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Topic: Beta cell

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Beta cell
		Beta cells are a type of cell in the pancreas in areas called the islets of Langerhans.
		Alpha cells are endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
		Beta Cell Development A goal of this RFA is to attract expertise in developmental genetics, embryology, stem cell biology, and diabetes and to stimulate collaborative interdisciplinary approaches to the study of beta cell development.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Beta-cell (797 words)

	NIDDK: Imaging the Pancreatic Beta Cell - April 24-25, 2006
		The purpose of the Imaging the Pancreatic Beta Cell in Health and Disease, Third Workshop on April 24-25, 2006, at the L’Enfant Plaza Hotel, 480 L’Enfant Plaza, Washington, DC 20024, is to explore progress in the field of imaging or otherwise visualizing the pancreatic islet cell mass to assess its funcitionality in health and disease.
		The workshop will showcase studies aimed at visualizing the pancreatic islet and/or beta cell in vivo, so as to elucidate the natural history of islet destruction underlying diabetes pathogenesis and to monitor survival during disease therapy.
		Identifying beta cell surface targets and ligands for imaging.
	www.niddk.nih.gov /fund/other/pancreaticcell/index.htm (185 words)

	Beta cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Beta cells are a type of cell in the pancreas in areas called the islets of Langerhans.
		Beta cells make and release insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood.
		Destruction or dysfunction of beta cells is the cause of diabetes mellitus type 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beta_cell (299 words)

	(BETA) Blood Cell Deficiencies - Part 1
		These include red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues; several types of white blood cells, which are an important part of the immune system; and platelets, which are involved in blood clotting.
		Blood cell deficiencies may be the result of an autoimmune response in which a person's immune system attacks the blood-producing cells in the bone marrow.
		In this type of anemia, red blood cell membranes are fragile and less able to bend when the cells pass through tiny vessels in the spleen, an immune system organ in the abdomen; this causes the cells to burst.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/beta/1998/be980703.html (2639 words)

	Beta cell transplants in diabetes.
		Beta cell destruction in Type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance in Type 2 lead to metabolic disturbances, and potentially to disabilities or death.
		As beta cells die from "overworking", their loss contributes to the rising blood sugars, but the underlying insulin resistance is still the major problem.
		Beta cell transplants would probably help to keep the blood sugar better controlled (and this itself lessens resistance to insulin), but beta cell transplants do not correct the underlying insulin resistance.
	www.diabetesnet.com /betacl.php (1129 words)

	Beta Globin Testing - Hemoglobin Disorders, Sickle Cell Disease, Beta Thalassemia Plus - Ambry Genetics
		Sickle cell disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and causes red blood cells to become deformed (sickle-shaped).
		The diagnosis of sickle cell disease is suspected in infants or young children with painful swelling of the hands and feet, pallor, jaundice, pneumococcal sepsis or meningitis, severe anemia with splenic enlargement, or acute chest syndrome.
		HBB alleles associated with sickle cell disease are common in African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian ethnicities as well as in persons from the Caribbean and parts of Central and South America.
	www.ambrygen.com /ts/ts_betaglobin.htm (975 words)

	Pancreatic Beta Cell Agenesis Information on Healthline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pancreatic beta cell agenesis is a rare disorder in which a child is born with no beta cells- the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin- resulting in diabetes.
		The second child was of normal birth weight, suggesting that she originally had beta cells that were subsequently destroyed, perhaps by an autoimmune process as in type 1 diabetes.
		Pancreatic beta cell agenesis, like type 1 and some cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is treated by insulin injection.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/pancreatic-beta-cell-agenesis (1017 words)

	(BETA) Blood Cell Deficiencies - Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Monocytes are large blood cells that live for a short time in the circulating blood before they migrate into the tissues of the body and mature into macrophages.
		Macrophages are large scavenger cells that target different types of "enemies." Many macrophages reside in the lymph nodes and spleen, and specialized macrophages protect the skin, lungs, intestines, liver, brain and other tissues.
		Natural killer cells are non-specific and attack a wide range of virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/beta/1998/BE980704.html (2690 words)

	Beyond the beta cell in diabetes - Nature Genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The evidence all points to the pancreatic beta cell as the chief suspect, as patients with diabetes do not secrete sufficient insulin to keep their glucose concentration within the normal physiological range.
		Shown are examples of genes mutated in monogenic diabetes initially affecting progenitor cells (resulting in developmental defects), exocrine cells or endocrine cells, emphasizing that CEL is the first cause of monogenic diabetes principally expressed in the exocrine pancreas.
		CEL is expressed in the exocrine acinar cells but not the endocrine beta cells, and so had not previously been considered a potential cause of diabetes.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v38/n1/full/ng0106-12.html (1215 words)

