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Topic: Bernard Kettlewell

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	Research Proposal
		Kettlewell is most famous for his work on the phenomenon of industrial melanism, which refers to a rapid rise in the frequencies of dark (melanic) forms in several moth species in areas downwind of industrial centers, apparently in response to pollution.
		Kettlewell's experiments further documented that melanic forms were at a selective advantage of.40 in polluted environments relative to pale forms, well in excess of what most scientists at the time thought was possible in nature.
		Kettlewell's work is one of several routinely used by science educators to teach the concept of natural selection, and a number of authors have stressed how the historical, sociological and philosophical aspects of this episode in particular make it especially appropriate for use in science teaching (e.g.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~rudged/proposal.html (2804 words)

	Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth Remains an Icon of Evolution - TalkDesign
		Kettlewell was a distinguished naturalist whose studies on predation in peppered moths were a landmark in demonstrating natural selection in the wild.
		Kettlewell visually ranked the effectiveness of camouflage of moths on different backgrounds and compared the effectiveness of camouflage with predation rates both in an aviary and in the field.
		Kettlewell's data are simply accounted for by the unsurprising fact that you can recapture more moths when you release more, that and normal experimental variation.
	talkdesign.org /cs/?q=moonshine (3757 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Flights of Fancy
		Rather oddly, Hooper, or should I say Judith, calls all her key figures by their Christian names throughout.) Kettlewell was interested in a phenomenon called "melanism," by which variants of the moth emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries with darker wings than normal.
		Kettlewell was a medical doctor, not an academic, who was seduced by Ford into academe at a time when much good work in biology was done by hordes of amateur naturalists who carried out the tedious work of spotting and counting varieties of flora and fauna.
		She is particularly good in her detailed biographical accounts of Ford and Kettlewell and their circle, people who encapsulate a certain independence of spirit verging on arrogance that seems to have permeated British society in the middle of the 20th century.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A33962-2002Aug1?language=printer (891 words)

	CB601.4: Increased recapture of peppered moths
		In one of Bernard Kettlewell's peppered moth studies, his moth recapture rate increased greatly beginning on July 1.
		Kettlewell would not have received Ford's letter before the increase in his recapture rate had already begun.
		Kettlewell's conclusions were based not only on his recapture experiment but also on three other investigations.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB601_4.html (236 words)

	Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth Remains an Icon of Evolution
		Kettlewell reported releasing and recapturing moths during an 11-day period in 1953. His data are reproduced in Table 1 (1955: 332). The numbering of the days is mine.
		Thus, I examined Kettlewell's data in hope of quantifying the effect of the moon on his recapture rates (1955: 332, Table 5). I obtained data that gave the moon's magnitude (an astronomical term that is related to its brightness) and the duration during which the moon was visible each night during Kettlewell's experiment.
		Kettlewell's data are simply accounted for by the unsurprising fact that you can recapture more moths when you release more, that and normal experimental variation. When the effect of moonlight is included in the calculation, the calculated curve fits even closer to Kettlewell's data. We have no need of Hooper's perverse, ad-hoc hypothesis.
	www.talkdesign.org /faqs/moonshine.htm (1902 words)

	Second Thoughts about Peppered Moths
		Kettlewell's first experiment was conducted in an aviary containing a pair of nesting birds and their young.
		Kettlewell watched through binoculars as the moths settled on nearby trees; he observed that melanics were much less conspicuous than typicals, as judged by the human eye, and that birds took conspicuous moths more readily than inconspicuous ones.
		In other words, Kettlewell assumed (1) that the main defect of his release method was an unnaturally high density of moths, affecting merely the tempo of predation; and (2) that he could disregard the observation that many moths would have preferred to take up positions higher in the trees.
	www.leaderu.com /science/pepmoth.html (4670 words)

