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Topic: Beta radiation

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	Beta particle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Beta particles are high-energy electrons emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40.
		Beta decay is mediated by the weak nuclear force.
		Beta particles may be stopped by a few mil (1/1000 in.) of aluminum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beta_particle (303 words)

	EPA - Beta Particles (EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Understanding Radiation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Beta particles have a mass of 549 millionths of one atomic mass unit, or AMU, which is about 1/2000 of the mass of a proton or neutron.
		When the beta particle ejection doesn't rid the nucleus of the extra energy, the nucleus releases the remaining excess energy in the form of a gamma photon.
		Beta emitters are also used in a variety of industrial instruments, such as industrial thickness gauges, using their weak penetrating power to measure very thin materials.
	www.epa.gov /radiation/understand/beta.htm (1424 words)

	CDC Radiation Emergencies \| Glossary of Radiological Terms
		The decay constant is inversely proportional to the radioactive half-life.
		Decay, radioactive: disintegration of the nucleus of an unstable atom by the release of radiation.
		When ionizing radiation passes through the tube, a short, intense pulse of current passes from the negative electrode to the positive electrode and is measured or counted.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /radiation/glossary.asp (6808 words)

	Intra Coronary Radiation Treatment
		Radiation treatment is intended to inhibit the overgrowth of normal tissue as the healing process occurs following angioplasty or after stent placement.
		The dose of radiation to the body is minimal - less than a chest x-ray and much less than that received during a heart catheterization.
		Long-term risks of beta radiation delivered to the coronary arteries are unknown.
	www.med.nyu.edu /cardcath/patient/betacath.html (793 words)

	Physics in steelmaking. Ionising radiations. Types of ionising radiation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Alpha and beta radiations are streams of particles, whereas gamma radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Beta radiation is a stream of fast moving electrons.
		Gamma radiation is at the high frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/physics/corus/rad/psch5pg2.html (390 words)

	ipedia.com: Beta particle Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Beta radiation is a form of ionizing radiation emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as cobalt -60.
		Beta radiation is a form of ionizing radiation emitted by certain types of radioactive nuclei such as cobalt-60.
		This radiation is in the form of beta (β) particles, which are high-energy electrons or positrons ejected from a nucleus in a process known as beta decay.
	www.ipedia.com /beta_particle.html (289 words)

	National Safety Council Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ionizing radiation is emitted as the unstable atoms of radioactive materials constantly emit alpha, beta, gamma, or other forms of radiation as they "decay" to a stable state.
		Nonionizing radiation is strong enough to influence the atoms it contacts, but not strong enough to affect their structure.
		The major types of ionizing radiation emitted as a result of radioactive decay are alpha and beta particles and gamma rays.
	www.nsc.org /issues/rad/science.htm (1694 words)

	Radiation Basics
		The radiation one typically encounters is one of four types: alpha radiation, beta radiation, and gamma (or x) radiation.
		Beta radiation may travel several feet in air and is moderately penetrating.
		Gamma radiation and/or characteristic x rays frequently accompany the emission of alpha and beta radiation during radioactive decay.
	hps.org /publicinformation/ate/faqs/radiation.html (3657 words)

	BETA RADIATION TREATMENT CAN PREVENT REPEAT BLOCKAGES IN BLOOD VESSELS AFTER ANGIOPLASTY, ACCORDING TO A NEW STUDY
		The University of Maryland Medical Center was part of a multi-center study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of using beta radiation to treat and prevent new blockages inside of stents.
		The study found that beta radiation reduced the frequency of repeat blockages by as much as 66 percent in the patients treated.
		In the study, patients were treated with "radiation seeds" (small pellets that emit radiation) immediately after angioplasty to open their blocked stents.
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/stent.html (557 words)

	Beta Radiation
		Beta radiation may travel meters in air and is moderately penetrating.
		Beta radiation can penetrate human skin to the "germinal layer," where new skin cells are produced.
		Beta radiation cannot be detected with an ionization chamber such as a CD V-715.
	www.orau.gov /reacts/beta.htm (143 words)

	Radiation Basics - SE International, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		When a ray or particle of ionizing radiation enters or passes through the tube, it is sensed electronically and displayed on the meter or LCD and by a red count light.
		Radiation is a scary topic for most individuals, but some basic knowledge will help in determining what action to take when exposed to radiation in an emergency response situation.
		Alpha and beta are particles and gamma is a ray/photon.
	www.seintl.com /english/basics.htm (2263 words)