	Beta Cell Transplant Shows Promise in Curing Diabetes
		Doctors perform the transplant by infusing beta cells from a donor into the recipient's portal vein - a short, wide vein that feeds blood into the liver.
		Unlike pancreas transplantation, which is another area of research for curing diabetes, the transplant of beta cells is not a major operation.
		In a study presented at a meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Dr. Krishnamoorthy says 15 type 1 diabetic patients underwent a beta cell transplant between 2002 and 2005 using the wound-closing technique.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-11-30-voa75.cfm (439 words)

	Hepatocyte Growth Factor Preserves Beta Cell Mass and Mitigates Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice ...
		depletion of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets
		depletion of beta cells in the islet of Langerhans in pancreas,
		Cell proliferation in the islet of pancreas was determined by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at different time points after administration of STZ at 100 mg/kg BW.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/29/27080 (6169 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Unlocking the Secrets of the Pancreatic [Beta] Cell: Man and Mouse the Key (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A new mouse model of transient neonatal diabetes mellitus emphasizes that both the number of [beta] cells and their function are critical for insulin secretion and may be regulated by imprinted genes (see the related article beginning on page 339).
		The number of [beta] cells continued to increase and by 2- 3 months (juvenile) was approximately twice the number observed in wild-type mice, although the total insulin content of the pancreas was unchanged, which suggests that each [beta] cell contains less insulin.
		However, the compensatory increase in [beta] cell mass was not maintained, and adult TNDM29 mice had a [beta] cell mass similar to that in wild-type animals.
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=80061 (1527 words)

	TGF-beta
		Unchecked cell growth is the essence of cancer, so much basic research has centered on how cancer cells escape normal growth controls.
		Other researchers believe that cells that are resistant to TGF-beta, such as those in colon cancer, “spit” the protein out, where it then functions in the tumor microenvironment to stimulate cancer progression.
		Fibroblasts are cells in connective tissue that have the capability to respond to injury and which produces much of the connective tissue that holds a human body together.
	www.aacr.org /page5569.aspx (1025 words)

	Plans to develop a "universal beta-cell line" - treatment for type 1 diabetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Previous efforts to coax mature human beta-cells to survive and replicate in the laboratory have not succeeded, however, because the cells died or lost their ability to produce insulin in response to sugar stimulation.
		Then, the genes that extend cell lifespan were removed to ensure that the cells would not form tumors and to promote beta-cell behavior.
		While further research is needed before these cells can be considered for testing in humans, plans to develop a "universal beta-cell line" are well underway, and Dr. Yoon anticipates that human clinical trials might begin as soon as three to five years from now.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=13359 (470 words)

	children with DIABETES - Diabetes Dictionary: B
		A type of cell in the pancreas in areas called the Islets of Langerhans.
		Beta cells make and release insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
		Glucose is the major source of energy for living cells and is carried to each cell through the bloodstream.
	www.childrenwithdiabetes.com /dictionary/b.htm (749 words)

	Beta cell boost -- VUMC team takes leadership role in international consortium to understand pancreatic development
		The Beta Cell Biology Consortium has as a major focus the goal of converting human stem cells into functional beta cells, or complete pancreatic islets, that can be used to treat diabetes mellitus.
		“There are experts in the physiology of the beta cell, in the identification and manipulation of genes, in transcription factors, in transplantation models, in bioinformatics, and in microarray technologies,” Wright said.
		Wright’s own research focuses on the genes that play a role in the very early decisions of a cell to become pancreas instead of stomach or intestines-and after that, to become an insulin-secreting beta cell versus one of the other pancreatic cell types.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /reporter/index.html?ID=2125 (1289 words)

	Glossary provided by the Beta Cell Biology Consortium
		A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells in the pancreas that causes the body to release stores of energy in the form of glucose when blood sugar levels are low.
		The protein molecule that carries oxygen (to the cells of the body from the lungs) and carbon dioxide (from the cells to the lungs) in the bloodstream.
		A chemical manufactured in specialized cells that are secreted and used by other cells and tissues to perform their function.
	www.betacell.org /content/glossary.php?view=all (1800 words)

	Byetta (Exenatide) and Type 2 Diabetes Beta Cell Response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Reduced beta-cell response is defined as the failure of the beta cells to produce enough insulin.
		By the time of diagnosis, beta-cell response is often reduced by 50%, and it can continue to worsen by as much as 4% per year despite the use of insulin or drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (i.e., metformin, sulfonylureas).
		In most individuals who develop insulin resistance, the beta cells compensate for the insulin resistance by increasing the amount of insulin produced.
	www.byetta.com /hcp/beta_cell_response_211.jsp?reqNavId=1.2 (246 words)

