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Topic: Berlin crisis

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	Berlin Crisis of 1949 - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Berlin Crisis of 1949 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The closing of entry to Berlin from the west by Soviet Forces from June 1948 to May 1949.
		In 1961 East Berlin was sealed off with the construction of the Berlin Wall.
		Berlin was well within Soviet-occupied East Germany, but the city, like the whole of Germany, was divided into four occupational zones, under the jurisdiction of the Allied Control Council.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Berlin+Crisis+of+1949 (323 words)

	classical music - andante - bankrupt in berlin
		Since Berlin's financial crisis was outed early last year, the city has lumbered on much the same as before; technically speaking, a city cannot become bankrupt, and so the figures tend to be conveniently ignored.
		Berlin has no tradition of sponsorship; its inhabitants are not wealthy by German standards, the lucrative firms are based elsewhere, and there are no tax incentives for potential donors.
		That status matters a lot to Berlin, even though the city isn't yet quite sure what it means to be a cultural capital, and has yet to define its role in that capacity.
	www.andante.com /magazine/article.cfm?id=16135 (1281 words)

	John F. Kennedy, The Berlin Crisis—July 25, 1961
		In Berlin, as you recall, he intends to bring to an end, through a stroke of the pen, first our legal rights to be in West Berlinand secondly our ability to make good on our commitment to the two million free people of that city.
		We face a challenge in Berlin, but there is also a challenge in Southeast Asia, where the borders are less guarded, the enemy harder to find, and the dangers of communism less apparent to those who have so little.
		Berlin is not a part of East Germany, but a separate territory under the control of the allied powers.
	www.presidentialrhetoric.com /historicspeeches/kennedy/berlincrisis.html (3593 words)

	Berlin Wall : Berlin Crisis
		The Berlin Wall was a long wall isolating West Berlin from the surrounding territory of East Germany.
		Initially the citizens of Berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors, but as the Cold War developed movement became restricted; the border between East and West Germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the Western sectors of Berlin to the citizens of East Germany increased.
		On Christmas Day, December 25, 1989 Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the Fall of the Wall, the first step to the reunification[?] of Germany, which was formally concluded on October 3, 1990.
	www.fastload.org /be/Berlin_Crisis.html (753 words)

	H-Net Review: David Sheinin on The Berlin Wall Crisis: Perspectives on Cold War Alliances
		The Crisis underscored the growing divide between two Germanys--one liberal capitalist, the other illiberal socialist: "It was ideology that gave the Berlin crisis its edge, giving meaning to the balance of power and introducing a particular source of instability" (p.
		John Gearson's "Origins of the Berlin Crisis, 1958-62" is included, according to editors, to bring readers up to speed on the origins of the Crisis and to obviate the need for subsequent chapters to repeat over and over key events.
		In "The Berlin Crisis and the FRG, 1958-62," Jill Kastner concludes that Adenauer's relations with Washington and London were permanently strained by the Berlin Crisis.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=77271053110827 (1814 words)

	Cold War
		Russia then went on to claim that Berlin was rightfully theirs and that the Western powers had control only of West Berlin because they had more votes when the partition was being made.
		Berlin was the only spot open to immigration between the two countries.
		In 1961, Berlin, the last place through which immigrants could leave East Germany, was blocked off by the "infamous" Berlin Wall, at which more than 80 persons were shot while trying to escape East Germany on non-consecutive occasions.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Rhodes/6916/cold.htm (2811 words)

	The Berlin Crisis 1958-1962
		The Berlin crisis involved a controversy so bitter and so sustained that at its height world leaders feared that a misstep could trigger a nuclear war.
		The crisis unfolded through a war of words, diplomatic negotiations, superpower summits, and military posturing and preparations as East and West argued over the status of Berlin.
		For Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, U.S. "credibility" was at stake: a failure in Berlin could disrupt NATO and weaken American influence in West Germany, the key to the balance of power in Europe.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/berlin_crisis/berlin.html (826 words)

	the berlin crisis -- the berlin crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		She paid particular attention to the Berlin crisis and explained how the attention of the entire world was focused on it.
		The Berlin crisis was also underway; this led to great concern in Finland since the FCMA treaty specifically mentioned German actions as a subject of consultation.
		However, because of the Berlin crisis, he was placed on active duty for a little over a year before he finally had the opportunity to follow through with his plans.
	www.djberlin.com /theberlincrisis (3660 words)

	berlin crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		See live article Treaty of Berlin, 1878 The Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878), by which the...
		Although the new government was confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by...
		Lorenz, the CDU candidate running for the mayor of Berlin, was kidnapped to force the release of several...
	www.germanyresources.com /germany/berlin+crisis (1108 words)

	the east asia crisis Free Essays
		THE BERLIN CRISIS The Berlin Crisis involved a controversy so bitter that at its height world leaders feared that a misstep could trigger a nuclear war.
		Essay Crisis + Struggle = Growth - Chinese Proverb The Chinese proverb “ Crisis + Struggle = Growth” is saying that the outcome of a crisis and a struggle is growth.
		Midlife Crisis Culture When I was 25, a male friend of mine was 39, rapidly approaching 40 and he was suffering a midlife crisis.
	www.mytermpapers.com /search/77773.html (821 words)

