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Topic: Bessel crater

	Lunar Impact Crater Geology and Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bessel Crater, 16 kilometers in diameter and 2 kilometers deep, is an example of a transitional crater between simple and complex craters.
		The terraces and slump blocks on the inside of the crater rim and the relatively flat floor are both typical of large lunar craters.
		Copernicus Crater, 93 kilometers in diameter, is one of the youngest and freshest impact craters on the nearside of the Moon.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/science/craterstructure.html (1154 words)

	Bessel biography
		In 1809, at the age of 26, Bessel was appointed director of Frederick William III of Prussia's new Königsberg Observatory and professor of astronomy.
		Bessel was one of the first astronomers to realise that, before a positional observation could be fully relied upon, one must have quantitative knowledge of every possible error that might enter into the finished result.
		Bessel functions appear as coefficients in the series expansion of the indirect perturbation of a planet, that is the motion caused by the motion of the Sun caused by the perturbing body.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Bessel.html (1677 words)

	Bessel
		Bessel's work had now become known internationally and he was honoured with the award of the Lalande Prize from the Institut de France for his tables of refraction based on Bradley's observations.
		It was in Königsberg that Bessel undertook his monumental task of determining the positions and proper motions of over 50000 stars which led to the discovery in 1838 of the parallax of 61 Cygni.
		Bessel's work in determining the constants of precession, nutation and aberration won him further honours, such as a prize from the Berlin Academy in 1815.
	sfabel.tripod.com /mathematik/database/Bessel.html (1670 words)

	Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846)
		Bessel's first contribution to astronomy had been on comet Halley's 1607 aparation, and he always stayed interested in comets, both by observing and by calculating their orbits; for this purpose, he improved the orbit calculation methods.
		Bessel was the first to measure and publish a parallax, and calculate the distance to a star, double star 61 Cygni, from observations during 18 months in 1837 and 1838.
		Bessel's parallax value of 0.314", corresponding to a distance of 3.18 parsec or 10.4 light years, is very close to the modern value of 0.292", corresponding to 3.42 pc (11.2 ly).
	www.seds.org /messier/Xtra/Bios/bessel.html (1453 words)

	Lunar Geology
		The fact that craters are circular, and that their ejecta is usually radially symmetrical, points to the origin of craters from a very small centralized source.
		Craters on the moon are randomly distributed on a surface of a given age, while volcanic features and other structurally-controlled forces form features that are not randomly distributed.
		Crater rays are seen as bright streaks radiating away from the crater, or crater rims, of some craters.
	jeff.medkeff.com /astro/lunar/geology/01_crater.htm (2818 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Maximum Impact
		The crater is 1.2 kilometers in diameter and 200 meters deep.
		The density of impact craters on a planetary surface can be used as a measure of the age of that surface.
		This type of intensely cratered surface is typical of most of the Moon's farside and of those parts of the nearside that have not been flooded by lava flows.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=25 (1607 words)

	NASA's Cosmos
		Crater Condorcet (top) and Crater Bessel (bottom) are superposed on the lava, but the lunar maria contain relatively few craters when compared with the lunar highlands.
		It is one of the youngest lunar craters on the near side of the Moon, with an estimated age of 900 million years and a diameter of 93 thousand meters.
		Only relatively recent craters retain their white rays, for those of older craters are darkened and worn away by continued meteorite impact.
	ase.tufts.edu /cosmos/print_images.asp?id=5 (3066 words)

	ch5.4
		The sparsity of small superposed craters on the walls of Timocharis-in contrast to their density on its floor and rim-is caused by the erosive effect of downslope movement of material on the steep walls.
		Furthermore, the wall of the large crater is complete, whereas the west wall of the smaller crater is absent, obviously having been destroyed by the larger crater.
		The two craters are located in the rugged terrain of the far-side highlands approximately 250 km north of the prominent crater Tsiolkovsky.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-362/ch5.4.htm (2227 words)

	nayati voice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Kamerlingh Onnes (crater) 66 km Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
		Nicolai (crater) 42 km Friedrich Bernhard Gottfried Nicolai
		Tiselius (crater) 53 km Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
	nayati4bap.blogspot.com /2006/04/list-of-craters-on-moonthis-is-list-of.html (2241 words)