	Beta Glucan Radiation Research
		Hemopoietic recovery was measured by the endogenous spleen colony assay and was compared with recovery in both radiation control mice and irradiated mice treated with glucan-P (a particulate polyglycan previously shown to enhance recovery from radiation-induced hemopoietic injury).
		The hemopoietic effects of glucan, a beta 1,3 polyglycan biological response modifier, were assayed in normal and irradiated mice.
		Mice were exposed to 7.9 Gy of whole-body 60Co radiation and treated with saline, glucan (250 mg/kg of body weight intravenously, 1 h after irradiation), pefloxacin (64 mg/kg/day orally, days 3 to 24 after irradiation), or glucan plus pefloxacin.
	www.aboutbetaglucan.com /beta-glucan-radiation.asp (2455 words)

	Gamma ray - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation; they are more penetrating than either alpha or beta radiation, but less ionizing.
		Gamma rays, x-rays, visible light, and UV rays are all forms of electromagnetic radiation.
		The beams are aimed from different angles to focus the radiation on the growth while minimising damage to the surrounding tissues.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Gamma_ray (1057 words)

	Beta Radiation Treatment Can Prevent Repeat Blockages in Vessels After Angioplasty, New Study Shows
		Delivering beta radiation following angioplasty may prevent new blockages from forming in the stents placed in heart vessels, according to results of a multi-center study headed by researchers at the University of Maryland Medical Center in Baltimore.
		It is the first randomized, multi-center, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of beta radiation to prevent the formation of new blockages inside of stents.
		The study found that beta radiation, a highly localized form of radiation, reduced the frequency of repeat blockages by as much as 66 percent in the patients receiving therapy.
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/suntha.html (552 words)

	SDV Nuclear Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive materials, including radon (except as a decay product of source material or special nuclear material); and global fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices.
		Radiation emitted or reflected in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
		Radiation in a system that was not produced as a result of the action of another radiation on that system.
	glossary.dataenabled.com /sdvglossary_radiation.html (1332 words)

	Radiation Protection Waste Bins
		Beta emissions of 32P, 35S, 3H and 14C can be effectively blocked by using 10mm thick optical acrylic, which is now the accepted standard for shielding beta emissions in biological research.
		Phosphorous is therefore known as a "hard" emitter of beta radiation, while tritium, sulphur and carbon are regarded as "soft" emitters of beta radiation.
		Gamma emissions are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to that of light, generated by the nuclear decay of an unstable isotope.
	www.harvardapparatus.com /webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/product_10051_10001_39961_-1_HAI_ProductDetail_30789____ (774 words)

	beta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Beta decay is a radioactive process in which an electron is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom, along with an unusual particle called an antineutrino.
		Because this electron is from the nucleus of the atom, it is called a beta particle to distinguish it from the electrons which orbit the atom.
		Depending on the beta particles energy (which depends on the radioactive atom), beta particles will travel up to several meters in air, and are stopped by thin layers of metal or plastic.
	www.physics.isu.edu /radinf/beta.htm (278 words)

	NOVA \| Dirty Bomb \| Sources of Radiation (non-Flash) \| PBS
		Infrared radiation, which we feel as heat, and radio waves, which we can't sense at all, are two others.
		Gamma radiation in high doses is potentially lethal to life on Earth, but the sun releases relatively little gamma radiation.
		Radiation is the emission of particles or electromagnetic waves.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/dirtybomb/sour-nf.html (1539 words)

	Beta Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Beta radiation is emitted during the radioactive decay of many beta-active, unstable nuclides.
		The beta particle, which is an electron, is emitted when a neutron in a nucleus is transformed into a proton.
		Beta particles ionize less easily than do the heavy particles and therefore they have a much longer range.
	www.kose.ee /nucbasic/nucpedia/uk/beta_radiat.htm (138 words)

	Radiation Basics - Beta Particles
		Beta particles have a mass which is half of one thousanth of the mass of a proton (Figure 1) and carry a single negative charge.
		Later in 1897 in Cambridge, Joseph John Thomson had shown that cathode rays were particles with a negative electric charge and much smaller than an atom.
		A neutron in the nucleus converts to a proton and a beta particle.
	www.arpansa.gov.au /basics/beta.htm (497 words)