	McGEORGE BUNDY
		MB: In thinking about the Berlin Crisis the Americans had to take account of many opinions of many statesmen but few were more important than Chancellor Adenauer because he was the leader of the Federal Republic and the Federal Republic was deeply concerned, its citizens and its government, with Berlin.
		MB: Well, the Berlin Crisis was created by Khrushchev, and by his effort to persuade the Western countries that terrible things would happen if they did not accept his view of what should happen to Berlin which was, in essence, that it should be unified under the control of the East Germans.
		It left us with a Berlin Crisis that was still active and in which no progress had been made.
	www2.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-9/bundy1.html (1096 words)

	Revision Centre - GCSE History - Berlin Crisis
		In March 1948 the Russians began to regulate traffic on the road to Berlin in their section of Germany.
		Train departures from Berlin were stopped and in June all traffic was stopped.
		Berlin was deep inside the Russian zone and only 100 miles from the Polish border.
	www.revisioncentre.co.uk /gcse/history/berlin_crisis.html (124 words)

	Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis (July 25, 1961)
		In Berlin, as you recall, he intends to bring to an end, through a stroke of the pen, first our legal rights to be in West Berlin -- and secondly our ability to make good on our commitment to the two million free people of that city.
		The NATO shield was long ago extended to cover West Berlin -- and we have given our word that an attack upon that city will be regarded as an attack upon us all.
		We must meet our oft-stated pledge to the free peoples of West Berlin -- and maintain our rights and their safety, even in the face of force -- in order to maintain the confidence of other free peoples in our word and our resolve.
	honors.umd.edu /HONR269J/archive/JFK610725.html (3664 words)

	Book.ie - Airbridge ($1.21 USD, £0.67 GBP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This work presents the Berlin Blockade as a titanic struggle between two blocks of nations with divergent ideologies that nearly plunged the world into another major war.
		The most important contribution of "Airbridge to Berlin," however, is the more than 300 fl and white photographs that illustrate the volume.
		The lives and hardships of the Berliners as well as the relationships formed between the pilots and the people give the book a realistic touch.
	network.programming-in.net /book/book.aspx?Airbridge (383 words)

	BERLIN CRISIS
		Thoughts of the 1948 Berlin Blockade began to arise in Washington.
		But other than building the Berlin Wall and generally making life miserable for a large number of German citizens in both West and East Germany, the threat posed by the Soviets seemed to be minimal.
		But for me, the erection of the Berlin Wall was a godsend enabling me to complete a twenty-two year Air Force career.
	www.sabre-pilots.org /classics/v103berlin.htm (855 words)

	Berlin Crisis
		As the confrontation over Berlin escalated, on 25 July President Kennedy requested an increase in the Army's total authorized strength from 875,000 to approximately 1 million men, along with increasse of 29,000 and 63,000 men in the active duty strength of the Navy and the Air Force.
		He also requested new funds to identify and mark space in existing structures that could be used for fall-out shelters in case of attack, to stock those shelters with food, water, first-aid kits and other minimum essentials for survival, and to improve air-raid warning and fallout detection systems.
		The crisis ended in the summer of 1962 and the personnel returned to the United States.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/berlin.htm (1242 words)

	berlin crisis -- berlin crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		After serving in the Bundestag from 1949 to 1957, he was mayor of West Berlin during the Berlin crisis of 1961, when the Wall was built almost overnight.
		Griffin, Airbridge to Berlin -- The Berlin Crisis of 1948, its Origins and Aftermath, are arranged in topical sections and offer a helpful and concise background and overview of the political and...
		The Berlin crisis led to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, in April 1949 and...
	www.djberlin.com /berlincrisis (3631 words)

	FOREIGN OFFICE FILES: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Series Three: The Cold War (Public Record Office Class FO 371 & Related ...
		The Berlin Crisis, culminating in the massive Allied Airlift, June 1948-May 1949, was one of the first major episodes of the Cold War and helped to shape the nature and outline of modern Germany before and after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
		The Crisis followed swiftly in the aftermath of the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia, February 1948, and the signature of the Brussels Treaty, March 1948.
		On 26 June 1948, USAF C-47s delivered the first 80 tons of food supplies into Berlin after the Soviet authorities claiming "Technical difficulties" halted all traffic by land and by water into or out of the western controlled sectors of Berlin.
	www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk /collections_az/FO-USA-3-1/description.aspx (919 words)

	berlin wall Free Essays
		The Berlin Wall, for twenty-eight years, separated friends, families, and a nation.
		A lot of suffering began for Germany when World War II commenced, but by the end of the war Germany was in the mists of a disaster waiting to happen.
		Archeologists believe that the Great Wall of China was built between the seventh and ninth century B.C. The construction began in the Zhou dynasty when the people at war built a defensive wall to ward off enemies from the north.
	www.mytermpapers.com /search/82818.html (825 words)