	TYCHO
		DAVID O. "Tycho is a well-formed crater in the southern uplands, 54 miles across, with high terraced walls and a central mountain complex.
		When it first emerges from the long lunar night it seems to be a perfectly normal bright crater, but gradually the rays come into view, until full moon they dominate the whole of the southern part of the disk.
		During a number of lunar eclipses I conducted infrared photography specifically to monitor the crater Tycho while it was in the umbra shadow.
	www.ltpresearch.org /tycho1.htm (1455 words)

	Shoestring Astronomy - L41 - Bessel ray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The crater of origin of the Bessel ray is still uncertain.
		It is not from the crater Bessel because it does not radiate from the center of the crater.
		It may be from nearby Menelaus, but this crater seems to be from an oblique impact that ejected material in almost the opposite direction.
	www.shoestringastronomy.com /lunar/L041.htm (130 words)

	Impact Craters in the Solar System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Meteor Crater in Arizona is one of the best known examples of an impact crater on Earth.
		Yuty crater on Mars is 18 kilometers in diameter.
		This type of ejecta morphology is characteristic of many craters at equatorial and mid-latitudes on Mars but is unlike that seen around small craters on the Moon (compare with Euler crater, shown above).
	www.lpi.usra.edu /science/kiefer/Education/SSRG2-Craters/craterstructure.html (1596 words)

	raggiere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dal cratere Tycho luminosi e lunghi raggi si dirigono anche in direzione sud, visibili nelle immagini 1-4-7-8-9-10 raggiungendo le estreme regioni meridionali della Luna, fino in prossimità del lembo sud del nostro satellite.
		From the Tycho crater luminous and long rays are directed also in south direction, visibles in images 1-4-7-8-9-10 catching up the extreme southern regions of the Moon, until in proximity of the south border of our satellite.
		ENGLISH VERSION: The Proclus crater, diameter of 30 km with high walls 2700 mt, is situated between the western margin of the Crisium sea and the Palus Somnii.
	www.rccr.cremona.it /monografie/luna/raggiere.htm (3263 words)

	Untitled
		Simple craters which are relatively small with a smooth bowl shape, have a depth to diameter ratio of 1:5 to 1:7.
		With larger craters, gravity causes the crater walls to collapse, forming a central peak and a shallower depth to compared to diameter (1:10 to 1:20).
		The Manicouagan Crater in northern Quebec, Canada is one of the oldest impact craters known.
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /geo/faculty/boyce/3z03/impact_structures (1504 words)

	[No title]
		The crater Bessel is also surrounded by moderately high albedo materials arranged both linearly and in splotches.
		While the number of resolved immature craters is roughly constant across the mare, eastern Serenitatis displays an overall increase in the fractional abundance of unresolved or mixed immature materials (appearing as diffuse splotches of higher fractional abundance).
		We present specific evidence for the exposure of immature highlands materials by the craters Plinius, Tacquet, and Sulpicius Gallus and of lower-TiO2 mare by the craters Dawes and Plinius and we discuss the implications of the apparent immaturity of a large rectangular unit surrounding Dawes.
	marswatch.tn.cornell.edu /text/moon.html (8897 words)

	craters moon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bessel Crater, 16 kilometers in diameter and 2 kilometers deep, is a typical transitional crater between simple and complex.
		Euler Crater, 28 kilometers in diameter and about 2.5 kilometers deep, is a complex crater morphology.
		It is a typical large lunar crater, with terraces and slump blocks on the inside of the crater rim and a relatively flat floor.
	spaceguard.esa.int /NScience/neo/images-sum/crt-moon.htm (362 words)

	The Apollo 15 Flight Journal - Solo Orbital Operations - 3
		Autolycus, with its heavily slumped walls and little rim crater, is on the small side of the threshold where an impact generates a central peak.
		And that is, on the crater pair, just north of Tsiolkovsky - there - the - the smaller of the craters on the west side apparently was - was an original crater, with an impact occurring alongside it.
		The larger crater on the west side has a fairly intact rim, being faulted in a couple of places where it crosses the rim of the crater to the west.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/ap15fj/15solo_ops3.htm (19771 words)

