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	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Berdache (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Berdache is the form that non-Indians used to refer to individuals in native societies who exhibited cross-gender behavior, including dress.
		Most Indian societies believed that berdaches were in touch with sacred powers and deserved a prestigious position within tribal society.
		As contact with whites increased, berdaches were forced underground, altering their appearance as they experienced ridicule and ostracism by whites.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/berdache.html (126 words)

	ZUNI BERDACHE
		Stevenson defined berdaches as men who "do woman's work and wear woman's dress." The decision to become a lhamana was made by the boy in childhood and based on a preference for "hanging about the house." It became final at puberty when the youth adopted female dress.
		By all indications, the berdache role was an ancient one.
		The earliest American account of Pueblo berdaches was that of William A. Hammond, a former surgeon general of the army, published in 1882.
	staff.jccc.net /scorbett01/ch8/zuni_berdache.htm (1124 words)

	Two Spirit People Nadleeh Berdache in Native American Culture
		The berdache could adopt the clothing of women, associate and be involved with women, do the work normally associated with women, marry a man and take part in many spiritual ceremonies of the tribe.
		Berdache identity is widely believed to be the result of supernatural intervention in the form of visions or dreams, and/or it is sanctioned by tribal mythology.
		Berdache Jordan alludes to having been in several all male environments such as the military, jails and prisons and passing as a macho male during that time.
	members.tripod.com /~Berdache_Two/twospirit.htm (5056 words)

	Native America: Berdache (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Berdaches had sex with other men, and marriages between a berdache and another man were common.
		Berdaches were seen as half man and half woman, and performed as a mediator between men and women -- resolving conflicts, and serving as matchmakers.
		Berdaches were also believed to have mystical healing powers, and they were often taken into battle to care for the wounded.
	members.aol.com /matrixwerx/glbthistory/berdache.htm (514 words)

	Berdache.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Berdaches found acceptance among their own people, but Westerners viewed them disapprovingly, which is demonstrated by the negative tone of their observations.
		Berdaches were found in many Midwestern parts of North America, stretching from Northeast Mexico up to the Great Lakes, Westward to the Dakotas, and further North along the Pacific West Coast into Alaska.
		Though berdaches acted as the opposite gender, they were viewed by their people as a third or alternative gender, neither male nor female.
	www.msu.edu /~lees/Kristina/Berdache.htm (971 words)

	Berdache Web
		The berdache is defined in various ways by different cultures; in the context of the early American natives, the berdache was a transvested male, who had permanently taken on the dress, language, and mannerisms of the female gender in their particular society.
		Those who enter into the life of the berdache upon reaching the age of puberty were also chosen to become so by their parents and, with the support of the community, the child's status was transferred quite easily into this alternate gender.
		This subordinate power position relationship, between the male berdache partaking in the passive role and, as a result, being the subordinate in hierarchical social relationships lends a legitimizing position for the feminist and queer theorist perspective on the dominant/dominated role in sexuality being mapped directly onto the societies' reaffirmation of their hierarchical status.
	academic.reed.edu /english/Courses/English341gs/FinalPaper/MeganL/berdache_web.html (3223 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Against this view, Callender and Kochems define the 'berdache' as 'a person, usually male, who was anatomically normal but assumed the dress, occupation, and behaviour of the other sex to effect a change in gender status', a change that resulted in an 'intermediate status that combined social attributes of male and female' (1983a: 443).
		In all cases the 'berdache' is an individual who, in adult life, does not assume the occupations and behaviour typically associated with his or her biological sex.
		In their discussions of the 'berdache' and 'amazon', anthropologists have tended to write of a 'morphological male' or a 'morphological female' without explicit consideration of indigenous constructions of the body and of sexuality.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~rrath/hist460/berdache/abstracts.txt (9147 words)

