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	Bernardo Tanucci
		At the University of Pisa, where certain benefactors enabled him to study, he was appointed in 1725 to a chair of law, and attracted attention in the republic of scholars by the vehemence, rather than by the erudition, with which he defended the authenticity of the Codex Pisanus of the Pandects.
		When Charles III of Naples succeeded to the throne of Spain in 1759, Tanucci was made president of the council of regency instituted for the nine-year-old Ferdinand V. The latter even when he attained his majority, preferred to hold aloof from the government business and plunged into the pleasures of the chase.
		To excommunication by Clement XIII Tanucci responded with the occupation of Benevento and Pontecorvo, which were not evacuated until after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/tanucci,bernardo.html (851 words)

	Bernardo Tanucci - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As prime minister Tanucci was most zealous in establishing the supremacy of a modernized State over the Church, and in abolishing the feudal privileges of Papacy and the nobility in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
		When Carlo of Naples became Carlos III of Spain in 1759, Tanucci was made president of the council of regency instituted for the nine-year-old Ferdinand IV, who even when he reached his majority preferred to leave the government in Tanucci's capable hands, constantly overseen from Spain by Charles III.
		Tanucci worked at establishing for Bourbon Naples the kind of controls over the church that were effected by the Gallican church in Bourbon France: revenues of vacant bishoprics and abbeys went to the crown, superfluous convents were suppressed, tithes abolished and the acquisition of new Church property by mortmain was forbidden.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bernardo_Tanucci (591 words)

	Bernardo Tanucci (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Born of a poor family, but educated, thanks to a patron, at the University of Pisa, Tanucci was appointed a professor of lawthere in 1725 and attracted attention by his defence of the authenticity of the Codex Pisanus of the Pandects of Justinian.
		As prime minister Tanucci was most zealous in establishing the supremacy of a modernized State over the Church, and inabolishing the feudal privileges of Papacy and the nobility in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
		Tanucci worked at establishing for Bourbon Naples the kind of controls over the church that were effected by the Gallican church in Bourbon France: revenues of vacant bishoprics and abbeyswent to the crown, superfluous convents were suppressed, tithes abolished and the acquisition of new Church property by mortmain was forbidden.
	www.therfcc.org /bernardo-tanucci-265815.html (569 words)

	Suppression of the Jesuits - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Suppression in Spain and in the Spanish colonies, and in its dependency, the Kingdom of Naples, was carried through in secrecy, and the ministers of Charles III kept their deliberations to themselves, as did the king who acted upon "urgent, just, and necessary reasons, which I reserve in my royal mind;".
		The correspondence of Bernardo Tanucci, the anti-clerical minister of Charles III in Naples contain all the ideas which from time to time guided Spanish policy.
		Tanucci pursued a similar policy in Bourbon Naples.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits (1725 words)

	Bernardo Tanucci -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When (additional info and facts about Carlo, duke of Parma,) Carlo, duke of Parma, son of Philip V of Spain, passed through Tuscany on his way to conquer the Kingdom of Naples, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, encouraged him to take Tanucci with him.
		In Naples Carlo appointed him at first councillor of state, then superintendent of posts, minister of justice in 1752, foreign minister in 1754 and finally prime minister and a (Nobleman (in various countries) ranking above a count) marquis.
		Royal assent was required for the publication in Naples of (A formal proclamation issued by the pope (usually written in antiquated characters and sealed with a leaden bulla)) papal bulls and concessions were no longer considered eternal.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/bernardo_tanucci.htm (395 words)

	Complesso Monumentale del Belvedere di San Leucio
		Tanucci, not without difficulties, was able to unravel the chaotic administrative situation becoming, in practical terms, the real interpreter of the government, while Charles preferred to dedicate himself to hunting.
		He inspired a policy based on reforms as far as the relationship with the Church was concerned (1741 Concordat; expulsion of the Jesuits and seizure of their wealth in 1759) and the sector of public finances.
		Tanucci’s philosophy was based on ideological, cultural, political and institutional reformism of ‘700 Naples.
	www.comune.caserta.it /belvedere/ing/characters/tanucci.html (257 words)