	Friedrich Bessel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (July 22, 1784 – March 17, 1846) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and systematizer of the Bessel functions (which were discovered by Daniel Bernoulli).
		He was born in Minden, Westphalia and died of cancer in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia).
		His announcement of Sirius' "dark companion" in 1844 was the first correct claim of a previously unobserved companion by positional measurement, and eventually led to the discovery of Sirius B.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friedrich_Bessel (563 words)

	arizona crater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Located in Klamath County, Crater Lake National Park Crater Healing Clinic is a family practice located in beautiful Upcountry Maui.
		Bessel Crater, 16 kilometers in diameter and 2 kilometers deep, is an example of a transitional crater between
		Slumping of material from the inner part of the crater (image courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech) An impact crater (impact basin, astrobleme or sometimes crater) is a circular or oval depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a...
	arizona-crater.oe.one.pl (137 words)

	Observing The Sky » Moon: Day 21 - \”Confronting Maurolycus\” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This crater\’s rim was an ornate little ring in darkness, illuminated by receding sunlight.
		So, the crater was a high-relief gaping pit with a shaded floor, distinct even through the 10x finderscope.
		Large crater Maginus to the south will have strong relief, but the hexagon-shaped one you see far \”up\” north is W. Bond.
	www.lpod.org /ots/index.php?p=1027 (245 words)

	Астронет > Whence the Bessel Ray?
		But rays still have many mysteries, including sometimes what their source crater is. One of the most famous rays of uncertain parentage is the 200+ km one that passes next to Bessel in the middle of Mare Serenitatis.
		It is widely accepted that the Bessel ray is from Tycho, and spectral studies demonstrate that the white ray material contains light-hued highlands rocks - its not just pulverized mare material.
		But that crater seems to have been an oblique impact, and its not certain any ray material went towards Bessel.
	www.astronet.ru /db/msg/1200263 (288 words)

	Lunar Page 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The craters (top to bottom) Aristoteles (87km wide) and Exodus (67km wide) are prominent to the upper left of Mare Serenitatis.
		The crater Bessel (16km wide) can be faintly seen toward the bottom of (but still inside) Mare Serenitatis.
		The crater Menelaus is the brightly lit one at the bottom edge of Mare Serenitatis.
	www.haven.k12.pa.us /orfft/lunar8.html (158 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The central area of the lunar surface is seen in the photograph taken on August 7, 1966 with the
		the left is the almost fully shadowed crater Menelaus at 20 miles in diameter.
		Bessel is 12 miles in diameter, and has crater
	www.w7ftt.net /moon7.html (185 words)

	Surface Modification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Transitional Crater (Bessel Crater, Moon; 16 km diameter and 2 km deep)
		Complex Crater (Euler Crater, Moon; 28 km diameter and 2.5 km deep)
		Complex Crater (King Crater, Moon; 77 km diameter and 5 km deep)
	www.gpc.edu /~bskelton/1010/surfaces/surfaces.html (207 words)

	Observing The Sky » Moon: Day 20 - “Aristotle’s Crescent”
		Southward, within Mare Serenity, the tiny crater of Bessel is still visible - a round sunlit rim surrounding a “fl hole.” At this time, even the Dorsum Azara shows fine relief, being sunlit on its west side.
		On the southern highlands, crater Maurolycus (72 mi.) shows the best but still has most of its floor illuminated.
		Many ray patterns (from Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler) continue to be distinct, and the craters as far west as Eratosthenes, Aristillus, and Autolycus have some degree of shadowing on their west interior walls.
	www.lpod.org /ots/?p=485 (286 words)

	David's Astronomy - Images 2002-03-01 (S00018)
		The Large crater between the two Mare is Plinius (diam 48km),
		Mare Serenitatis passing the crater Bessel (diam 19 km).
		The smallest visible craters in the image have estimated
	www.richweb.f9.co.uk /astro/images-2002-03-01.htm (217 words)

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