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	Inventor Henry Bessemer Biography
		The Bessemer Converter at Kelham Island Museum is one of only three converters left in the world.
		Bessemer's process was ten times faster than the previous methods and used no fuel once the charge had been melted.
		The principle involved is that of oxidation of the impurities in the iron by the oxygen of air that is blown through the molten iron; the heat of oxidation raises the temperature of the mass and keeps it molten during operation.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/bessemer.htm (860 words)

	Henry Bessemer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bessemer's attention was drawn to the problem of steel manufacture in the course of an attempt to improve the construction of guns.
		But Bessemer was fortunate enough to maintain them intact without litigation, though he found it advisable to buy up the rights of one patentee, while in another case he was freed from anxiety by the patent being allowed to lapse in 1859 through non-payment of fees.
		Among Bessemer's numerous other inventions, not one of which attained a tithe of the success or importance of the steel process, were movable dies for embossed stamps, a gold paint, sugar machinery, and a ship which was to save her passengers from the miseries of mal de mer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Henry_Bessemer (955 words)

	Bessemer process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron.
		The converter is pivoted on trunnions so that it can be rotated to receive the charge, turned upright during conversion, and then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end.
		Bessemer had moved his Bessemer Steel Company to Sheffield to be at the heart of the industry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bessemer_process (780 words)

	AllRefer.com - Bessemer process (Metallurgy And Mining: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		The principle involved is that of oxidation of the impurities in the iron by the oxygen of air that is blown through the molten iron; the heat of oxidation raises the temperature of the mass and keeps it molten during operation.
		The process is carried on in a large container called the Bessemer converter, which is made of steel and has a lining of silica and clay or of dolomite.
		The converter is then emptied into ladles from which the steel is poured into molds; the slag is left behind.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Bessemr-pro.html (488 words)

	Sir Henry Bessemer \| Inventor & Engineer
		Bessemer, the son of an engineer and typefounder, demonstrated considerable mechanical skill and inventiveness early in life.
		Bessemer's secret formula was used to adorn much of the gilded decoration of his time, and brought him great wealth.
		Bessemer's industrial process was similar to a Chinese method to refine iron into steel, developed in the second century BCE.
	www.lucidcafe.com /lucidcafe/library/96jan/bessemer.html (419 words)

	Lemelson-MIT Program
		Bessemer, who was mostly self-educated, made his first fortune with an idea for using brass as a paint additive to produce a bronze-colored powder that could be used for dÈcor in place of gold.
		When Napoleon himself expressed interest during a dinner with Bessemer in Paris, he was encouraged, but first he needed to come up with a way to mass produce structural steel that he could use to create sturdier gun barrels to support these heavy shells.
		Shortly after introducing the Bessemer Converter, Bessemer established Henry Bessemer and Co. to manufacture steel and was able to undersell nearly all competitors.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/bessemer.html (679 words)

	Bessemer process -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		The process is a development of a practice known in (A communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world) China as early as the (Click link for more info and facts about 200s) 200s.
		Dolomite is used when the phosphorus content is high in the basic Bessemer ((A sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium that was deposited by the remains of marine animals) limestone or (A fl magnetic mineral consisting of magnesium carbonate; a source of magnesium) magnesite linings are also sometimes used instead of dolomite).
		Both Bessemer and Huntsman were based in the city of (A steel manufacturing city in northern England famous for its cutlery industry) Sheffield, (A division of the United Kingdom) England.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/bessemer_process.htm (775 words)

	Chapter 16 Bessemer Steel Guns
		Bessemer had offered to supply such sizes as it was worth his while to make, at the prices stated.
		The melted pig iron was tapped from the reverberatory furnace at 11.20 a.m., and converted into cast steel in 30 minutes; the ingot was cast in an iron mould 16 inches square by 4 feet long, and was forged while still hot from the casting operation.
		The question of the uncertainty in quality of the Bessemer mild cast steel simply resolved itself into a question of cost, because the quality was easily ascertainable in the earliest stages of its manufacture, and thus the loss of working up bad material into a costly finished article could be most easily avoided.
	www.history.rochester.edu /ehp-book/shb/hb16.htm (7024 words)

	Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		In his experiments he discovered that the excess oxygen in the hot gases of his furnace appeared to have removed the carbon from the iron pigs that were being preheated—much as the carbon is removed in a puddling furnace—leaving a skin of pure iron.
		Bessemer then found that blowing air through melted cast iron not only purified the iron but also heated it further, allowing the purified iron to be easily poured.
		Bessemer was forced to call in his licenses and find a phosphorus-free source of iron in northwestern England; thus he was able to enter the steel market on his own.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/print_toc?tocId=9078934 (934 words)

