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Topic: Bernal sphere

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	Bernal, J. D. (John Desmond) (1901-1971)
		Bernal graduated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and began his research career in crystallography under William Bragg at the Davy-Faraday Laboratory, in London, before returning to Cambridge.
		An inorganic origin, as a result of processes in the early solar system, said Bernal, could mean that meteorites provided the raw materials for the first synthesis of life on Earth (see cosmic collisions, biological effects).
		Bernal discussed the possibility of colonies in space (see Bernal Sphere).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/BernalJD.html (415 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Bernal sphere
		A Bernal sphere is a type of space habitat intended as a long-term home for permanent residents, first proposed in 1929 by Dr. John Desmond Bernal[?].
		The Bernal sphere would be filled with air and rotated to provide artificial gravity via centrifugal force, resulting in an interior landscape that would resemble a large valley running all the way around the equator of the sphere.
		This version of the Bernal sphere was dubbed the "Island One" design, with Islands Two and Three being the Stanford torus and O'Neill cylinder, respectively.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/be/Bernal_sphere (244 words)

	Bernal sphere
		A Bernal sphere is a type of space habitat intended as a long-term home for permanent residents, first proposed in 1929 by Dr. John Desmond Bernal[?].
		The Bernal sphere would be filled with air and rotated to provide artificial gravity via centrifugal force, resulting in an interior landscape that would resemble a large valley running all the way around the equator of the sphere.
		This version of the Bernal sphere was dubbed the "Island One" design, with Islands Two and Three being the Stanford torus and O'Neill cylinder, respectively.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/be/Bernal_sphere.html (219 words)

	j.d. bernal -- a centenary tribute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Bernal was one of the pioneers in applying operations research ideas in these war years and was directly involved in the D-Day landing of the Allied forces in Normandy.
		Bernal was also pivotal in mobilising the support of British scientists in helping the newly independent colonies in their scientific planning and in mobilising support for the UNESCO, the brain child of the UNESCO being his fellow Marxist, Joseph Needham.
		Bernal had concluded that the future of science in these societies depended as much on their internal stability as also on cessation of hostilities in the socialist camp and in these societies’ ability to ward off external threats of war, including nuclear war.
	cpim.org /marxist/200101_marxist_bernal_apatil.htm (4244 words)

	j.d. bernal -- a centenary tribute
		Bernal was one of the pioneers in applying operations research ideas in these war years and was directly involved in the D-Day landing of the Allied forces in Normandy.
		Bernal was also pivotal in mobilising the support of British scientists in helping the newly independent colonies in their scientific planning and in mobilising support for the UNESCO, the brain child of the UNESCO being his fellow Marxist, Joseph Needham.
		Bernal had concluded that the future of science in these societies depended as much on their internal stability as also on cessation of hostilities in the socialist camp and in these societies’ ability to ward off external threats of war, including nuclear war.
	www.cpim.org /marxist/200101_marxist_bernal_apatil.htm (4244 words)

	Bernal sphere
		As the material and energy needs of the human race grew, Bernal surmised, it would be natural that someday orbiting colonies would be built to harness the Sun's energy and provide extra living space for a burgeoning population.
		An advantage of the sphere is that it has the smallest surface area for a given internal volume, so minimizing the amount of radiation shielding required.
		Bernal, J. The World, the Flesh, and the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul, 2nd ed.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/BernalSph.html (202 words)

	J. D. Bernal Summary
		Bernal, noted for his energy and exuberance, was professor of physics at the University of London and became a fellow of the Royal Society at age 36.
		Bernal was reputed for his wild imagination, passion, and high energy; however, in spite of his personality, he painstakingly, patiently, and excitedly applied himself to the somewhat boring task of measuring graphite structures and surfaces.
		Bernal was struck by the unity, philosophical integrality, and social purpose of the Soviet scientists, which contrasted with the undisciplined philosophies and remoteness from social considerations of their British colleagues.
	www.bookrags.com /J._D._Bernal (2731 words)

	Critique of Martin Bernal
		According to Bernal, it was only in the era of European colonialism and racism that classicists decided, for ideological reasons, that the ancient Greeks, as the forefathers of Europe, had to be Indo-European and white, and that they could not owe anything of importance in their culture to Africans or Semites.
		Bernal was one of those who voluntarily surrendered his intellect and scholarly integrity to the cause of the greatest mass murderer in the history of mankind: that of Joseph Stalin.
		In the political sphere, the Athenians invented the strict concept of absolute equality (isonomia) among citizens, discovered the virtues of unrestrained free speech (parrhesia) and of innovation in politics, and believed that genuine democracy required that the chief offices of the state be distributed by lot and not by election according to merit.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/309/bernal.htm (4070 words)

