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	Bestiaries
		The bestiary was a book of animals, but it was not a natural history description, although somewhere way back in the ancient past and from exotic lands, some such scientific observation was buried in its kernel.
		The imagery of the bestiary was translated into the visual culture of the church, with bestiary creatures adorning the paintings, carvings and stained glass in the churches.
		Bestiaries were copied from each other with bits added and bits left out until the whole thing was an organic entity.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /word/bestiary.htm (1256 words)

	Bestiary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Under the name bestiary comes a medieval book that is a collection of short descriptions of different real or imaginary animals, birds and even rocks that is often accompanied by a moralising explanation.
		Bestiary animals were also found in church sculpture, where the familiar images would remind the viewer of the story and its aligorical meaning.
		Bestiaries were particularly popular in England and France around the 12th century and were mainly compilations of earlier texts, especially the Physiologus and the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville.
	www.theezine.net /b/bestiary.html (280 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Bestiaries
		The bestiary appears in its complete development in Richard de Fournival's "Bestiaire d'Amour", written in the fourteenth century and published by Hippeau (Paris, 1860), in the treatise "De animalibus" attributed to Bl.
		The influence of the symbolism of the bestiaries is plainly seen in the various forms of medieval intellectual life.
		It was evident in the sermon and also in the liturgy as shown by the symbolic use of the bee in the blessing of Easter candles and the blessing of wine on the feast of St. John as a preventive of poisoning from snake-bites.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02529b.htm (632 words)

	Suaan Rebecca Ressler's Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bestiaries are allegorical drawings that derive from some of the oldest spiritual traditions.
		Inscribed on vellum, a dried and stretched animal skin, bestiaries use animals to tell human stories, which are then preserved as "illuminated manuscripts," illustrated texts that flourished from the 12th to 15th centuries but whose origins date from the 2nd century.
		Fascinated with the prospect of creating my own bestiaries on the glowing computer screen, which I had begun to conceptualize as a new incarnation of the illuminated manuscript, I was jolted from my reverie by a series of violent events that unhappily resonated with each other this past March.
	dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu /~artemis/gallery.html (801 words)

	Bestiaries
		This must have seemed like the bestiary coming to life, and one can imagine its presence strengthening belief in many of the other peculiar creatures from the literary tradition.
		It is illustrating a passage from the Psalms, a Jewish text in origin, of course.
		It is possible to expend a lot of time and energy tracing the stories and imagery of the bestiaries from life into literature and back again, from one form of metaphor to another, from folklore to reality and back.
	medievalwriting.50megs.com /word/bestiary3.htm (539 words)

	Re: Midieval Bestiaries
		So saying that the monks gave bestiaries a religious slant is untrue--everything had a religious slant, and the monks were the normal product of an intensely religious society, rather than observers writing a slanted record.
		They copied it down because they thought it was "true", but their meaning of "truth" does not imply that anyone ever believed that you could actually melt stone by killing a male goat on it.
		The medieval bestiaries are fantastically interesting documents, and several of them are commercially available in some form or other.
	merryrose.atlantia.sca.org /archive/1995-01jan/msg00113.html (512 words)

	EssayEdge.com: College Application Essay Help, Sample College Admission Essays, University Entrance Essay Editing
		Bestiaries contained descriptions of and information about different animals, including their physical attributes, diet, temperament, and habitat.
		Indeed, despite offering important insights into medieval animal science, the bestiaries were essentially symbolic, primarily concerned with the moral edification of their readers.
		According to the bestiaries, the tale of the sirens exemplified the ignorance and carelessness of human beings who allow themselves to be led astray; in medieval art, the siren was a symbol of temptation and deception.
	www.essayedge.com /college/admissions/satcourse/critical_reading7.shtml (876 words)

	minstrel: Aesop
		Bestiaries were likewise popular and were full of moral lessons.
		The bestiaries evolved from ancient natural histories, but they were transformed into lessons and allegories for the edification of men.
		By the 12th century, there were many bestiaries and fable books especially at centers of natural learning such as Chartres and Canterbury.
	www.pbm.com /pipermail/minstrel/1998/002823.html (504 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The medieval bestiary was the culmination and apogee of allegorical functions for animals, assembling stories and pictures of beasts and birds for purposes of moral instruction and courtly entertainment.
		It is indisputable that the bestiaries were an important medieval contribution to didactic religious literature.
		Together, the essays clearly demonstrate how bestiaries both address and further develop some of the most important concerns of the Middle Ages, ultimately playing a significant role in the creation of their own cultural milieu.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0815329520 (305 words)