	Bessemer Converter
		The converter is mounted on trunnions about which it may be tilted to charge or tap.
		Molten pig iron is charged into the converter, and air is blown through the molten metal to oxidizethe impurities, thus making steel.
		Specialty definitions using "Bessemer converter": acid Bessemer converter, acid Bessemer pig iron, acid Bessemer steel, afterblow ♦ basic Bessemer converter, basic Bessemer pig iron, basic lining process, Bessemer pig iron &diams; duplex steel, duplex Talbot process &diams; Great Falls converter &diams; iron refining ♦ Thomas pig iron, Thomas-Gilchrist process, triplexing.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Be/Bessemer+converter.html (430 words)

	BESSEMER PROCESS FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig_iron.
		Before the Bessemer process, steel was manufactured by heating bars of wrought_iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week.
		Prior to its widespread use steel was far too expensive to use in most applications, and wrought_iron was used throughout the Industrial_Revolution.
	www.19gmarketinggroup.com /Bessemer_process (749 words)

	1.2_invent.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		Bessemer has made during his career have been more promising." "Bessemerizing" was understood by his peers as a social as well as technical achievement.
		While Bessemer had achieved modest success as a mechanical inventor, it was a military problem that led him to the manufacture of iron.
		In the event a compromise was arranged between Bessemer and the principals of Ebbw Vale, Abraham Darby and Joseph Robinson.
	www.iit.edu /~misa/NOS/1.2_invent.html (3095 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		British inventor Henry Bessemer’s creation of the Bessemer converter was a major advancement for steel making.
		Bessemer’s interest in steel came from an idea he had during the Crimean War to make a new type of artillery.
		Vital in propelling the Industrial Revolution, the Bessemer converter ceased being used in the mid-1900s.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/183.html (198 words)

	The American Experience \| Andrew Carnegie \| The Steel Business: A Ferocious Geyser
		The squat, egg-shaped Bessemer converter seemed an unlikely candidate to lead a revolution in manufacturing.
		As it ran nearly empty and the ladle swung away, the dropping slag fell to the ground exploding, leaping viciously, and the scene became gorgeous beyond belief, with orange and red and green flame.
		The Bessemer converter became obsolete by the 1930s, and the last Bessemer in North America went out of commission in the 1960s.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/carnegie/sfeature/mf_geyser.html (356 words)

	[No title]
		For the steel manufacturing process he pioneered, Henry Bessemer will be honored posthumously by being inducted this year into the National Inventors Hall of Fame at a ceremony at the Hewlett-Packard Company, the leading corporate sponsor of the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
		Until his converter, it was thought that cast iron had to be converted to -more- wrought iron by removing the carbon, and then converting to steel by re-adding carbon--a painstaking process.
		Born in Charlton, Hertfordshrie, England on January 19, 1813, Bessemer was a true inventive spirit who learned early on the importance of obtaining a patent.
	www.invent.org /images/images_hof/induction/docs/BessemerSteelPR.doc (676 words)

	Bessemer process : Bessemer converter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		The Bessemer process was an important advance in metallurgy that greatly lowered the price of steel.
		Before the Bessemer process steel was manufactured by heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal.
		He means to send for his horses immediately, disguise my sentiments on this change from you, my dear mother, though I anxiety about Reginald would subject him to an alarm which might seriously space of a fortnight, to make my brother like her.
	www.termsdefined.net /be/bessemer-converter.html (367 words)

	Steelmaking, Then and Now - Western Reserve Historical Society
		The Bessemer Converter was an egg-shaped metallic container; molten iron ore was poured into the converter, it was tilted back, and hot air was blown into the converter through ports (tuyeres, pronounced "tweers") on the bottom of the convert.
		The Bessemer would literally blow carbon out of the molten iron, until there was the amount needed to have steel.
		The vessel then tilts upward, much like a Bessemer, but instead of blowing in air from the bottom, a lance is lowered into the top, and blows in pure oxygen at supersonic speed, which acts not only as a fuel, but also as a "stirring" action.
	www.wrhs.org /crawford/template.asp?id=437 (851 words)

	No. 762: Kelly's Converter
		Here William Kelly, 1811-1888, discovered the steel making method later known as the Bessemer process which made it possible for [us] to pass from the iron age to the steel age.
		It was being used to convert high-carbon pig iron to high-quality wrought iron.
		Bessemer's process had three features: He held the temperature of the melt by burning out the carbon.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi762.htm (478 words)

