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	Berkhamstead
		Berkhamstead Castle is/was an early motte and bailey castle built as a direct result of the Norman Conquest.
		The castle was undoubtedly of wooden construction, as the Chilterns are chalk hills which yield no stone suitable for building, though the area cottages and other later buildings are made from flint, found in abundance in the chalk.) When the land was pacified the opportunity to re-build in stone was taken.
		However time has not been kind to Berkhamstead, much of the walls are gone, pillaged for stone for other edifices, the remaining walls are well worn, the mounds that formed the motte and most likely supported supplementary towers are very noticeable, but are of little assistance in determining the trace.
	www.castles.org /castles/Europe/Western_Europe/United_Kingdom/England/england1.htm (304 words)

	Castle
		In 1139, the castle was a refuge for the Empress Maud during the Anarchy.
		Castles were also developed to defend key part of the countryside such as a mountain pass or river estuary and often exploited the natural geography to support the defensive walls through exploitation of cliffs, rivers, hills and the like.
		The castle stood upon high ground and consisted of three distinct enceintes or wards besides the keep, which was in this case merely a strong tower forming part of the innermost ward, The donion was rarely defended ci outrance and it gradually sank in importance as the outer "wards" grew stronger.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Ca/Castle.html (3415 words)

	Etrusia - History - Motte and Bailey Castles
		Motte and Bailey castles are a good example of how practical the British people have been when it comes to making use of sites reinforced by their predecessors.
		No longer did the local lord sally forth to engage the enemy, now the castle was often the centre of hardened fighting and the arrival of artillery undermined the security of the motte.
		Castle builders and designers moved away from the outmoded motte and bailey and started experimenting with the concentric ring castles and square enclosures that are often shown in literature and fiction.
	www.etrusia.co.uk /mottes.php (1050 words)

	Berkhamstead
		Berkhamsted (Berkhampstead, or Berkhamstead) is a historical town of some 19,000 people, is situated in the west of Hertfordshire, to the north-west of London, UK.
		Now ruined and in the care of English Heritage, this was at one time the home of Edward, the Black Prince and his wife, Joan of Kent.
		Berkhamstead was also the terminating point of the Norman invasion of 1066, the invading army encircling London from the south east, across to the west and north through Wallingford, finally stopping at Berkhamstead, at which point the conquest was effectively complete.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/b/be/berkhamstead.html (260 words)

	Berkhamstead - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Berkhamstead is mainly residential but has clothing, timber, and chemical industries.
		It is the site of an 11th-century royal castle in which Edgar Atheling, a claimant to the throne, submitted to William the Conqueror; Thomas à Becket lived in the castle, and Henry II held court there.
		John II of France was briefly imprisoned in the castle after the battle of Poitiers (1356) in the Hundred Years War.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-berkhams.html (263 words)

	English Castles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The advantages of English castles were quickly perceived by the Medieval Plantagenet Kings and the concept of concentric castles were soon to dominate the English landscape.
		King Edward I continued the castle building initiated by his father Henry III and, with his chief architect and builder Master James of St George, built massive Concentric Castles in England, Scotland and Wales.
		Privately owned English castles which were built as power bases and strongholds came out of favour and English castles were built primarily as magnificent, or palatial, residences of the wealthy.
	www.castles.me.uk /english-castles.htm (588 words)

	Berkhamsted - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The name of the town has been spelt in a variety of ways over the years, and the present spelling was adopted in 1937.
		The castle was rebuilt in stone in the 1080s and became a favourite home of Norman and Plantagenet monarchs.
		Berkhamsted Castle is a ruined Norman castle, beside the railway station.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berkhamstead (673 words)

	Berkhamstead — FactMonster.com
		Berkhamstead is mainly residential but has clothing, timber, and chemical industries.
		, a claimant to the throne, submitted to William the Conqueror; Thomas à Becket lived in the castle, and Henry II held court there.
		John II of France was briefly imprisoned in the castle after the battle of Poitiers (1356) in the Hundred Years War.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0807181.html (106 words)

