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Topic: Bertram Boltwood

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Radiometric dating finds Earth is 2.2 billion years old
		Boltwood studied this concept of "radioactive series," and found that lead was always present in uranium and thorium ores.
		Boltwood's basic idea and technique have been used ever since 1907, but advances in technology and knowledge of atomic structure have shown the earth to be even older.
		Boltwood's reasoning holds true for other radioactive elements such as carbon-14, which has been used to date artifacts within human history.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do07ra.html (246 words)

	Age of the Earth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Boltwood had conducted studies of radioactive materials as a consultant, and when Rutherford lectured at Yale in 1904, Boltwood was inspired to describe the relationships between elements in various decay series.
		Boltwood did the legwork, and by the end of 1905 had provided dates for 26 separate rock samples, ranging from 92 to 570 million years.
		Boltwood's paper pointed out that samples taken from comparable layers of strata had similar lead-to-uranium ratios, and that samples from older layers had a higher proportion of lead, except where there was evidence that lead had leached out of the sample.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Age_of_the_Earth (3277 words)

	Boltwood, Bertram - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Boltwood, Bertram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		By studying abundances of radioactive elements in ores, Boltwood deduced that the radium present in an ore was the product of the breakdown of uranium in the ore and that uranium ultimately would decay to lead.
		Boltwood dated rocks from several localities using his uranium–lead technique, obtaining ages between 410 million to 2.2 billion years old.
		Boltwood was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, and studied chemistry at Yale from 1889 to 1992.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Boltwood,%20Bertram (326 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Bertram B. Boltwood, assistant professor of physics at Yale University, gave a talk to students in Courses V and X on Thursday afternoon on "Re- cent Developments in Radioacitivity." Dr.
		Boltwood has to his credit the dis- covery of a new radioactive element which he has named ionium, which ap- pears to be the parent of the interest- ing element radium.
		Boltwood sketched the development of our knowledge of the radioactive elements, and discussed the recent experimental work which seems to disprove the earlier assertions of Prof.
	www-tech.mit.edu /archives/VOL_028/TECH_V028_S0151_P002.txt (1168 words)

	Bertram Borden Boltwood - Encyclopedia.com
		Home > Categories > Science and Technology > Chemistry > Chemistry: Biographies > Bertram Borden Boltwood
		Bertram Borden Boltwood 1870-1927, American chemist and physicist, b.
		After graduate study at Leipzig and Yale (Ph.D., 1897), he taught at Yale until his death, serving from 1910 to 1927 as professor of radiochemistry.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Boltwood.html (132 words)

	Yale University - Department of Geology and Geophysics
		Bertram Borden Boltwood (1870-1927): Although Boltwood was formally at first in the physics department and later in the chemistry department, the impact of his research on the development of geology was marked.
		Boltwood was the first person to use the U/Pb method of dating uranium-bearing minerals.
		The recognition of the importance of the discoveries of Boltwood applicable to geochronometry was not continued at Yale, however, for many years.
	www.geology.yale.edu /graduate/history.html (3102 words)

	Alsos
		This book is a collection of letters, many scientific in nature, between two of the most prominent scientists of the early twentieth-century, Ernest Rutherford and Bertram Boltwood.
		The correspondents, both of whom devoted themselves to the study of radioactivity, discuss their scientific work after 1904 and their thoughts on many of the scientific discoveries and theories of their times.
		Boltwood’s work on radiochemistry is discussed in detail.
	alsos.wlu.edu /information.asp?id2=852&past=1 (131 words)

	Bertram Borden Boltwood Biography / Biography of Bertram Borden Boltwood Main Biography
		The American radiochemist Bertram Borden Boltwood (1870-1927) discovered the parent of radium and developed a method of geological dating.
		Bertram Boltwood was born on July 27, 1870, in Amherst, Massachusetts.
		Boltwood's mother was not wealthy, but she was affluent enough to send him to private school and, befitting her social position, destined him to attend Yale, his father's college.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-bertram-borden-boltwood (256 words)

	Boltwood, Bertram Borden -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Boltwood was a member of the Yale faculty from 1897 until 1900, when he established a consulting firm of mining engineers and chemists in partnership with the American chemist…
		More results on "Boltwood, Bertram Borden" when you join.
		Canadian physicist Bertram Brockhouse made significant contributions to neutron scattering, a method of “seeing” the structure and movement of atoms by bombarding them with neutrons from a nuclear reactor.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9080518 (640 words)

	Bertram Borden Boltwood Biography / Biography of Bertram Borden Boltwood History of Scientific Discovery Biography
		At the turn of the twentieth century, when the science of radioactivity was still young, Bertram Boltwood was considered to be the United States' foremost authority.
		Among his accomplishments was the proof of a radioactive series (the transformation of one radioactive element into another) that led eventually to a reliable method for determining the age of the Earth.
		Boltwood came from an academic family: his grandfather had helped found Amherst College in Massachusetts, and his cousin was the poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882).
	www.bookrags.com /biography-bertram-borden-boltwood-wsd (276 words)

	k07 Pioneer radioactive dating methods
		Bertram Borden Boltwood k07ii (1870-1927) noted in passing that “Mme.
		Curie is just what I have always thought she was, a plain darn fool” 2 and importantly that in uranium and thorium containing minerals (aeschynite, allanite, carnotite, euxenite, fergusonite, gummite, mackintoshite, monazite, orangite, samarskite, thorianite, thorite, uraninite, uranophane, xenotime) lead is always present.
		Rutherford and Boltwood had given back to geology the time that Kelvin would have taken away.
	geowords.com /histbooknetscape/k07.htm (628 words)