	Mothballed Science by Phillip Johnson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Bernard Kettlewell, a medical doctor and skilled moth collector whose scientific training was minimal, performed allegedly “carefully controlled” experiments in the mid-1950s to verify the numbers of light and dark moths in polluted and unpolluted regions.
		Kettlewell thus confirmed, or so it seemed at the time, that differential bird predation had caused the back-and-forth shifts of the predominant coloring in the moth population.
		The real scandal is that the most influential biologists overlooked the defects in the Kettlewell studies when they were first published, because the appearance of “Darwin’s missing evidence” was so convenient for them, and they continue to deny the facts today, to the extent of vilifying the messengers who bring them the bad news.
	www.touchstonemag.com /docs/issues/16.10docs/16-10pg10.html (1389 words)

	Wokół ewolucji
		Kettlewell was a larger-than-life bon vivant with a liking for female company, shooting and fishing, but no intellectual.” All of this was evident to me during my brief stint at Parks Road.
		Kettlewell's initial mark-release-recapture experiment was not going well at the end of June 1953, when he received a message from Ford encouraging him to do better.
		To damn Kettlewell 50 years after the fact is of a piece with using contemporary notions of “political correctness” to damn Shakespeare as an anti-Semite or banish Mark Twain from the curriculum because of the n-word.
	www.jodkowski.pl /we/AMShapiro002.html (1762 words)

	Peppered Moths
		This change was termed "industrial melanism." In the 1950s, Bernard Kettlewell decided to test the hypothesis that natural selection was working on the differential camouflage of the moths.
		Kettlewell's experiments were not perfect -- few field experiments are -- and they may have magnified the degree of selection, but all serious researchers in the field agree that they were certainly not so flawed as to invalidate his conclusion.
		In his second objection, Wells ties the Kettlewell experiments to textbooks by constantly repeating the statement that the illustrative photos were "staged" (Wells, 2000:150); the important issue here is not how the photos were made, but rather their intent.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon6moths.html (1886 words)

	William Kettlewell: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Bill Kettlewell serves as Managing Partner in the Boston office of Dwyer & Collora where he concentrates his practice on the representation of individuals and businesses under investigation or being prosecuted for violations of federal or state regulations and laws.
		Kettlewell secured an acquittal of a pharmaceutical executive from TAP Pharmaceuticals charged, along with 11 other defendants, with conspiracy to violate the anti-kickback statute in one of the largest white-collar criminal trials in this district in the last decade.
		As an Assistant United States Attorney, Bill was Chief of the President's Organized Crime and Drug Task Force for New England and later Chief of the Criminal Division, where he was responsible for the investigation and prosecution of all criminal cases brought in the District of Massachusetts.
	www.zoominfo.com /people/kettlewell_william_12228968.aspx (925 words)

	Archives Evolution/Creation: The Truth 7/7a/2004
		Experiments by British lepidopterist Bernard Kettlewell in the 1950s claimed to show that bird predation, coupled with pollution, was responsible for a color shift in the moth population.
		He is motivated by growing concern over attacks on Kettlewell’s character, most notably writer Judith Hooper’s scathing account of the men behind the peppered moth story in her 2002 book Of Moths and Men: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth, which helped fuel an anti-evolutionist campaign to remove Biston from school textbooks.
		Kettlewell’s blunders are amusing in hindsight, but they have little to do with the real issue: Nothing evolved.
	www.creationinfo.com /evcr/7_7a_2004.htm (1931 words)

	Of Moths And Men - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We don't know exactly what state Bernard was in, but we can deduce something of it from a letter dated 1 July from Henry [she means E.B. Ford], who wrote: 'It is disappointing that the recoveries are not better...
		Kettlewell's increased moth recaptures occurred very early in the morning of July 1st.
		Hooper, however, chooses sensationalism, psychoanalysis, and a very selective review of authorities and evidence to reach her conclusion that the bird predation thesis is unsupported; this is the central flaw of her book.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Of_Moths_And_Men (2430 words)

	Moonshine: why the peppered moth remains an icon of evolution: the peppered moth evolved a dark form in response to ...
		Bernard Kettlewell did not cheat--or, more precisely, the evidence does not support the insinuation, widely repeated on the Internet, that he cheated.
		Kettlewell marked and released both light-colored and melanic moths early in the morning, and recaptured some the next night in both pheromone and light traps (using mercury-vapor lamps).
		Kettlewell reported releasing and recapturing moths during an eleven-day period in 1953.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_2_29/ai_n13628921 (980 words)