	Antlion Pit: "Ant-lion" in Medieval Bestiaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A bestiary, a literary genre from the Middle Ages, is a collection of short descriptions about all sorts of animals, real and imaginary, accompanied by a moralizing allegory.
		Since bestiary manuscripts are ultimately derived from the symbolic Greek-Christian book called the Physiologus, some texts featured the old Physiologus-style ant-lion which, according to the moral, died of starvation at birth because of its dual nature (half ant, half lion).
		Other bestiaries utilized the even older story of the gold-digging ant-lions first described by Hêródotos around 430 B.C. As the bestiaries drifted from their sources, geographically and historically, ant-lions were replaced by insect ants (Kevan 1992).
	www.antlionpit.com /medieval.html (480 words)

	Bestiary (Getty Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bestiaries, collections of moralizing descriptions of animals both real and legendary, were among the most popular books of the 1100s and 1200s.
		Originally composed in the first centuries of the Christian era, translated into Latin in the 300s, and augmented throughout the Middle Ages, a bestiary explained the natural world in terms of Christian symbolism and precepts.
		The Getty Museum's manuscript is a compilation that includes two rare treatises by Hugo de Fouilloy in addition to the Bestiary.
	www.getty.edu /art/collections/objects/o1696.html (221 words)

	Meaning of Arms
		However, even when it is known that a certain animal is often associated with a certain trait or abstract notion, it does not mean that any coat of arms with such a charge was intended to recall that trait or bring to mind that notion.
		One of the most popular books (or type of books) in the Middle Ages was the bestiary, a collection of 30 to 60 descriptions of animals (and often plants and stones) with their characteristics and habits, and the symbolic significance of those characteristics.
		The peak of the bestiary vogue seems to be around the 13th century, which happens to be the formative period of heraldry.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/meaning.htm (1599 words)

	Bestiary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A bestiary is a medieval book that has short descriptions of various real or imaginary animals, birds and even rocks.
		This kind of bestiary symbolism was also found in church sculpture, where the familiar images would remind the viewer of the story and its allegorical meaning.
		Jorge Luis Borges wrote a modern day bestiary of sorts, the Book of Imaginary Beings, which collects imaginary beasts from bestiaries and fiction.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/B/Bestiary.htm (344 words)

	Antlion Pit: "Medieval Bestiaries and the Birth of Zoology" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The medieval bestiary is thought to have evolved from a strange little compilation of writings on animals (and corresponding Christian moralization) known as the Physiologus (which roughly translates as "the Naturalist").
		Although the bestiary had its roots in late classical treatises on animals, the moment that information was appropriated and symbolically interpreted, it lost all hope of becoming a zoological treatise and neatly fit into the realm of Christian dogma.
		As previously mentioned, the bestiary, in its heyday, was available in Europe in two forms: the richly illustrated Latin version intended for the upper class, and the crude vernacular version, whose audience was often illiterate and consequently less discriminating.
	www.antlionpit.com /aura.html (7002 words)

	Bestiaries (Getty Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Read throughout the Middle Ages, bestiaries were especially popular during the 1100 to 1200s when they were frequently translated into vernacular languages and often profusely illustrated.
		The genre illustrates the problem of applying such modern-day distinctions to a period like the Middle Ages, when the lines between secular and sacred were not clear-cut.
		One of the most enduring legacies of the bestiary was its illustrations, for the animals popularized in the bestiary appeared throughout the Middle Ages in other manuscripts, in the sculptures of cathedrals, and in frescoes.
	www.getty.edu /art/collections/presentation/p42_299-1.html (171 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 94039572 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This study integrates the bestiary into the social history of art through an examination of twenty-eight manuscripts produced in England during the twelfth, thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries.
		It challenges, moreover, the pervasive thesis that the bestiaries were collections of standard texts and images intended for religious contemplation.
		By tracing their changing functions across the centuries and evaluating them in the broader context of medieval intellectual history, bestiaries are shown to be a dynamic genre.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam026/94039572.html (149 words)

	Animal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bestiaries were among the most popular of medieval books, often tediously and lavishly illustrated, but the conditions of their use have until now never been satisfactorily explained.
		Dr Baxter has undertaken extensive new research into a large corpus of bestiaries, applying modern narrative theory to their texts and images to reveal the messages encoded in them -- messages which were systematically altered as bestiaries were expanded and restructured.
		Ronald Baxter is a lecturer in medieval art history at the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London, and honorary editor of the Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in the British Isles.
	www.jahsonic.com /Animal.html (634 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: bestiaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Every quality of human nature was typified by some animal and bestiaries are thus a sort of key to the grotesques which are inseparable from Romanesque and Gothic sculptural ornamentation.
		The lamb or sheep represented the soul or the believer; the phoenix, Christ or immortality; the serpent, the devil; the lion, either the devil or Christ.
		The prototype of the bestiaries was the "Physiologus," written probably by an Alexandrian Greek in the 2nd century A.D., and translated into Latin, Syriac, Arabic, and other languages, whence it became popular as a literary source from the 7th to the 13th centuries.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd01240.htm (154 words)