	Royal House of Bourbon Two Sicilies - History
		Until he came of age, the kingdom was run in all respects by Tanucci, who continued without delay the reformist policy of Charles of Bourbon, in close agreement with the Throne of Madrid.
		A clash with Tanucci was therefore unavoidable, as unavoidable was the progressive break with Madrid, in which the Queen succeeded in involving also Ferdinand (a reason, this, of deep sorrow for the then old King of Spain, who saw not only the political control escape him, but also in a way his son Ferdinand).
		In 1775 Maria Carolina officially became member of the State Council; at first, Tanucci had to consent to a great reduction of his scope of action, and then he had to leave the scene in 1777.
	www.realcasadiborbone.it /uk/archiviostorico/cs_05.htm (526 words)

	Contents
		The policies of Charles III of Borbonne, King of Naples, were considerable in their effect, thanks also to the active collaboration of the jurist Bernardo Tanucci, professor of the University of Pisa, who became a counsellor to Charles III.
		Filangeri, born into a noble Neapolitan family, exalted the function of the illuminated monarch, against the regime of privileges and anarchy, in defense of the poor and the oppressed.
		The Tanucci period coincided with the flourishing of economic and juridical studies that made Naples one of the most important centers of the illuminism reform.
	www.west.net /~brad/venice/history2.htm (2018 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ferdinand I, king of the Two Sicilies (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		A Spanish Bourbon, Ferdinand succeeded (1759) to the two kingdoms when his father and predecessor became king of Spain as Charles III.
		His father's reforms were continued during Ferdinand's minority by the regent, Bernardo Tanucci, but after Ferdinand's marriage (1768) to Marie Caroline a reactionary regime was instituted under her influence.
		The execution (1793) of the queen's sister, Marie Antoinette of France, helped turn Ferdinand against France, and in 1798 he joined the Second Coalition.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Ferdi1Sic.html (404 words)

	Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, his reign up until 1812 was mainly dominated by his wife.
		When his father ascended the Spanish throne in 1759, Ferdinand, in accordance with the treaties forbidding the union of the two crowns, succeeded him as king of Naples, under a regency presided over by the Tuscan Bernardo Tanucci.
		The latter, an able, ambitious man, wishing to keep the government as much as possible in his own hands, purposely neglected the young king's education, and encouraged him in his love of pleasure, his idleness and his excessive devotion to outdoor sports.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies (1661 words)

	KINGDOM OF NAPLES - LoveToKnow Article on KINGDOM OF NAPLES
		With the Tuscan Bernardo Tanucci as his minister, he introduced many useful reforms, improved the army, which was thus able to repel an Austrian invasion in 1744, embellished the city of Naples and built roads.
		She had Tanucci dismissed and set herself to the task of making Naples a great power.
		On the outbreak of the French Revolution the king and queen were not at first hostile to the new movement; but after the fall of the French monarchy they became violently opposed to it, and in 1793 joined the first coalition against France, instituting severe persecutions against all who were remotely suspected of French sympathies.
	17.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NA/NAPLES_KINGDOM_OF.htm (10790 words)

	Personalities of Louisiana: Charles III of Spain
		Tanucci is now his minister of foreign affairs, justice and the royal household.
		Ferdinand's wife, the queen, is a daughter of Maria Teresa and has inherited that family's love of intrigue.
		Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Louisiana and nephew of the Minister of the Indies, spared no time once he heard war had been declared, to attack British settlements on the Mississippi River.
	www.enlou.com /people/charlesiii-bio.htm (4686 words)

	Bernardo, Marquess Tanucci -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Though a northerner, Tanucci came to the attention of the Spanish Bourbon prince Don Carlos, the future Charles III of Spain, who ruled Naples-Sicily in the middle decades of the century and who made Tanucci first secretary of state for justice and later foreign…
		The dictator of Chile's first independent government and a brilliant soldier, Bernardo O'Higgins led the Chilean patriots in their battle for independence.
		famous painting by Bernardo Daddi in the Or San Michele, a building of the grain merchants, later converted into a church; this Madonna was declared on Aug. 13, 1365, by the Florentine Republic, to be the protectress of the Florentines; it is enshrined in a tabernacle of Florentine Gothic style by Orcagna.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9071212?tocId=9071212 (550 words)