	[No title]
		Because the beta and neutrino are very light compared to the final nucleus, energy and momentum conservation dictate that the new nucleus gets very little energy though it carries much linear momentum.
		If the primary radiation is not charged (neutron, gamma), detection depends on interaction first to produce a moving charged particle, which will then generate the signal – no primary interaction, no signal.
		Betas always involve a range of energies, up to some maximum, and absorption of betas assumes a range of energies.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /ugrad/labs/bg.html (2684 words)

	DG DISPATCH - ACC: Beta Radiation Seeds Reduce In-stent Restenosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		ANAHEIM, CA -- March 14, 2000 -- Beta radiation pellets containing strontium-90 reduce by 36 percent the risk of cellular proliferation that causes in-stent restenosis, one of the more difficult treatment sequelae of angioplasty with stent placement.
		"Beta radiation is actually a little easier to use than gamma radiation and involves less exposure of radioactivity to the physicians doing the procedure," Popma said at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology, being held March 12-15, 2000, in Anaheim, CA.
		"Data suggests that radiation treatment of in-stent restenosis stops it from recurring." He said the Popma data on efficacy is similar to that seen with gamma-radiation devices.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/18F31E.htm (446 words)

	Definition of Radiation
		Gamma radiation and X-rays are examples of electromagnetic radiation.
		Beta and alpha radiation are examples of particulate radiation.
		Irradiation occurs when all or part of the body is exposed to radiation from an unshielded source.
	www.orau.gov /reacts/define.htm (284 words)

	gamma radiation on Encyclopedia.com
		Gamma radiation is emitted by excited nuclei (see nucleus) or other processes involving subatomic particles; it often accompanies alpha or beta radiation, as a nucleus emitting those particles may be left in an excited (higher-energy) state.
		The applications of gamma radiation are much the same as those of X rays, both in medicine and in industry.
		Data from artificial satellites and high-altitude balloons have indicated that a flux of gamma radiation is reaching the earth from outer space, thus opening up the field of research known as gamma-ray astronomy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/g1/gammarad.asp (575 words)

	UIC - Radiation and Life
		Beyond ultraviolet are higher energy kinds of radiation which are used in medicine and which we all get in low doses from space, from the air, and from the earth.
		The amount of ionising radiation, or 'dose', received by a person is measured in terms of the energy absorbed in the body tissue, and is expressed in gray.
		Radiation protection standards are based on the conservative assumption that the risk is directly proportional to the dose, even at the lowest levels, though there is no evidence of risk at low levels.
	www.uic.com.au /ral.htm (3438 words)

	GCSE Notes on Radioactivity and Nuclear Fusion/Fission Reactions at Doc Brown's Chemistry Clinic. KS4 GCSE AS A2 KS4 ...
		Because of the dangers of this ionising or atomic radiation, all workers and medical staff who are likely to be near radioactive or ionising sources must wear lapel radiation badges containing photographic film to monitor their exposure to radiation.
		Gamma radiation is highly penetrating and so gamma sources are used where the radiation must be detected after passing through an appreciable thickness of material.
		The radiation is deadly for bacteria even in the most microscopic pockets of apparently smooth and shiny stainless steel of surgical instruments.
	www.wpbschoolhouse.btinternet.co.uk /page03/3_54radio.htm (5050 words)

	CR Scientific: Helpful Articles: Radiation Safety and Basics, Radioactive Minerals FAQ
		A beta particle (actually, "beta-minus" particle, since it has a charge of -1) is simply a stray electron- not from the usual, orbital region of an atom, though- beta particles spring into existence directly from an atom's nucleus as the result of neutron breakdown.
		Beta radiation can be stopped by a few centimeters of wood, plastic, or glass.
		Radiation, as it pertains to human health, is often measured in a dose called millisieverts (mSv).
	www.crscientific.com /radiation.html (1541 words)

	Beta Radiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Because of the limited range of beta particles, the increase in beta radiation is much greater than would be expected from the inverse square law when the source is approached closely.
		Only if the source is thin relative to the range of the beta particles , do the beta particles contribute substantially to the dose at the surface.
		Activated accelerator components and shielding may contain beta emitters but only those near the surface will emit beta particles that are not immediately absorbed.
	www.triumf.ca /safety/rpt/rpt_7/node12.html (149 words)

	N6: Effect of Shielding on Beta Radiation
		Part of the radiation was easier to block than the remaining radiation.
		Subtract the average background radiation to determine the intensity of β radiation that penetrates each kind of shielding.
		Construct a graph of the reduction in radiation verses the thickness of Aluminum.
	homepage.mac.com /dtrapp/eChem.f/labN6.html (670 words)

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