	Discovery Institute - Article Database - The Peppered Myth:
		In the early 1950s, British physician and amateur moth-collector Bernard Kettlewell released light and dark peppered moths onto nearby tree trunks and watched as birds ate the less camouflaged ones.
		Strangely, Kettlewell's field notes were never found; since he usually worked alone, there was no independent verification of his data.
		Ford helped Kettlewell compile and interpret his results, but according to Ford's biographer the fit between theory and data was too good to be true.
	www.discovery.org /scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=1263 (1121 words)

	Bernard Kettlewell: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In Kettlewell's third experiment, the same procedure was repeated in an unpolluted woodland in Dorset, England.
		It was at this point that the biologist Bernard Kettlewell enters the story, with a series of experiments designed to find out whether natural selection was responsible for the observed changes in the peppered-moth population.
		Kettlewell showed that dark moths on dark backgrounds were better hidden than light-colored moths on dark backgrounds (and vice-versa).
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Kettlewell_Bernard_203415507.htm (1395 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		Wells discusses in his book how Bernard Kettlewell's experiment, which is known as the "experimental proof" of the story, is actually a scientific scandal.
		This meant that there was no correlation between the moth population and the tree trunks as claimed by Kettlewell and repeated by almost all evolutionist sources.
		Kettlewell used dead specimens glued or pinned to tree trunks and then photographed them.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /mechanisms04.html (959 words)

	thepepperedmoth
		Kettlewell to support their theories since the 1950's.
		Kettlewell concluded that the darker tree trunks were harder for the birds to see on the
		Kettlewell goes on to conclude that this is an example of evolution in the making.
	www.creationsciencealive.com /thepepperedmoth.html (496 words)

	Kettlewell, Henry Bernard David
		English geneticist and lepidopterist who carried out important research into the influence of industrial melanism on natural selection in moths, showing why moths are darker in polluted areas.
		Kettlewell was born in Howden, Yorkshire, and studied medicine at Cambridge and at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
		Kettlewell's research into industrial melanism focused on the peppered moth Biston betularia.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/k/Kettlewell/1.html (93 words)

	Access Research Network in the WindowView
		In the 1950s, Bernard Kettlewell tested the idea experimentally by marking several hundred peppered moths (typicals as well as melanics) and releasing them onto tree trunks in a polluted woodland near Birmingham, England.
		Kettlewell later repeated this experiment in an unpolluted woodland in Dorset, England, where the recapture percentages were the opposite of those obtained in Birmingham.
		In his experiments, Kettlewell released moths directly onto tree trunks, and acknowledged that they "were not free to take up their own choice of resting site....
	www.windowview.org /science/arn.files/2ndthoughtspepperedmoths.html (1522 words)

	Banner of Truth Trust General Articles
		Then, as Judith Hooper's book reveals, in 1953, Bernard Kettlewell, 'a loud, eager man' who was invariably dressed in shorts and sandals, began an experiment that would transform the peppered moth into 'evolution's number one icon'.
		Kettlewell's peppered moth experiment was "sacred"; critics were "demonised", their views were dismissed as "heresy".
		The villain she chooses is his bullying Darwinian boss at the Oxford School of Ecological Genetics, EB Ford, who exploited Kettlewell's findings and "behaved as if he were auditioning for the 'Great Book of Eccentric Dons'".
	www.banneroftruth.org /pages/articles/article_detail.php?137 (1043 words)

	The Nature Institute - The Tyranny of a Concept: The Case of the Peppered Moth
		In the 1950s Bernard Kettlewell set out to show experimentally that the dark variety of moth prospered because it was better camouflaged against the soot-darkened, lichen-free tree trunks in industrial areas.
		Kettlewell's experiments became their showcase example, "proving" the efficacy of natural selection.
		For example, Kettlewell knew that peppered moths are rarely found on tree trunks, are never found in high concentrations, and never fly during the day.
	natureinstitute.org /pub/ic/ic8/moth.htm (1600 words)