	H-Net Review: Jonathan Colman on Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis
		As a result of the Berlin crisis of 1961, the Kennedy administration increased spending on public shelters, but support for civil defense measures declined soon after.
		While she finds the impact on the former fragmentary and hard to quantify, the impact on the latter is easier to measure, in the sense that "the demonstrations of the missile crisis period" planted "some of the seeds for the peace movement...
		The focus on the domestic effects of the crisis, rather than the more customary diplomatic and strategic dimensions of the episode, is refreshing and original.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=281591095579457 (892 words)

	McNamara, Castro, Cuban Missile Crisis \| MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Fog of war indeed; "Such meetings, part of Blight’s unconventional fifteen-year study of the crisis, have led McNamara and others to a startling conclusion: we were much closer to nuclear war than anyone thought.
		Meanwhile, I heard from the gods of NPR, two days ago, that recently released documents from the Cuban Missile Crisis show Kennedy Adminstration officials "making the sorts of deliberations as are now being made by the Bush administration over Iraq." No further comment.
		In my opinion, it was the US who was the provacateur and instigator for the whole Cuban Missile crisis.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/23014 (626 words)

	Berlin berlin crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		When you are looking for superior advice concerning berlin crisis, you'll find it difficult sorting out the best information from misguided berlin crisis submissions and help so it's best to know ways of moderating the information presented to you.
		A good pointer to follow when offered help or advice about a berlin crisis website would be to determine who owns the site.
		Doing this could reveal the owners berlin crisis credibility The fastest way to determine who owns the berlin crisis website is to look on the 'about' page or 'contact' page.
	www.europe-now.com /berlin/berlin-crisis.htm (209 words)

	Guide Introduction: The John F. Kennedy National Security Files: Western Europe,
		The United States and its western allies weathered a grave crisis in Berlin in 1961, to be sure, but in general relations between them deteriorated.
		The major crisis faced by the Western allies during the Kennedy years--the Berlin crisis of 1961--also had mixed results for the alliance.
		Kennedy and his advisers were thus privately relieved that construction of the Berlin Wall might stop the exodus of East Germans, thus easing the crisis.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/guides/area_studies/nsf/jfkeurope.asp (1396 words)

	Expatica - Living in, moving to, or working in Germany, plus News in English
		The spokeswoman said a solution had to be found in the crisis resulting from Sunday's run-off polls which was acceptable to all sides.
		Polish President Alexander Kwasniewski and EU foreign affairs chief Javier Solana were among the dignitaries arriving in Kiev on Friday for talks to defuse the conflict.
		Fischer told journalists in Berlin that if there were signs of "considerable falsifications" in Sunday's poll "then one cannot rule out new elections being held".
	www.expatica.com /source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=52&story_id=14409&name=Berlin+joins+efforts+toresolve+Ukraine+crisis (737 words)

	Chronik der Mauer \| Literatur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ein biografisches Lexikon, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Berlin.
		Verein "Berliner Mauer - Gedenkstätte und Dokumentationszentrum" (Hg.), 1999: Berliner Mauer: Gedenkstätte, Dokumentationszentrum und Versöhnungskapelle in der Bernauer Straße, Berlin.
		Der umfassende Führer zur Berliner Mauer, Berlin [u.a.].
	www.chronik-der-mauer.de /index.php/material/literatur (4965 words)

	Palgrave Macmillan : Catalogue Page
		This volume highlights the complex intra-alliance politics of what was seen as the likeliest flash point of conflict in the Cold War and demonstrates how strongly determinant were concerns about relationships with allies in the choices made by all the major governments.
		It recounts the evolution of policy during the 1958 and 1961 Berlin crises from the perspective of each government central to the crisis, one on the margins and the military headquarters responsible for crafting an agreed Western military campaign
		Italy and the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1961; L.Nuti & B.Bagnato
	www.palgrave.com /products/Catalogue.aspx?is=0333929608 (227 words)

	The Berlin Crisis
		Today, the endangered frontier of freedom runs z through divided Berlin.
		For I cannot believe that the Russian peoplewho bravely suffered enormous losses in the Second World Warwould now wish to see the peace upset once more in Germany.
		To sum it all up: we seek peacebut we shall not surrender.
	www.brandywinesources.com /1946-present/1961DOCKennedyBerlinCrisisSpeech.htm (3583 words)

	Essay: Explain the Significance of:Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Aid, and the Berlin Crisis. - ...
		Essay: Explain the Significance of:Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Aid, and the Berlin Crisis.
		Explain the Significance of:Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Aid, and the Berlin Crisis.
		In order for one to fully understand the nature of the Cold War, one must first access some of its main factors: the Yalta Conference, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Crisis.
	www.coursework.info /i/70655.html (295 words)

	Khrushchev's Speech on Berlin, 1961
		By the time he unleashed the crisis, Khrushchev knew that Soviet possession of nuclear weapons meant that West Germany was not such a big military threat, but he feared that the FRG’s economic and political prowess might eventually overwhelm the weak, unstable GDR.
		The decision to cut off West Berlin from the GDR by a Wall thus came as a blessing in disguise both for Khrushchev and Kennedy.
		All through the crisis the official Soviet line was to promote trade contacts with West Berlin and prepare the ground for drawing it, and ultimately West Germany, toward the East.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/khrush.htm (2834 words)

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