	Ancient Seas of Manitoba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In 1905 a Yale chemist, Bertram Boltwood, found that there was a relationship between the amount of lead and uranium in mineral samples and their relative ages.
		Boltwood felt that the uranium (parent element), a radioactive element, gradually decayed into lead (daughter element).
		He was able to calculate a mathematical formula for the rate at which this decay occurs.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /ancientseas/dating.htm (166 words)

	PAS General Articles
		Bertram Boltwood an American physicist worked out how to calculate the age of rocks containing uranium and lead.
		Boltwoods method took into account that the rock might contain some naturally occurring lead.
		He was able to isolate an isotope which was not present in lead formed through radioactive decay, but was only present in lead formed naturally.
	www.astronomical.org /astbook/age.htm (856 words)

	Biography of Bertram Borden Boltwood \| termpapers on Bertram Borden Boltwood
		The American radiochemist Bertram Borden Boltwood (1870-1927) discovered the parent of radium and developed a method of geological dating.Bertram Boltwood was born on July 27, 1870, in Amherst, Massachusetts.
		Overwork seems to have caused a breakdown in his health, and his normally exuberant personality was clouded increasingly by periods of depression, culminating in his suicide in the summer of 1927.
		The story of the lead-uranium method of determining geological age is told in Badash, "Rutherford, Boltwood, and the age of the earth: The origin of radioactive dating techniques," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 112 (1968).
	www.vipessays.com /biographies/Bertram_Borden_Boltwood-27707.html (380 words)

	Selected Families/Individuals - pafg34 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Sarah BOLTWOOD was born about 1822 and was christened in 1825.
		Bertram Lionel WOOD [Parents] was born on 19 Feb 1892 in 39 Pleasant Road, Southend, Essex, England.
		Bertram married Maud Edna CRANMER on 29 Jul 1916 in St Marys, Kelvedon, Essex, England.
	members.shaw.ca /claydonpsn/pafg34.htm (1081 words)

	rush1
		One of the people who studied the chemistry of cesium and uranium was Bertram Borden Boltwood (b.
		He eventually recognized that radioactive elements such as uranium had half-lives and Boltwood suggested that half-lives could be used to determine the age of the Earth.
		Eventually, there were "enough" papers on the chemistry of cesium, the first World War started, and there wasn't a lot of Mount Rubellite Pollucite left to play with anyway and lepidolite was as unattractive an ore to work with as before, so the rush, as they all do, fizzled.
	www.geocities.com /mainemininghistory/rush1 (529 words)

	Yale Medicine Spring 2004: Capsule
		Although six women had previously received honorary degrees from Yale, at the 1921 Commencement Curie became the first to receive an Sc.D. Bertram Boltwood, a leading radiochemist, initially balked at a request to receive Curie in his laboratory at Yale.
		Among them was Bertram B. Boltwood, Ph.D., a Yale professor and a leading radiochemist, who felt that the physicians’ recommendation was a bit hasty.
		Despite Boltwood’s antipathy toward her, the citation that accompanied Curie’s honorary Yale degree was warm and effusive.
	info.med.yale.edu /external/pubs/ym_sp04/capsule.html (852 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Ph.D. from Yale 1897; opened a private laboratory in New Haven with Joseph Hyde Pratt and acted as consultant to industry, 1900-1906; began work on radioactivity in 1904; Yale professor of physics in 1906, professor of radiochemistry, 1910-1927.
		Correspondence, laboratory notebooks, lectures, and other writings of B.B. Boltwood, scientist and professor of radiochemistry at Yale, best known for his early work in the study of radiation.
		Of particular note is Boltwood's extended correspondence with Lord Rutherford, the father of atomic physics.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/52.html (106 words)

	Scientific American: The Dating Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Shortly thereafter, building on related work by Ernest Rutherford, American chemist Bertram Borden Boltwood determined that he could use the predictable decay of radioactive elements such as uranium into other elements to keep track of time.
		Although Boltwood's resulting estimates for things like the age of Earth—which he placed at around 2.2 billion years—have since been significantly revised, he indicated correctly that our planet was far older than people had imagined possible.
		Now, nearly 100 years after Boltwood's groundbreaking work, it is estimated that Earth formed at least twice as long ago as he had claimed.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=0006AA6A-9D17-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21 (987 words)

	WMNH - Geology and Astronomy
		The fuel of plutonism had been clearly identified.
		Bertram Boltwood (1907) dated the Earth's age as somewhere between 400 million and 2.2 billion years using the radioactive decay method.
		Alfred Wegener (1912) proposed continental drift theory based on geological, paleontological and climatological evidence.
	www.wmnh.com /wmas0002.htm (1745 words)