	Order of Saint Januarius (Ordine di San Gennaro) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In a letter from Marchese Tanucci to King Charles III, dated August 12th 1766, the Prime Minister of the Two Sicilies wrote to his former master to request that he make some disposition concerning the Grand Magistery of the Order of Saint Januarius.
		He suggested that if the King of Spain wished to retain the Grand Magistery, as founder of the Order, during his lifetime, then he should concede the title of Grand Master Governor of the Order to his son, the King of the Two Sicilies, since the majority of knights were Neapolitans and Sicilians.
		[9] Until recently no document was thought to have survived showing when the King actually made this resignation, causing some historians speculatively to date it to 1764; however, it seems that Tanucci's 1765 letter decided King Charles to resign the Grand Magistery, which he did on December 9th 1766.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/bourbon/twosicilies/sanjan.htm (4733 words)

	Bernardo
		Bernardo is the Spanish and Italian form of the name Bernard, derived from an Old English name, Beornheard, which means “Brave as a Bear,” or “Strength of the Bear” from “beorn” (bear), and “heard (hardy, brave, strong).
		An early Germanic import to the Spanish and Italian languages, popular from the early middle Ages, Bernardo had become rather less common by the 19th century.
		Although present, Bernardo has never really been common in the United States.
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/b/bernardo.html (95 words)

	Society Religion and Spirituality Christianity Denominations Catholicism Reference Catholic Encyclopedia T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tantum Ergo - The opening words of the penultimate stanza of the Vesper hymn of Corpus Christi.
		Tanucci, Bernardo - Marchese, Italian statesman, born at Stia in Tuscany, of poor family, in 1698 died at Naples, 29 April, 1793.
		Taoism - Religion derived from the philosophical doctrines of Lao-tze.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Reference/Catholic_Encyclopedia/T (7036 words)

	REPUBBLICA NAPOLETANA - CAPITOLO I
		Incoronato Re, Carlo si sceglie degli ottimi collaboratori, il più eminente è il Marchese Bernardo Tanucci originario di Stia in provincia di Arezzo e docente presso l'università di Pisa.
		Il Tanucci, senza non poche difficoltà, riesce a dipanare la caotica situazione amministrativa diventando praticamente il vero interprete del governo, mentre Carlo predilige dedicarsi alla caccia.
		In quest'opera di rinnovamento il Tanucci si ispira agli studi di economisti e giuristi quali Antonio Genovesi, Gaetano Filangieri e Fernando Galiani e si accinge a dare un nuovo volto al Mezzogiorno.
	www.repubblicanapoletana.it /storia1.htm (751 words)

	Encyclopedia: Charles-III-of-Spain
		Foreign ministers who dealt with him agreed that he had no great natural ability, but he was honestly desirous to do his duty as king, and he showed good judgment in his choice of ministers.
		The chief minister in Naples, Tanucci, had a considerable influence over him.
		Born of a poor family, but educated, thanks to a patron, at the University of Pisa, Tanucci...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Charles_III_of_Spain (3579 words)

	Naples
		Ferdinand I. King of Naples (1759-1806, 1815-25) as Ferdinand IV and of the Two Sicilies (1816-25) as Ferdinand I. Third son of Charles III of Spain; under regency of Bernardo Tanucci (1759-67); weak and inept ruler; m.
		Became king of the Two Sicilies as Ferdinand I (1816); his tyrannical and absolutist rule brought on revolution of 1820; forced to grant a constitution; with aid of Austria overthrew constitutional government (1821); thereafter an era of cruel vengeance and repression.
		In 1768 he married the daughter of Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, and replaced Tanucci with John Francis Edward Acton, an Englishman.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/naples.htm (861 words)

	Villa Cilnia farmhouse holiday Arezzo: Historical Background
		As a consequence of the defeat of the Arezzo's Ghibellines in Campaldino (1289) Florence and Siena took possession of their vast estates.
		In the XVth century a lot of Florentine artists deeply marked Arezzo's art and architecture: Bernardo Rossellino (Fraternita Palace), Benedetto Da Maiano (Portico of Santa Maria delle Grazie), Giuliano Da Maiano (cloister of Badia), Parri da Spinello and Bartolomeo della Gatta (plan of the Church of the SS.
		The XVIthe century in Arezzo is strongly linked to Giorgio Vasari (1511 - 1574), architect (Palazzo delle Logge), painter, art historian ("Le vite dei più eccellenti architetti, pittori et scultori italiani" - The lives of the most excellent Italian architects, painters and sculptors) and powerful arbiter of the Tuscan arts and letters.
	www.villacilnia.com /arezzo1.htm (1021 words)

