries to explain the creole word order system on the basis of a common African language family one is faced with the fact that recent research suggests that "the underlying order of a number of West African languages may well be SOV" (Muysken, 1988, p.
		For Portuguese- and Spanish-based Creoles, with a lexifier language (the language that has provided most of the vocabulary) characterized by frequent VSO patterns, and for Dutch-based Creoles, with a lexifier language characterized by underlying SOV coupled with a verb-fronting rule, some explanation is, however, called for.
	www.yorku.ca /christo/papers/innate-addendum.htm (876 words)

	SCL Frequently Asked Questions
		Creoles have normally occupied informal contexts, but can occupy any context, once they are allowed to, once the need arises, and once proper language planning and development are in place.
		Since creoles have not usually been the language of rulers and conquerors, they and their speakers also face negative attitudes and low social (socio-economic) status, but they are not bound to their history, and things can change and are changing for the good of their speakers.
		Jamaican Creole was taught to Peace Corps volunteers in Jamaica, and is to be taught in Puerto Rico at the Universidad de Puerto Rico.
	www.scl-online.net /faq.html (5724 words)

	Amazon.com: "Berbice Creole Dutch": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Robertson (1979) considers the replacement of Berbice Creole Dutch lexical items by words from (Guyanese Creole) English to be a form of decreolization with relexification, and Dalphinis (1986) explains...
		Chinese Pidgin English, Berbice Creole Dutch, Rabaul Creole German.
		Since some pidgins and Creoles may change their lexical affiliation through a process known as relexification,...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Berbice-Creole-Dutch (257 words)

	Another hit- from Guyana: Land of Six Peoples
		The experiment lasted a mere two years, partly because of the open hostility of the the manager of Groot and Klein Poolgeest, partly because of the opposition of the Berbice planters in general, and partly because beyond a certain point the two missionaries could not agree on which language they should use for literacy purposes.
		However, the lingua franca of the colony was not standard Dutch, but Berbice Dutch, a Creole with a far higher African lexical component than any other Caribbean Creole.
		In 1763, Coffy, the leader of one of the Caribbean's greatest risings, inaugurated negotiations with the Dutch governor through the agency of correspondence, something almost unheard of in revolts of the period.
	www.landofsixpeoples.com /news/ns10803.htm (834 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Berbice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Berbice" at HighBeam.
		Berbice Mining Enterprise and Linden Mining Enterprise.(Brief Article)
		The interplay of relexification and levelling in creole genesis and development(*).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-Berbice.asp (158 words)

	Creole language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In this system, the presence or absence of auxiliary verbs indicate tense (concurrent or anterior), Modality (realis or irrealis) and aspect (punctual or progressive), and when present these auxiliaries occur in that order, and typically are based on similar meaning words in the pidgin or superstrate language.
		Thus anterior tense may be marked by words such as bin in English Creoles (from been), or té in French Creoles (from été), a future or subjunctive tense may be marked by go (from English go) or al (from French aller), and a non-punctual (non-stative) aspect by a word such as stei (from English stay).
		Also known as Roper River Creole, has become the major non-English language among Aboriginal Australians with over 10,000 first language speakers.
	creole-language.mindbit.com (1054 words)

	Virgin Islands Folklore Dutch Creole Language
		she did her thesis on this creole language, and was working with the last known living speaker, who died in 1980.
		Creoles with a Dutch lexicon emerged in (formally British)
		Negerhollands (Dutch mainly in Zealandic and Flemish varieties) was treated as a separate language in its own right as early as 1780.
	edu-cyberpg.com /Linguistics/vi.html (3009 words)

	Manuel Barbera, Corpus based computational linguistic resources. Languages: A-D (§ 3.1). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		CELEX, the Dutch Centre for Lexical Information, has three separate databases, Dutch, English and German, all of which are open to external users.
		The Dutch database, version N3.1, was released in March 1990 and contains information on 381,292 present-day Dutch wordforms, corresponding to 124,136 lemmata.
		For Dutch and English lemma homographs, frequencies have been disambiguated on the basis of the 42.4 m.
	www.bmanuel.org /clr3_ad.html (7628 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:brc
		About 30% of the basic lexicon and most of the productive morphology is from Eastern Ijo in Nigeria; most of the rest of the lexicon is from Dutch, 10% loans from Arawak and Guyanese Creole English.
		Speakers also use Guyanese, which has influenced Berbice considerably.
		This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as:
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=brc (90 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Pidgin and Creole Tense/Mood/Aspect Systems [CLL 6]
		Second, the volume features detailed analyses of the TMA systems of seven diverse pidgins and creoles, which vary in terms of their lexifying (superstrate) languages, their location, and their social histories.
		With the authors employing a broad range of theoretical perspectives for their analyses, the study demonstrates both the extent to which pidgins and creoles share a single, prototypical TMA system and the degree to which individual pidgins and creoles diverge from that prototype.
		The seven languages analyzed are: Capeverdean Crioulo, Kituba, Papiamentu, Berbice Dutch, Haitian Creole, Kru Pidgin English, and Eighteenth Century Nigerian Pidgin English.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CLL_6 (243 words)

	[No title]
		With its combination of English and "Patwa", Jamaica's creole vernacular, the lyrics of reggae music are often opaque to the uninitiated.
		“Grammaticalization and word order in the history of Berbice Dutch Creole”, in: Baker, P.; Syea, A. Changing meanings, changing functions: Papers relating to grammaticalization in contact languages.
		“Convergence and explanations in creole genesis”, in: Smith, Norval; Veenstra, Tonjes.
	www.zas.gwz-berlin.de /events/kouwenberg (259 words)

	An Army, A Navy, and Ebonics
		A creole is a pidgin language which has become the mother tongue of a community.
		Despite the fact that Bajan, the creole of modern Barbados, is the predominant language on the island today, creolists see its origins in the period before 1650 when European vernaculars were the most commonly heard speech.
		Smith, Norval, Ian Robertson, and Kay Williamson (1987) The Ijo element in Berbice Dutch.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /odlin1/papers/ebonjoyl.htm (13165 words)

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