	T cell receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The T cell receptor or TCR is a molecule found on the surface of T lymphocytes (or T cells) that is responsible for recognizing antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
		It is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and beta chain in 95% of T cells, while 5% of T cells have TCRs consisting of gamma and delta chains.
		The signal from the T cell complex is enhanced by simultaneous binding of the MHC molecules by a specific co-receptor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/T_cell_receptor (651 words)

	Joslin researchers clarify mechanisms for beta-cell formation
		The results of immunohistochemical staining suggest that these new beta cells are not derived from duct cells.
		It is possible that the response originates from potential beta-cell stem cells, a more primitive cell that has yet to differentiate into a beta cell.
		Joslin is moving stem cell research forward through a multidisciplinary team of top researchers who work together across several of Joslin's research sections.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-09/jdc-jrc091604.php (703 words)

	ScienceDaily: Human Beta-cell Line Offers Hope For Type 1 Diabetes Breakthrough
		Ultimately, a cell line of thissort may provide an abundant source of beta-cells for transplantationand an alternative to beta-cells from cadavers.
		Previousefforts to coax mature human beta-cells to survive and replicate in thelaboratory have not succeeded, however, because the cells died or losttheir ability to produce insulin in response to sugar stimulation.
		Then, the genes thatextend cell lifespan were removed to ensure that the cells would notform tumors and to promote beta-cell behavior.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/10/051009203211.htm (544 words)

	BioCurrents Research Center : Diabetes : Beta Cell Oxygen Consumption
		Mitochondria play a key role in the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells, and oxygen consumption in response to fuel secretagogues represents an important marker of mitochondrial metabolism.
		Oscillatory metabolism, including oscillations in oxygen consumption, is believed to underline pulsatile insulin output from the beta cells.
		Single mouse and rat beta cell oxygen consumption, in response to various insulin secretagogues, was measured using the oxygen amperometric electrode technique developed at the BRC.
	www.mbl.edu /labs/BioCurrents/spid0093.html (248 words)

	Pancreatic Beta-cell Research
		The project involves both molecular and cell biology techniques and experimental studies using animal models for type 1 diabetes, such as the non-obese diabetic mouse.
		Barbu A, Welsh N, Saldeen J. Cytokine-induced cell death is preceded by disruption of the mitochondrial transmemebrane potential (DFm) in RINm5F cells:Prevention by Bcl-2.
		Tillmar L, Welsh N. Islet expression of the orphan endothelial cell tyrosine kinase receptor 1 is increased in response to hypoxia in vitro.
	www.medcellbiol.uu.se /research/nwresearch.html (670 words)

	beta cell islets
		Why can't we take beta cell islets from a honeymooner and allow them to reproduce outside the body and then retransplant them back.
		One would think that beta cells could be taken from a non-diabetic's pancreas, but ultimately, the CURE has to be better than the disease itself.
		One reason that "just putting in good cells" doesn't work for us is that the destruction of beta cells is the SYMPTOM of our underlying auto-immune dysfunction.
	www.medhelp.org /forums/Diabetes/messages/620.html (432 words)

	Diabetes Research Summary - Weight Loss Linked To Better Beta-Cell Function - American Diabetes Association
		Although weight loss in older adults improves insulin sensitivity (a measure of risk for heart disease), its effect on beta-cell function is unknown.
		Beta cells make insulin and are located in the pancreas.
		They also wanted to know if beta cells have as much effectiveness in slowing the progression of diabetes in older patients as improving insulin sensitivity does.
	www.diabetes.org /diabetes-research/summaries/utzschneider-weightloss.jsp (367 words)

	Newswise Medical News \| Human Beta-Cell Line Offers Hope for Type 1 Diabetes Breakthrough
		Previous efforts to coax mature human beta-cells to survive and replicate in the laboratory have not succeeded, however, because the cells died or lost their ability to produce insulin in response to sugar stimulation.
		Then, the genes that extend cell lifespan were removed to ensure that the cells would not form tumors and to promote beta-cell behavior.
		While further research is needed before these cells can be considered for testing in humans, plans to develop a “universal beta-cell line” are well underway, and Dr. Yoon anticipates that human clinical trials might begin as soon as three to five years from now.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/514842 (428 words)

	CiteULike: The beta cell transcription factors and development of the pancreas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The pancreatic beta cell is the major source of circulating insulin in adult mammals.
		In the multistep process of insulin synthesis it is initiation of transcription that restricts insulin synthesis to the beta cell since all subsequent steps can be performed by other cell types.
		The same transcription factors that regulate insulin gene transcription in the adult beta cell are involved in determining cell differentiation during pancreatic development.
	www.citeulike.org /user/journal888/article/168195 (606 words)

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