	Boltwood Family Genealogy Forum
		Bertram Boltwood 1870-1927 of MA - Carol Benner 4/17/01
		Robert Boltwood, Co.Essex, 1622; Gernor - Joan Carlson 3/01/01
		Re: Robert Boltwood, Co.Essex, 1622; Gernor - Alan Bird 4/07/01
	genforum.genealogy.com /boltwood (62 words)

	bertram - OneLook Dictionary Search
		BERTRAM, Bertram, Bertram : E Cobham Brewer, The Reader's Handbook [home, info]
		Bertram : Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898) [home, info]
		Phrases that include bertram: bertram borden boltwood, bertram grosvenor goodhue, bertram neville brockhouse, boltwood bertram borden, brockhouse bertram neville, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=bertram&ls=all (167 words)

	* Your Title Here *
		He proposed that the radioactive element uranium decayed into lead, and simply measured total uranium and total lead in a set of ancient rocks.
		Later we learned that doing radiometric dating right is a delicate and complex procedure, full of sources of error.
		Boltwood was lucky to find an element for which his crude method happened to work.
	fontenouille.free.fr /origins-life/dating-methods1.htm (567 words)

	gt02mar17_18
		Unfortunately, owing to the problem of helium leakage, these early dates were only minimum values, so Holmes decided to combine his interest in physics and geology in the search for an alternative technique.
		Building on Bertram Boltwood's work, which indicated that lead might be the final decay product of uranium, Holmes performed the very first uranium-lead analysis specifically determined for age-dating purposes.
		It yielded 370 Ma for a Devonian rock Aged only 21, he had embarked on his lifetime's quest "to graduate the geological column with an ever-increasingly accurate time scale." In April 1911, the paper was read to members of the Royal Society while Holmes was in Mozambique.
	gsahist.org /gsat/gt02mar17_18.htm (1173 words)

	AllRefer.com - Bertram Borden Boltwood (Chemistry, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Chemistry, Biographies > Bertram Borden Boltwood
		After graduate study at Leipzig and Yale (Ph.D., 1897), he taught at Yale until his death, serving from 1910 to 1927 as professor of radiochemistry.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Bertram Borden Boltwood
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Boltwood.html (202 words)

	How the Curie Came to Be
		The historical roots of what became the original definition of the curie probably lie in a recommendation made in 1904 by Bertram Boltwood (the U.S. representative on the Committee) that the amount of radon from one gram of uranium in an old mineral be taken as a standard (Badash 1979).
		However, by 1910 it seemed more logical that the unit be based on the amount of radon in equilibrium with radium rather than uranium.
		Curie is just what I have always thought she was, a plain darn fool...Meyer is quite right in the position he takes." Rutherford must have created the ambiguity intentionally so that some, like Boltwood, could hold the opinion that it was named after Pierre.
	www.orau.org /ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm (1385 words)

	energy and matter aim 1
		In 1904, with Bertram Boltwood (1870-1927), Rutherford worked out the series of transformations that radioactive elements undergo and showed that they end as lead.
		They were able to estimate the rates of change involved and in 1907 Boltwood calculated the ages of mineral samples, arriving at figures of more than a thousand million years.
		This was the first proof of the age of rocks, and the method of radioactive dating has since been developed into a precise way of finding the age of rocks, fossils and ancient artefacts.
	www.chemcool.com /biography/rutherford.htm (1923 words)

	Rutherford, Ernest
		With the ingenious apparatus that he and his research assistant, Hans Geiger, had invented, they counted the particles as they were emitted one by one from a known amount of radium; and they also measured the total charge collected, from which the charge on each particle could be detected.
		Combining this result with the rate of production of helium from radium, determined by Rutherford and the American chemist Bertram Borden Boltwood, Rutherford was able to deduce Avogadro's number (the constant number of molecules in the molecular weight in grams of any substance) in the most direct manner conceivable.
		With his student Thomas D. Royds he proved in 1908 that the alpha particle really is a helium atom by allowing alpha particles to escape through the thin glass wall of a containing vessel into an evacuated outer glass tube and showing that the spectrum of the collected gas was that of helium.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/macro/5005_61.html (2121 words)

	The Nuclear Atom
		So constant and characteristic is the majestically slow decay of uranium that it can be used to measure the age of the earth.
		In 1907, the American chemist Bertram Borden Boltwood (1870-1927) suggested that the lead content of uranium minerals would serve as guide in this respect.
		If it is assumed that all the lead in the mineral originated from uranium decay, it would be easy to calculate how long a time must have elapsed to bring that amount of lead into existence.
	www.3rd1000.com /history/nuclear.htm (6368 words)

	Rad Journal -radiation historyy and Processing Magazine
		Element 105 carries the name hahnium in recognition of his work.
		Boltwood studied the "radioactive series" whereby radioactive elements sequentially decay into other isotopes or elements.
		Since lead was always present in such ores, he concluded (1905) that lead must be the stable end product from their radioactive decay.
	www.radjournal.com /articles/History/2005/July/July.htm (2375 words)

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