	Chapter 13 Bessemer Steel and Colonel Wilmot
		The new steel works of Henry Bessemer and Company, at Sheffield, had been erected some months, and the first converter mounted on axes was put to work in 1858.
		But no sooner did they see the incandescent stream issue from the mouth of the converter, than their practised eyes in an instant recognised it to be fluid steel, and they themselves were "converted," never to fall back again into a state of unbelief.
		When this was done, I handed to Colonel Wilmot an approximate estimate of £6,000, for erecting a steam-engine, boilers, and converting plant of sufficient size to produce 100 tons of gun steel per day, and I guaranteed that the cost of the steel poured into their own moulds should not exceed £6 10s.
	www.history.rochester.edu /ehp-book/shb/hb13.htm (3044 words)

	Cumbria Online - The English Lake District and Cumbria's favourite website
		A BESSEMER converter that last produced steel at Workington has won an award in recognition of the invention’s unique place in Britain’s industrial history.
		Until Henry Bessemer invented his converter in the 1850s, making steel was so expensive and time consuming it could only be used for specialist work.
		The Bessemer converter made it possible to produce large quantities of steel quickly and at a small fraction of the cost.
	www.cumbria-online.co.uk /viewarticle.asp?id=138335 (212 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		Bessemer's practice as thus given were embodied in the American work." Another assistant, Robert W. Hunt, whose career spanned the entire first generation of the industry, recorded the details.
		Its twin six-ton converters (inside diameter 6 feet, height 15 feet) featured his patented detachable bottom, which sped the replacing of refractory brick exactly where the Bessemer blast was most corrosive.
		Situated between the blast furnaces and the converters, the huge firebrick vessel temporarily held and mixed together up to 100 tons of molten pig iron; as needed, 10 ton charges were tapped to fill the converters (Figure I.11c).
	www.iit.edu /~misa/NOS/1.3_develop.html (5146 words)

	On-line: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
		The Bessemer Converter was invented in 1856, and became the heart of steel production for nearly 120 years.
		In 1858 and 1859 Henry Bessemer and Co made a loss, but then the profits started to come in; by 1867 he had made GBP200,000 plus as much again in royalties, and by the time the patent expired in 1870 he had made more than a million pounds.
		Bessemer, Alabamba, USA, a town founded on the iron and steel industry in 1887.
	www2.exnet.com /1995/09/27/science/science.html (1461 words)

	Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust - Kelham Island Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Shepherd Wheel - Collections ...
		The egg-shaped converter was tilted down to pour molten pig iron in through the top, then swung back to a vertical position and a blast of air was blown through the base of the converter in a dramatic ‘blow’.
		The converter was tilted again and the newly made steel was teemed or poured out.
		Within 20 years, Sheffield alone was producing 10,000 tons of Bessemer steel every week (this was almost a quarter of the country’s total output).
	www.simt.co.uk /collections/collections-2-2.html (248 words)

	Steel Manufacturing
		Along came a man by the name Henry Bessemer who would invent a new way to produce steel using the blast method called the Bessemer process, “the most important technique for making steel in the nineteenth century.” (Misa 1995) He first came across this while melting gun metal down.
		The principal application of Bessemer steel in the 19th century was for the manufacture of railroad rails, which proved far more durable than iron rails.
		The basic oxygen furnace, roughly resembling the Bessemer converter, is first tilted to receive the scrap and hot-metal charge, then brought upright for the blow.
	www.bsu.edu /web/acmaassel/steel.html (1038 words)

	Tichi Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		I approached and stood before it, a towering, 1930 Bessemer converter bearing the brass plaque of a historical commission.
		You stare because you realize that the Bessemer converter has now become an official symbol of your past and America's as well.
		Mounted for exhibition in the era of the digital computer, the Bessemer converter represents a superseded technology.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~DRBR2/tichi.html (9772 words)

	Chapter Manganese in steel-making of Autobiography by Sir Henry Bessemer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		Also, the facts recorded show how far the Bessemer converter and the Sheffield crucible are in one essential feature in perfect accord, viz., the Sheffield crucible process can make excellent cutlery steel from Swedish charcoal pig iron without the use of manganese in any form.
		Nothing can more clearly show that the application of manganese to Bessemer steel was not a discovery or novel invention, for with what kind of iron it was necessary to use manganese, and with what kind of iron it was not required, was perfectly well known to Sheffield steel-makers many years before Mr.
		He was a man possessed of great energy as well as practical knowledge; he saw the converting process at my experimental works in London, and he erected a fixed vessel like the one he saw.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/9/71/118/21377/12.html (801 words)

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