	Berkhamsted Castle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Berkhamsted Castle, is a ruined Norman Motte and Bailey castle at Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire.
		In the 12th Century, the castle was home to Thomas Becket, Chancellor of England and later Archbishop of Canterbury.
		During the reigns of Henry I and Henry II, the castle was in the hands of the Chancellors, including Thomas Becket.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Berkhamstead_Castle (623 words)

	Dover Castle and the Great Siege of 1216
		Commanding the shortest sea crossing between England and the Continent, Dover Castle was a vital strategic and communication lynch-pin in the empire of the Angevin kings of England.
		The fabric of the northern tip of the castle is an impossibly complex hotchpotch of different periods of documented and undocumented building work, to such an extent indeed that, in the absence of a full archaeological survey, much informed guess-work is involved in establishing its development.
		Early surveys of the castle show two such features, both of which have been attributed in their entirety to Henry III's rebuilding work of the 1220-30s: a barbican and, connecting this with the castle itself, a series of tunnels running under the gatehouse.
	www.deremilitari.org /RESOURCES/ARTICLES/goodall.htm (4921 words)

	Save The Port of Berkhamsted
		It has been brought to our notice that such a proposal now exists in relation to Castle Wharf, Berkhamstead, which is the only surviving wharf in the whole of the town of Berkhamstead.
		The effective removal of the last wharf in Berkhamstead to offer such potential service would be an act of great folly and seriously affect the growth of leisure and amenity services on the adjacent Grand Union Canal.
		Castle Wharf is an important element in the heritage of the Dacorum stretch of the Grand Union.
	websfor.org /saveourwharf/campaign/letters.asp (1565 words)

	cadw - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Cadw is a semi-autonomous publicly-funded body which with the mission to protect, conserve, and to promote the built heritage of Wales — the Welsh equivalent of English Heritage and Historic Scotland.
		Most of Wales' great castles, and other monuments such as bishop's palaces, historic houses, and ruined abbeys, are now in Cadw's care.
		This does not mean that Cadw owns them, but it is responsible for their upkeep and for making them accessible to the public.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Cadw (177 words)

	Richcorn
		Also this year he received the Castle of Berkhamstead and was granted Cornwall and all its tin works.
		The castle, constructed of Chilmark stone, covered an area 390ft long by 102ft wide, and had six towers, a hall, a inner and outer gate and chapel.
		The castle at Launceston was owned by Richard Earl of Cornwall until his death this year.
	homepages.tesco.net /~k.wasley/Richcorn.htm (2152 words)

	Marcus Antonius to Maite - tobg164.htm - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		She died on 31 May 1495 in Berkhamstead Castle, Hertfordshire, England, a Benedictine nun.
		Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick was born on 22 Mar 1424/1425 in Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, England.
		Isabella was born in 1409 in of Conisburgh Castle, Yorkshire, England.
	www.bradleyfoundation.org /Maite/marcus/tobg164.htm (1260 words)

	Descendants of Alexander de Berkeley
		On 1st August 1322, he received a Crown Charter of the lands and barony of Towie, in which he is styled "of Kerko" from an estate owned by the Berkeleys in the Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire.
		According to an inquisition held at Berkeley, co. Gloucester, 27th April 1296, he was an adherent of John Balioli, and was in receipt of two merks paid yearly by contract from the manor of Cam, Gloucestershire.
		Cam, in the district of Dursley, was granted to Robert de Berkeley of Berkeley Castle- of the Fitzhardinge family- for the support of his first spouse, Juliana, niece of the Earl of Pembroke.
	www.genealogy-quest.net /berkeley.htm (740 words)

	The Historic Counties - Key Facts
		Castle Douglas, Creetown, Gatehouse of Fleet, Kirkcudbright, New Galloway.
		Boston Stump; Carr Dyke, Bourne; Lincoln Cathedral; Skegness; Tattersall Castle; the Wolds.
		Bishops Castle, Bridgnorth, Church Stretton, Dawley, Donnington, Ellesmere, Ludlow, Coalbrookedale, Newport, Oswestry, Shrewsbury, Telford.
	www.historiccountiestrust.co.uk /hct_key_facts.htm (2181 words)