	The Panda's Thumb: Ann Coulter: Clueless
		Bernard Kettlewell was a pioneer in using radioactive tracers to study ecological interactions, and he came to Oxford to work with another pioneer, E.B. Ford.
		Bernard Kettlewell, a keen naturalist, noted this explicitly himself in one of his papers, which is why in his release-recapture experiments he released the moths on trunks and branches.
		Kettlewell and his assistants placed moths on trees before dawn, and let the moths take up their own positions on trunks and branches, and made sure they were all out of direct sunlight (not, “the bright light of day”).
	www.pandasthumb.org /archives/2006/06/anne_coulter_cl_1.html (6360 words)

	Kettlewell Family Crest
		Kettlewell is a topographic surname, which was given to a person who resided near a physical feature such as a hill, stream, church, or type of tree.
		In Canada Richard Kettlewell was registered in Elgin County, Ontario in 1872 and George Kettlewell was living in Middlesex County, Ontario in 1877.
		In the Kettlewell coat of arms as in all coat of arms the crest is only one element of the full armorial achievement.
	houseofnames.com /xq/asp.fc/qx/kettlewell-family-crest.htm?a=54323-224 (661 words)

	Truth In Science - The Peppered Moth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This hypothesis was proposed by J.W. Tutt in 1896, and tested by Bernard Kettlewell in the 1950s.
		Bernard Kettlewell, who carried out most of the studies, assumed that the moths rested on tree trunks during the day.
		The problems of Kettlewell’s experiments are so widely acknowledged that new experiments are being carried out at the moment by a scientist in Cambridge to try to come up with a less doubtful proof.
	www.truthinscience.org.uk /mambo/content/view/127/65 (817 words)

	The Peppered Myth - Problems with Kettlewell's Peppered Moth Experiment
		Kettlewell, while a research fellow at Oxford under the tutelage of E.B Ford, undertook a research project investigating the phenomenon of the change in coloration of a local species of moth.
		The next flaw in the experiment was that Kettlewell (and others) assumed that the Peppered Moths had a tendency to land on tree trunks.
		For instance, bird vision includes the ability to see into the UV spectrum, which means that mere coloration may not have rendered the few moths that do land on tree trunks invisible to the predators, independent of their coloration.
	home.austin.rr.com /bedsole/personal/rantz/PepperedMyth.html (1535 words)

	The Kettlewell Archive - Wolfson College
		Henry Bernard Davis Kettlewell (1907-1979) was an outstanding lepidopterist and geneticist, best known for his work on industrial melanism in the Lepidoptera which illustrates evolution in action.
		In February 2000 the Kettlewell Archive was transferred to the Department of Special Collections and Western Manuscripts, Bodleian Library.
		The Kettlewell Archive web site will continue to be maintained by Wolfson College and enquiries concerning the contents of the site should be sent to the Librarian.
	www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk /library/archives/kettlewell (276 words)

	Objectivity of Science - Peppered Moth
		In the 1950's Bernard Kettlewell of Oxford University made a study of peppered moths in polluted woodland near Birmingham.
		Kettlewell's experiment was what scientists had been waiting for: direct proof of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
		Kettlewell's evidence on the preference of birds for light coloured moths was clearly contrived.
	www.skepticalinvestigations.org /objectivity/pepperedmoth.htm (661 words)

	Christian Student Survival Conference: Scientists Pick Holes in Darwin Moth Theory
		This neat example of Darwinian evolution in action has been thought to be supported by solid evidence in the form of experiments begun in the Fifties by the late Oxford University scientist Bernard Kettlewell.
		But now evolution experts are pointing to blunders in Kettlewell's research that undermine the theory about the rise and fall of Biston.
		According to Michael Majerus, a Cambridge University expert on the moth, Dr Kettlewell tried to confirm the standard story simply by pinning dead moths on to parts of the trees where they could be seen easily by birds.
	www.leaderu.com /cl-institute/cssc/survival11.html (722 words)

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