	Deified, Ostracized, and Medicalized: A study of the interaction between third genders and their societies.
		The term "berdache" is misleading because it is a French word meaning the passive male in a homosexual relationship, and was erroneously applied by early missionaries to a group of people who were cross-dressing in many Indian societies across America.
		This gives the berdache an automatic entry into the realm of the supernatural because they must be sanctioned by it to even exist.
		The nadle and berdache are regarded as especially sacred figures, and are thought to bring many blessings on their families.
	www.softassteel.com /files/bio/work/anth.html (5244 words)

	Comparative History of Ideas: CHID PUBLICATIONS
		The word "berdache" is "derived from the French word 'bardash', which was derived from the Italian term 'berdascia', which was derived from the Arabic 'bardaji', which was derived, finally, from the Persian 'barah.'" Originally, the word referred to a male slave or prostitute or the passive partner in sex between men (Kessler 26; Williams 9).
		Berdaches "have been documented in over 130 Native American tribes, in every region of the continent, among every type of native culture, from small bands of hunters in Alaska to the populous, hierarchical city-states of Florida" (Roscoe, Zuni 5).
		One such berdache was We'wha, who became in essence a Zuni cultural ambassador to the white world (even meeting President Grover Cleveland, who thought "he" was a "she") and played a significant role in documenting much of Zuni culture.
	depts.washington.edu /chid/intersections.php?article=1994c (1970 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Native Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Berdache roles can be viewed as alternative or multiple genders because the individuals who occupied them were consistently distinguished from both men and women, and because these roles were multi-dimensional.
		Individuals who became berdaches were typically identified in childhood by their families based on a marked preference for activities of the "opposite" sex.
		Although male berdaches typically engaged in sexual relations with non-berdache males, and female berdaches with women, some had relations with both men and women, and occasionally heterosexually married men became berdaches on the basis of dreams or visions.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/native_americans.html (845 words)

	this title is too damn long
		But where generalizations on the berdache appear outside the context of the Zuni tribe, they should be treated as loose patterns that may or may not be accurate from tribe to tribe.
		One of the most important aspects of the berdache is the inner character, or "spirit." If the parents of a Zuni boy suspect that he is on the way to assume a lhamana status, they will not discourage him because they know that their son's actions are a reflection of his inexorable inner character.
		However, her method of framing when she labels the berdache "Gay" is inaccurate and defies the necessary culturally specific approach to gaining a true understanding of the berdache.
	www.berdache.com /bessay.html (2295 words)

	OccultForums.com - Berdache (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Williams explains the berdache as a custom, its social roles, and the berdache history, including its introduction to the European concept of sin and intolerance of sexual diversity.
		The word berdache applies almost exclusively to males, mainly because historical records only relate dealings with aboriginal males, but Williams also includes a chapter on female sexual diversity, using the word amazon to describe these often warriorlike women.
		Berdaches were treated as sacred and held ceremonial roles as psychic healers, "medicine men" and prophets.
	www.occultforums.com /showthread.php?t=9492 (394 words)

	C:\WEBSITE\CARP\berdache.htm
		Berdache was originally an Arabic and Persian term for the younger partner in a male homosexual relationship, synonymous with "catamite" or "Ganymede." Used in North America since the seventeenth century, the term was not generally adopted until the nineteenth century, and only then by American anthropologists.
		Although Pueblo berdaches were often religious specialists and their supernatural counterparts were portrayed in ceremonies, if they were considered "holy" it was not because of their berdache status as such but because of their religious training, which required the mastery of complex oral literature and ceremonial procedures.
		Berdache status was not a niche for occasional (and presumably "natural") variation in sexuality and gender, nor was it an accidental by-product of unresolved social contradictions.
	www.phenomenologycenter.org /course/berdache.htm (11035 words)