	28th Generation (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Lady Isabel Marshall was born 9 Oct 1200 in Pembroke Castle, Pembroke, Wales and married 9 Oct 1217 in Tewkesbury Abbey, Gloucester, England.
		John de Lacy Earl of Lincoln and the Lord of Pontefract and Blackburnshire and Baron of Holton was born 1192 in Lincoln, Lincolnshire County, England and married 21 Jun 1221.
		Roger de Mortimer Baron Wigmore and Lord Mortimer was born 1231 in Cwmaron (Cameron?) Castle, Radnorshire County, Wales and married circa 1265.
	www.boazfamilytree.com /jbourchier/aqwg11.htm (1081 words)

	Berkhamstead - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Berkhamstead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The church of St Peter, dating from the 13th century but heavily restored in the 19th century, consists of many styles from different periods, especially Perpendicular.
		There are also the remains of an 11th-century castle where John II of France was imprisoned in 1356.
		The half-timbered Incent's House dates from the 16th century.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Berkhamstead (169 words)

	Castles.org "Castles of the World"
		Reference for castles, palaces and monasteries including: castle tours, medieval architecture, hotels, travel, plans, weddings, castles for sale, souvenirs, books, directory, site of the week, and history of castles.
		Manzanares el Real Castle, combining the solidarity of a large fortress of the low Middle Ages and the elegance of a Renaissance residence, is a proud symbol of one of the most powerful families in Castilla during the XIV and XV centuries, the Mendozas.
		The Palace Castle, which the Duques del Infantado had built during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, is located near Madrid and set in the breathtaking rocky landscape between La Pedriza and Santillana reservoir.
	castles.org /castles/Europe/.../United_Kingdom/England/england1.htm (161 words)

	AncientCastles
		Related to my love of the unexplained and ancient architecture, I have an intense interest in medieval castles, particularly those found in Wales, England, Scotland and Ireland.
		Some have even been claimed to be 'haunted' with restless 'spirits' of deceased inhabitants and invaders of these buildings.
		Thanks to Marilla R. in England for a few new additions to my library, to Dave B. for the neat castle coasters from Scotland, to Maya S. for the postcards, and John S. for the books & calendar.
	cjdotcom.homestead.com /AncientCastles.html (118 words)

	English Heritage - Stonehenge & the History of England : English Heritage
		English Heritage exists to protect and promote England's spectacular historic environment and ensure that its past is researched and understood.
		Vote Stonehenge or Dover Castle Britain’s Best Historical Site with UKTV History.
		Each English Heritage holiday cottage has a story to tell: its past inextricably linked with an historic house, a fortified castle or a great estate.
	www.english-heritage.org.uk (231 words)

	Castle France - Information
		Castle Murders Castle Dreams stub Drum Castle Drum Castle is a castle near Banchory Drum is the Drum The castle and its The is surrounded the castle is owned Drum web site Castle Junction denotes The Castle portion of nearby Mountain, the Mountain campground gate Point is on Point and of Point is blocked.
		Castle Liechtenstein b the is mainly Castle Thunder is of: Thunder prison Thunder,.
		The was constructed Dariush castle and some The was in The was severly Khan Castle, Seljuk era, khan also Rood khan, is medieval in Iran The is built Rudkhan River also the which originates the is its Rudkhan Castle occupies an The s 42 castle france.
	home.tiscali.de /onlineinfo/castle-france.html (262 words)

	Montagu
		He was custodian of Sherborne Castle and sheriff of Somerset and Dorset, 1204-1207, and a justiciar in 1208.
		In 1311 he was commissioned to survey Hastings and other castles and their defenses and to provide custodians for them, and on 29 Sep he was given charge of Berkhamstead Castle.
		In May 1313, he accompanied the King and Queen overseas to attend the coronation of Louis X. In 1315/16 he was a commander in Wales, and in Jul 1316 was at Bristol to settle the dispute between Sir Bartholomew de Badlesmere and the burgesses.
	www.geneajourney.com /mntgu.html (1438 words)