	The Ant-Lion Enigma
		Medieval bestiaries are among the most popular primary sources for tales of fabulous creatures.
		Scattered among the fascinating, and, at times wildly exaggerated, moralizing tales of familiar creatures are a variety of enigmatic, yet oddly plausible, creatures including the Catoblepas, the Yale, the Aurumvorax and the ubiquitous Unicorn.
		However, some of the creatures to be found in the pages of bestiaries are neither plausible, nor clearly derived from descriptions of any known living creature.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/monsters/28326 (457 words)

	ChristStory Christian Bestiary - Legends & Symbols
		Antlion Pit: "Medieval Bestiaries & the Birth of Zoology"
		Medieval bestiaries were based on the idea that God had created animals for our instruction.
		Antlion Pit Medieval Bestiaries and the Birth of Zoology
	ww2.netnitco.net /users/legend01 (308 words)

	Medieval Bestiaries \| SCAtoday.net
		The Bestiary appeared in its present form in England in the twelfth century, as a compilation of many earlier sources, principally the Physiologus.
		In medieval Europe, bestiaries were extremely popular and respected by all who consulted it.1 After the Church appropriated it for its own purposes around the 6th century, the bestiary became a book of learning which used examples of animal lore to teach Christian values.
		Mixing fact and fiction with a dab of moralization, bestiaries became incarnations of the medieval mind which so preoccupied itself with salvation that it could scarce look beyond its horizon without seeing it through God-tainted glasses.
	scatoday.net /node/view/2842 (1617 words)

	BESTIARIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		"BESTIARIES" is generally used as a noun (plural) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"BESTIARIES" is used about 4 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
		Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /be/bestiaries.html (512 words)

	Bestiaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Robertsonianism is founded on such principles, that all is understood in terms of Christian allegory for the people of the Middle Ages.
		An early Greek bestiary, probably the first, originates somewhere between the 2nd and 5th centuries A.D. in Alexandria, seemingly using Egyptian, Greek, Jewish, and Indian sources.
		Anglo-Norman bestiaries proliferate, and a Latin one by an 11th-century monk named Theobaldus of Monte Cassino serves as the main source for the most accessible bestiary to us: the Middle English Bestiarium -- the East Midland text with the difficult dialect, c.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~delahoyd/medieval/bestiaries.html (240 words)

	[No title]
		It was very \par closely based on a single medieval bestiary, but edited for his own \par entertainment purposes.
		To whit: hunters \par pursue the beaver for his testicles, which are valued for their medical \par powers (hence the name _Castor_), so to save his life the beaver will \par bite off his own testicles and throw them in the hunter's path.
		Apparently in \par his _Bestiaire d'Amour_ (Bestiary of Love), which is a thoroughly \par secular love-themed text, Fournival exhorts the (female) object of his \par desire to emulate the beaver by giving up her heart to him- which \par follows of course the classic courtly euphemism for virginity.
	www.florilegium.org /files/ANIMALS/bestiaries-msg.rtf (2120 words)

	Beasts, Bestiaries & the Physiologus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Clark, W. and M. McMunn, Beasts and Birds of the Middle Ages: The Bestiary and its Legacy, Philadelphia, 198.
		Diekstra, F. M., "The Physiologus, the Bestiaries and Medieval Animal Lore," Neophilologus, LXIX (1985), 142-55.
		Morson, John, "The English Cistercians and the Bestiary," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, XXXIX (1956), 146-70.
	www.watervalley.net /users/tjray/medieval/beasts.htm (178 words)

	Fantastic... Bestiary
		By the time of the early Enlightenment, the Bestiary, like its more recnent relative the Encyclopedia, participates in the totalizing intent of a catalogue whose purpose is the scientific understanding of the world.
		So the unicorn and the dragon, the griffon and the sea serpent, and all their relations take refuge in the annals of folklore, until the fantastic and its adjudant, surrealism, release them once more into literary discourse from the prisons where rational inquiry had consigned them.
		Bestiaries and their Users in the Middle Ages.
	fantastic.library.cornell.edu /bestiary.php (125 words)

	Engelond: Class Picks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fancifully illustrated bestiaries such as the Aberdeen and Ashmole Bestiaries were popular in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
		Luxury bestiaries appeared in the late-twelfth century and remained popular throughout the thirteenth century.
		Although the Bestiary is concerned with the natural world, it was not regarded as scientific text.
	web1.umkc.edu /lib/engelond/classpicks.htm (4200 words)

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