	Nu-Woman Transgender Cabaret - The Berdache Spirit
		They were regarded as a kind of "holy men." Berdache males could also become one of the multiple wives of Indian braves and, in rare cases, of genetic females who became "men" by proving themselves as warriors.
		The term berdache" is, of course, a generic one, as they were called by different -terms depending on the tribe.
		A study of Indian berdache culture could teach us all a way to break out of the narrow-minded Western model of "deviance" and allow us to appreciate the beautiful diversity of the human population in our species of humankind wherever they may fall along the spectrum of the beautiful gender rainbow.
	nu-woman.com /berdache.htm (1009 words)

	B.C. on Gender: The Berdache Tradition
		Yet, Indian berdache are very different from the European view of "berdaj" as "sodomite heretics" as written about by the Crusaders invading Persia in the Middle Ages.
		While 'berdache' is in common use among white gays, Native Americans find the term offensive as it comes ultimately from the Arabic where it means roughly, 'male prostitute'.
		The consensus of opinion is that 'berdache' should not be used and the tribal name should be used when known.
	www.bcholmes.org /tg/berdache.html (357 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Berdache
		Until the 1990s, the word berdache was used in English-language anthropological and ethnographical literature to describe a widely divergent set of social statuses found in many Native American tribal cultures, but which have been largely incomprehensible to Eurocentric observers, who have attempted to describe berdachism as a combination of homosexuality and transvestism.
		Berdache is a relatively recent Anglophonic corruption of this term, which was defined in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French dictionaries as "a young man who is shamefully abused" or "a young man or boy who serves as another's succubus, permitting
		Berdachism was well known to anthropologists of North America in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but discussion of it was most often relegated to footnotes in general texts.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/berdache.html (840 words)

	Will Roscoe -- Berdache
		They were sometimes referred to with the same term for male berdaches and sometimes with a distinct term—making them, therefore, a fourth gender.
		By the Renaissance it was current in Italian as bardascia and bardasso, in Spanish as bardaje (or bardaxe), in French as berdache, and in English as “bardash” with the meaning of “catamite”—the younger partner in an age-differentiated homosexual relationship.
		Berdaches most often form sexual and emotional relationships with non-berdache members of their own sex.
	www.geocities.com /westhollywood/stonewall/3044/berdache.html (983 words)

	Berdache - non
		The word "berdache" also implies a more derogatory view of the people thus labeled than was present in many of the tribes and other groups in which they were found.
		Among the better-known berdache roles are the "nadle" of the Navajo, the "winkte" of the Lakota, and the "hee-man-eh" of the Cheyenne.
		As Walter Williams says, "Shamans are not necessarily berdaches, but because of their spiritual connection, berdaches in many cultures are often considered to be powerful shamans" (35).
	www.moondance.org /1997/summer97/nonfiction/berdache.htm (1173 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Generally berdaches were associated with good luck, they were considered to be lucky people, not because of their alternate gender but because good things seemed to happen to them.
		The berdache would often “stay at home” and take care of the children and do housekeeping while her sister wives would be farming and working in the fields.
		Berdaches are honored in Zuni culture but if a young boy shows inclinations towards this it isn’t forced on him-he’s allowed to develop this at his own pace.
	www.transpride.org /berdache.html (5313 words)

	sheldon miner
		Because of what may happen to a berdache, they often live underground hiding it, or pretend to be straight in public, conforming to the "norm." The extreme is that many leave the reserve for the city where they are welcomed to be who they want to be.
		"Rather than being shunned or hated, the "berdache" was often a powerful and valued member of the community-not simply male or female." They have the liberty to behave in concert with his or her own desires.
		However, the berdache role is not synonymous with the male or female gender role (Schnarch, 115).
	www.stthomasu.ca /~parkhill/nar02/sheldon2.htm (1481 words)

	Berdache
		Two-Spirit People, or one called a 'Berdache', or even one of the 'third gender', are individuals not caterigorized as either gay or lesbian, transvestite or bisexual.
		Before those from Europe came from across the waters, and took over their land, these people were part of the 'norm', connected with the very heartbeat of the life force we are all part of.
		Berdache males in particular often became healers, surgeons, counselors, therapists, high religious priests, shamans, witch doctors and medicine men.
	www.coreymondello.com /Berdache.html (1723 words)