	27th Generation (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Roger de Clifford was born circa 1168 or 1191 in Clifford Castle, Herefordshire County, England.
		Castle, Lincolnshire County, England and was buried in Worcester Cathedral.
		Innocent took the King's side, and in the ensuing civil war John captured Rochester castle and laid waste the northern counties and the Scottish border.
	www.boazfamilytree.com /gneville/aqwg10.htm (5869 words)

	Ancestors & Relatives of Dan Lee Davis - pafg487 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Prince of England RICHARD, [Parents] was born on 5 Jan 1208/1209 in Of, Winchester, Hampshire, England.
		He died on 2 Aug 1272 in Castle, Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, England.
		She was sealed to her parents on 2 Mar 1955 in the Salt Lake temple.
	danleedavis.com /pafg487.htm (425 words)

	Thomas Culpeper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In the time of King Edward II, who ruled from 1307 to 1327, he and his brother John was a partisan of Lord Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, in his bitter fight at the Battle of Boroughbridge and the fatal fight at Pontefract against King Edward 11 in 1321.
		As a consequence, Sir Thomas was executed in October of that year at Winchelsea, a short time before the king executed his brother Walter at Leeds Castle.
		His brother John was imprisoned in York Castle in 1322 and released from Castle Berkhamstead by King Edward III, immediately upon his accession to the throne in 1327; and returned his estate.
	xpda.com /family/ind01230.htm (216 words)

	Ancestors of Clyde Isaac Fechser - pafg38 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Richard Prince of England Cornwall Earl of Cornwall was born on 5 Jan 1209 in Winchester, Hampshire, England.
		He died on 2 Apr 1274 in Berkhamstead, Castle, Hertford, England.
		William De Scoville was born about 1190 in of, Corfe, Castle.
	www.dijoninc.com /dianesden/Clyde_Gen/pafg38.htm (323 words)

	Retirement Villages
		For the very best of nature, consider Castle Village.
		The 28-acre site is set within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – thousands of acres managed by the National Trust.
		If you prefer to spend winter somewhere in the sun, your home in the village will remain safe, secure and maintained until you return.
	www.elmbridgevillage.co.uk /castle.html (310 words)

	Isabel De Clare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		He was born 1221 in Cwmaron Castle, Radmorshire, Wales, and died October 27, 1282 in Kingsland, Herefordshire, England.
		He was born 1237 in Elmley Castle, England, and died June 22, 1298 in Elmley Castle, England.
		HUMPHREY DE BOHUN VII was born 1249 in Hereford, Hertfordshire, England, and died December 31, 1298 in Pleshey Castle, Essex, England.
	www.donovanclan.net /boru/isabel_de_clare.htm (1942 words)

	(GCDFE9) Rampart Rise - Gold Cache (Herts) by Dan and Pid
		Located near to a footpath overlooking Berkhamstead Castle and its Town in Hertfordshire, a short walk from the suggested parking will make for a nice view.
		It is a good example of a motte and bailey castle where the original wooden defences were later rebuilt in stone.
		The entire castle is surrounded by two moats, separated by an earth rampart.
	www.geocaching.com /seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=9075ea81-e991-4119-b264-6f5fb3ba369a (456 words)

	Britannia Biographies: Edward the Black Prince, Prince of Wales
		Its front was open to the Thames, where the prince kept swans in considerable number, to which allusion is often made in these accounts.
		The Prince's country residences appear to have been chiefly Berkhamstead Castle (Herts), Wallingford Castle (Berks), Northbourne near Sandwich (Kent), Byfleet (Surrey) and Kennington Manor (Surrey) near London.
		At the expiration of the truce with France, on the 24th June 1355, he began to prepare for his departure for Gascony, invested, as the King's lieutenant, with the government of all his French possessions.
	www.britannia.com /bios/royals/blckprnc.html (966 words)

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