	John Desmond Bernal
		Bernal argued that it was a highly objectionable procedure to make what science could not know, or at least did not know, rather than what it could and did know, the basis for affirmations about the nature of the universe.
		Bernal did realise that such anti-scientific philosophies did not spring up out of sheer perversity or willfulness on the part of their exponents, but were symptomatic of a widespread and pervasive confusion.
		Bernal himself was firmly committed to the science of genetics and was conducting experiments aimed at discerning the molecular structure of the gene.
	www.comms.dcu.ie /sheehanh/bernal.htm (4718 words)

	Future Hi: Bernal Spheres
		Bernal Spheres are large spherical living spaces for space colonies.
		The slightly curved plates, arranged in a circle surrounding the sphere, are the second stage in a series of mirrors which bring sunlight into the habitat at controlled hours.
		The second-stage mirrors pass the light at a desired angle to the ring-shaped mirrors capping the sphere.
	www.futurehi.net /archives/000085.html (1049 words)

	Bernal sphere - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bernal sphere would be filled with air.
		This version of the Bernal sphere was dubbed the "Island One" design, and was sized for a population of 10,000.
		Space Colony ARK, a fictional Bernal sphere colony in Sonic the Hedgehog
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bernal_sphere (284 words)

	J. D. Bernal - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		He is also famous for having firstly proposed in 1929 the so-called Bernal sphere, a type of space habitat intended as a long-term home for permanent residents.
		His family was Sephardic Jewish on his father's side, though his father Samuel was a Catholic; his mother, nee Elizabeth Miller, was an American Catholic convert, a graduate of Stanford University and a journalist.
		Martin Bernal, author of Black Athena, is his son with Margaret Gardiner.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/J._D._Bernal (725 words)

	Bernal - Qwika
		Bernal Bernal be possible are related to: Bernal (Argentina), a city in the North east of Quilmes in Argentina Bernal (Querétaro), a village in the state Querétaro in Mexico Jody Bernal, Nederlands zanger Gael García Bernal, Mexicaans...
		Gabriel Bernal Gabriel Bernal (born Marck 24 1956) in Guerrero, Mexico was a former WBC Flyweight Champion.
		Bernal (Querétaro) Bernal, with in the context the monoliet.
	www.qwika.com /find/Bernal (425 words)

	The Architecture of Artificial-Gravity Environments for Long-Duration Space Habitation
		As a scientist himself, Bernal was well aware of the rapid progression of all branches of science and technology.
		Bernal acknowledged that the human body did not evolve to thrive in such an environment, but imagined that its current limitations would become irrelevant.
		Bernal's radical concept of adapting the human body to the environment is counter to most space habitation proposals, which prefer to do things the other way around.
	www.artificial-gravity.com /Dissertation/1_2.htm (3002 words)

	[No title]
		The Dyson sphere (or Dyson shell) was originally proposed in 1959 by the astronomer Freeman Dyson in "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" in Science as a way for an advanced civilisation to utilise all of the energy radiated by their sun.
		In a type I dyson sphere roughly the same things would be seen: a plane wall of orbital habitats, solar collectors and whatnot stretching away into what looks like infinity (although here the curvature may become noticeable for observant viewers) and a hemispherical bowl covering the rest of the sky, centered around the sun.
		But if the sphere is inside the dyson sphere (the sun is ignored in this calculation, as we are only interested in the gravity of the dyson sphere), there is no mass inside it and hence the integral must be zero, which means that there is no gravitational field inside the sphere.
	www.nada.kth.se /~asa/dysonFAQ.html (5329 words)

	[No title]
		The Dyson sphere (or Dyson shell) was originally proposed in 1959 by the astronomer Freeman Dyson in "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" in Science as a way for an advanced civilisation to utilise all of the energy radiated by their sun.
		In a type I dyson sphere roughly the same things would be seen: a plane wall of orbital habitats, solar collectors and whatnot stretching away into what looks like infinity (although here the curvature may become noticeable for observant viewers) and a hemispherical bowl covering the rest of the sky, centered around the sun.
		But if the sphere is inside the dyson sphere (the sun is ignored in this calculation, as we are only interested in the gravity of the dyson sphere), there is no mass inside it and hence the integral must be zero, which means that there is no gravitational field inside the sphere.
	www.student.nada.kth.se /~asa/dysonFAQ.html (5329 words)

	What is an Orbital Space Colony?
		Since the sphere has the smallest surface area for whatever volume one needs, the amount of radiation shielding is minimized.
		The Bernal Sphere features a sphere for the living area and stacked toruses for the agricultural modules.
		In a sphere, the axis of rotation must pass through the center of the sphere.
	www.belmont.k12.ca.us /ralston/programs/itech/SpaceSettlement/what/what.html (3709 words)