	Gender Nonconformity
		Most berdache are described by themselves and their societies as comprising a ‘third sex/gender’, yet modern anthropologists concentrate on culture and custom and generally do not spend much time commenting upon the physiological – i.e.
		The active/passive roles of the berdache and his husband are not necessarily fixed in private, only in public: a Hupa berdache says of his partner, ‘As far as it was publicly known, he [the husband] was the man. But in bed there was an exchange of roles.
		Part of the social constructionist analysis of the ‘gender role’ of the berdache depends upon the allegation that the husband of the berdache (and the wife of the female berdache) is simply a man (or woman) rather than publicly categorized into a role, but this is not really true.
	www.infopt.demon.co.uk /social04.htm (2621 words)

	Green Berdache Commentary
		Rather than being reviled for this destiny, as they would be in most postindustrial Western societies, berdaches are accorded honor and sometimes looked upon as spiritually gifted, or as mystical bridges between the worlds of male and female.
		The berdache illuminates an understanding of gender that transcends sex roles sharply dichotomized and strictly assigned by anatomy.
		This character is not intended to express the history or anthropology of the berdache or to resemble any society's version of the berdache.
	www.his.com /~borgrav/greencom.htm (633 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Perhaps, some of the Berdache were indeed due to this invasion and masculine/feminine idea, but I would have to say their numbers would be scarce at best.
		The berdache and the gay have been removed from many of society's expecatations, such as the family, and thus have had the time and resources to focus on many other issues.
		Her persuasive explanation of why the word "berdache" should be rejected as a description of men who adopted a female role (based on a discussion at a 1993 conference) should certainly lead to at least minor editorial changes in any number of works.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~rrath/hist460/berdache/reviews.txt (5794 words)

	Journal of Social History: Making the American berdache: Choice or constraint?
		This is evidenced by the native traditions themselves, which at times speak for example of the moon goddess (or female Fate) tricking a boy forced to choose by his elders into choosing the hand holding the female accouterment when he thinks he is choosing the other hand, which holds the male implement.
		The same image of berdaches created at an early age to fulfill the social needs of a particular tribe may also be viewed among other tribes of the area.
		In this way, the process of the Plains vision becomes standard evidence for the general claim that berdaches as a group chose freely, whereas that context of becoming a berdache in the Plains cannot, as the reader will see, be made to stand for all native peoples and for all earlier times.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_3_35/ai_84678614/pg_6 (1228 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Berdache (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Berdache is the term that non-Indians used to refer to individuals in native societies who exhibited cross-gender behavior, including dress.
		Berdache refers mainly to men-as-women because outsiders tended to focus on men as the important figures in native society.
		Because the first non-Indian visitors to a tribal group were usually male, and sought sexual relations with native women, encounters with men-as-women were more common than with women-as-men.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_003600_berdache.htm (224 words)

	Berdache - Male and Female Sharing One Body
		The European word for this person is "berdache".
		These images explore the fusion of male and female which the berdache represents, and are part of a larger series.
		The subject is a young Native American from New Mexico who has recently discovered and is exploring this aspect of his culture.
	www.healthyplace.com /communities/gender/intersexuals/berdache_tradition.htm (190 words)

	Mosse lecture Women-men: The American berdache in history and myth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Through suppression, this social type disappeared by the twentieth century, to be superceded, so to speak, by modern gay cultures among descendants of these native Americans.
		Trexler's talk will describe the berdache as a social, rather than existential type, and clarify its function in native American societies.
		It will also introduce her/him as a subject of scholarly debate, addressing in particular how the berdache has been used and misused in the controversy over gay identity.
	www.english.uva.nl /news/object.cfm?objectID=0F978A69-0F95-4DB7-AA24DFAC3DFC83BB (298 words)

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