	CISUI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first settlement of the Society of Jesus grew up around the church of S. Nicolo dei Gentiluomini and its adjoining buildings which the city's Senate had placed at the disposition of the jesuit fathers in February 1548.
		The next two stages in the settlement story of the Society of Jesus in Messina were the founding of the third Probation House, made possible by a generous legacy, and the founding of the College of San Francesco Saverio on the plains of Terranova which would be destroyed after the Messina anti-Spanish rebellion of 1674-1678.
		The last act in the settlement story before the expulsion order decreed by Bernardo Tanucci was the Society's building of the House of Spiritual Exercises in the district of Carrubara.
	www.cisui.unibo.it /annali/02/testi/02Arico-Basile_summary.htm (364 words)

	Ercolano: Note
		E. Bernardo Tanucci and his most important correspondence (Bernardo Tanucci ed il suo più importante carteggio), Firenze 1942-43; S. Herculaneum and European culture between the 18th and 19th centuries (Ercolano e la cultura europea tra Settecento e Novecento), Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei, Naples 2000, in part.
		A. ALLROGGEN BEDEL, "Bernardo Tanucci and the antiquarian culture in his time (Bernardo Tanucci e la cultura antiquaria del suo tempo)", in Bernardo Tanucci.
		A detailed list of the engravers and designers, along with the number of designs and engravings made by each of them, is reported by R. MIDDIONE, in Culture of the 18th century in Naples 1734-1799 (Civiltà del Settecento a Napoli 1734-1799), Catalogo della Mostra, Naples 1979-1980, vol.
	www.picure.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp /arc/ercolano/ses/ses_e_note.html (1661 words)

	MozartForum - The Jesuits And The Mozarts
		But ironically, shortly before Wolfgang and Leopold had their private meeting with the Pope, they had just been handsomely treated by one of the Pope’s most bitter enemies; Bernardo Tanucci, the legendary Prime Minister to King Ferdinand IV of Naples.
		Tanucci was known throughout all of Europe for his success in diminishing the power of the Vatican by banishing the Jesuits in 1767 and introducing a more secular style of government.
		When the Pope had threatened him with excommunication, Tanucci responded with an occupation of his army near the outskirts of Rome.
	www.mozartforum.com /VB_forum/printthread.php?t=328 (1957 words)

	Around Naples Encyclopedia 1
		He was basically concerned with conserving the cultural and economic institutions which Charles had left in place, and he did as good a job as possible in the face of a baronial and ecclesiastical opposition determined to preserve its privileges.
		She owned and treated the king like the fun-loving sheepdog he was and during the 1770s and 1780s made Naples into less of a marketplace of Enlightenment thought and more of a showcase of royal glitter with cultural institutions nevertheless still worthy enough to attract Mozart and Goethe.
		The queen forced Tanucci to resign, and she acquired the services of John Acton, an ex-patriate Englishman who had been commander of the naval forces of Tuscany.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/naples/blog.html (5447 words)

	TOWARDS ILLUMINISM AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
		Judicial and administrative reforms were carried out, generally marked by increased efficiency in state structures.
		This was also due to the actions of statesmen and enlightened sovereigns like Maria Teresa of Austria and Joseph II in Lombardy, Bernardo Tanucci at Naples, Pietro Leopoldo in Tuscany and Pius VI at Rome.
		Following this brief but intense period came first the echo of the French Revolution (1789) and the tragic end of the French monarchy (1792) and then the resounding reality of the Napoleonic armies.
	www.italian-history.com /illumin.html (1145 words)

	Complesso Monumentale del Belvedere di San Leucio
		When, in 1769, Ferdinand VI died and Charles became King of Spain, Naples was left with an 8-year-old king, left by his parents and put under the care of a Counsel of Regency, supposed to take care of the king, of his education and of government.
		The major exponents of this Counsel were: Domenico Cattaneo, prince of St. Nicandro, and the marquis Bernardo Tanucci.
		In 1769, once he turned 18, Ferdinand IV married Maria Carolina of Asburgo, daughter of Teresa of Austria and sister of Mary Antoinette of France (the one who will be guillotined).
	www.comune.caserta.it /belvedere/ing/characters/ferdinandoIV.html (345 words)

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