	Choosing Among Alternatives
		The advantages of the torus compared to the sphere and cylinder are discussed further in appendices B and C which define some criteria and parameters useful for such comparisons.
		Relative to the sphere and cylinder it is economical in its requirements for structural and atmospheric mass; relative to the composite structures it offers better esthetic and architectural properties.
		When the Bernal sphere is compared with its nearest competitor, the banded torus, it is seen to be particularly efficient in its shielding requirements, needing 300,000 t less than the banded torus and millions of tonnes less than any other configuration.
	www.nas.nasa.gov /About/Education/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/Chapt4.html (10047 words)

	John DESMOND Bernal - Lost-Forum.com
		Bernal conceived of the Bernal sphere, a rotating space colony with a diameter of approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles), filled with air and colonized around the equator, where the rotation of the colony would create centrifugal force to simulate Earth's gravity.
		Bernal's original proposal described a hollow spherical shell 16 km in diameter, with a target population of 20,000 to 30,000 people.
		This version of the Bernal sphere was dubbed the "Island One" design, and was sized for a population of 10,000.
	lost-forum.com /showthread.php?t=14177 (683 words)

	Geoffrey Sampson: Why are metropolitan élites politically irresponsible?
		Bernal is a British expert on modern Chinese history, who went to work in the USA; he recently retired as Professor of Government at Cornell University.
		In a nutshell, Bernal argues that rather than creating their remarkable culture themselves, the Greeks of the first millennium BC were given it by Black Africans and by Semitic people, who colonized Greece at a period which was remembered in myths but was a little too early to be recorded in written history.
		Bernal’s title shows that the main thrust of his argument relates to a Black African ancestry for our civilization, and that is the point which would revolutionize our understanding if it were true.
	www.grsampson.net /CBernal.html (5411 words)

	sphereit:www.sfbg.com/blogs/music/2007/09/tip_o_the_tibbs.html - Sphere
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	www.sphere.com /search?q=sphereit:http://www.sfbg.com/blogs/music/2007/09/tip_o_the_tibbs.html (3054 words)

	J. D. Bernal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) was an Irish-born scientist (from Nenagh, County Tipperary), known for pioneering X-ray crystallography.
		He is also famous for having firstly proposed in 1929 the so-called Bernal sphere, a type of space habitat intended as a long-term home for permanent residents.
		His family was Sephardic Jewish on his father's side, though his father Samuel was a Catholic; his mother, nee Elizabeth Miller, was an American Catholic convert, a graduate of Stanford University and a journalist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/J._D._Bernal (669 words)

	View to the Future
		An example from what might be a class of geometries is the "Bernal sphere" discussed in chapter 4, which seems representative of possible designs of interest.
		As far as now known the Bernal sphere is more suitable than other geometries for the addition of passive cosmic-ray shielding, and for a given diameter it is far more efficient in mass than the cylinder geometries.
		That is equivalent to the statement that 12 percent of the maximum population of one such sphere, working for 3 yr could duplicate the habitat.
	space.alglobus.net /75SummerStudy/Chapt7.html (4333 words)

	Bernal Sphere Space Settlement
		The Bernal Sphere design is very similar to that used in the science fiction series Babylon 5, although the original Bernal Sphere design is much smaller, only 1 mile in circumference, and can house 10,000 people.
		Bernal Sphere interior, complete with California-style wine and cheese party, and human powered flight in the lower-gravity area near the axis.
		Bernal Sphere hub still in the construction phase, with shielding and mirrors being installed.
	www.nss.org /settlement/space/bernalsphere.htm (232 words)

	Bernal - Qwika
		Bernal Heights, San Francisco, California The Bernal Heights hill and microwave tower The Bernal Heights neighborhood, familiarly called Bernal (pronounced Ber-nal, rhymes with kernel), lies...
		Bernal Diaz of the Castle is the cronista...
		Bernal Diaz de Castilho is the cronista that...
	www.qwika.com /find/Bernal?int=40 (461 words)

	Bernal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Bernal DÃaz del Castillo (1492 or 1493 - 1581), a conquistador, who wrote an eyewitness account of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards
		Bernal Heights, San Francisco, California, a neighborhood of San Francisco, in the USA
		Bernal sphere, a type of space habitat intended as a long-term home for permanent residents
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http://articles.gourt.com/%22http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DBernal (146 words)

	Massive engineering projects? - HERO GAMES Discussion Boards
		Again, the sphere is spun to produce gravity, however, unlike the Ringworld, the gravity varies depending on where one is on the sphere.
		As you follow the inside of the sphere around toward the poles (where the axis of spin intersects the sphere) the "gravity" gets less and less until at the "poles" you have effective free-fall, and the atmosphere will start venting itself into the vacuum between the shell and the star.
		The reason I didn't mention either ringworlds or Dyson Spheres is that he requested ideas for things that could be realistically expected to be possible, using mostly 'hard' science, within a couple of centuries, and I don't think that either ringworlds or Dyson Spheres are realisitic possibilities just a couple of centuries from now.
	www.herogames.com /forums/showthread.php?t=17049 (2778 words)

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