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Topic: Beta-peptide

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Beta-peptide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia β-peptides consist of beta amino acids, which have an amino group in the β-position. Because the backbones of β-peptides are longer than those of peptides that consist of α-amino acids, β-peptides form a secondary structure different from that of normal peptides. Although the structure of peptide depends on the chemical structure of the amino acid, many kinds of β-peptides form helix structures. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beta-peptide   (274 words)

A-beta Peptide solutions possessing beta-sheet and amyloid structures were neurotoxic to PC12 cells in vitro and bound with measurable affinities to cholesterol-rich phospholipid membranes at ambient conditions, but peptide solutions lacking stable beta-sheet structures and amyloid content were nontoxic and possessed less than one tenth of the binding affinities of the amyloid-containing peptides. We further demonstrated that the neurotoxicity of the nonaggregated A beta peptide paralleled a rapid and stable interaction between the A beta peptide and the plasma membrane of neurons, preceding apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. Synthetic A beta and its peptide fragment 25-35 [A beta (25-35)] are toxic to cells in culture; however, the exact mechanism of amyloid peptide toxicity is not known. lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /Literature/Review/a-beta.htm   (9120 words)

06494.030123&ELEMENT_SET=DECL By selecting peptides which form beta sheets tapes which possess a hydrophobic width substantially the same as the thickness of the hydrophobic part of lipid bilayer, the peptide strands are able to hydrogen bond together to form a beta barrel which transverses the lipid bilayer. The use of a lipid bilayer is able to influence the equilibrium between the peptide monomers and peptides in beta barrel structure. The peptide beta barrels may function as antimicrobial agents or antibacterial agents and may act by forming a"hole"in the bacterium or microbe cell lipid bilayer. www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/06494.030123&ELEMENT_SET=DECL   (2594 words)

protofiblils Amyloid fibrils comprising primarily the peptides A beta 40 and A beta 42 are a defining feature of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, and convergent evidence suggests that the process of their formation plays a central role in the AD pathogenic pathway. Since the aggregation of soluble A beta peptide into fibrils is viewed as a critical event in the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), preventing, altering, or reversing fibril formation may thus be of therapeutic value. beta-Amyloid protein (A beta), a 39-42 residue peptide resulting from the proteolytic processing of a membrane-bound beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), is one of the major components of the fibrillar deposits observed in Alzheimer patients. lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /Literature/Review/protofibrils.htm   (5034 words)

Researcher Uncovers Clues to Alzheimer’s In Butterfield’s study, which was funded by the National Institutes of Health, he focused on amyloid beta peptide, a compound known to contribute to the senile plaques seen in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. The study compared amyloid beta peptide in an animal model to the same compound in humans and found both forms of the compound cause loss of connections between neurons and decreased cell viability as well as other damage associated with Alzheimer’s. Butterfield also demonstrated that in the animal form of the peptide, the introduction of the antioxidant vitamin E slowed the destruction of brain cells as it appears to in the human form. www.uky.edu /PR/News/041104_butterfield_finding.htm   (338 words)

NIH Record-8-22-2000--Synthetic Peptide Shows Promise as Antibiotic By using beta-amino acids to build his peptide, Gellman hopes to avoid some of the problems associated with using natural magainins as drugs, such as their propensity to be chewed up by the body's digestive enzymes. For example, in the beta version of one amino acid, tyrosine (see illustration), the amino group is attached one carbon closer to the aromatic ring than in the natural — or alpha — form. In Beta Tyrosine, the amino group is attached one carbon closer to the aromatic ring than in the natural form. www.nih.gov /news/NIH-Record/08_22_2000/story05.htm   (893 words)

Insertion of Alzheimer's A{beta}40 Peptide into Lipid Monolayers -- Ege and Lee 87 (3): 1732 -- Biophysical Journal Ege, C. Interaction of amyloid beta peptides with lipid membranes. the peptide causes the lipid monolayer to dissolve in the subphase. the peptide from underneath one of the barriers. www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/87/3/1732   (5563 words)

Bioreagents.com: Beta-Secretase 1 Amyloid beta peptide is the major constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of individuals afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease. This peptide is generated from the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) in a two-step process. Nicastrin has been found to bind to the carboxyl-terminus of beta APP and helps to modulate the production of the amyloid beta peptide. www.bioreagents.com /dev/index.cfm/fuseaction/products.detail/CatNbr/PA1-757   (361 words)

Chirag Patel - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper The primary deposition of the peptide into AD plaques has triggered the formation of the amyloid hypothesis stating that amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide initiates a cascade culminating in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration—essentially, the amyloid hypothesis highlights amyloid plaques as being a causative factor in AD pathogenesis (Simons et al., 2001). The plaques are composed primarily of the 39- to 43-residue amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide generated by cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via β- or γ-secretase; however α-secretase cleavage results in soluble extracellular APP fragments. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is actually a fragment derived from the large type I transmembrane protein APP, the amyloid precursor protein. www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200308/papers/paper_patel.html   (2226 words)

United States Patent Application: 0030023997 peptide and the second protease, which is termed.gamma.-secretase, releasing the C terminus of the A.beta. peptide to the C terminus of APP and the APP signal peptide is cloned, one or more spacer amino acids is/are preferably inserted between these two parts of the fusion product, with preference being given to inserting one amino acid, for example leucine. peptide which consists of 42 amino acids) as a fusion protein together with a synthetic signal peptide and under the control of the muscle-specific promoter unc 54. appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20030023997".PGNR.&OS=DN/20030023997&RS=DN/20030023997   (4992 words)

Le Magazine, September 2001 - Abstracts: Curcumin, Metformin, Alzheimer's Disease Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. This implies that either a approximately 50% reduction in dense-cored A beta plaques is sufficient to affect cognition, or that vaccination may modulate the activity/abundance of a small subpopulation of especially toxic A beta species. Evidence that A beta immunization also reduces cognitive dysfunction in murine models of Alzheimer’s disease would support the hypothesis that abnormal A beta processing is essential to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, and would encourage the development of other strategies directed at the ‘amyloid cascade’. www.lef.org /magazine/mag2001/sep2001_abs_4.html   (1470 words)

[P&S Journal:Winter:98] New Clues to Early Neuron Damage in Alzheimer's Disease Since amyloid-beta peptide is produced within cells, scientists have been looking for targets within the cell through which the peptide could cause this early damage. In the traditional view, large extracellular accumulations of amyloid-beta peptide, as happens in the late stages of Alzheimer's, cause non-specific injuries to neurons. cientists have long known that amyloid-beta peptide, a precursor protein involved in Alzheimer's disease, collects outside of nerve cells in the brain, eventually killing the cells. cpmcnet.columbia.edu /news/journal/journal-o/archives/jour_v18n01_0009.html   (421 words)

globeandmail.com : globeinvestor.com : Researchers Report Novel A-beta Derived Peptide Biomarkers Strongly Indicated for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Monitoring of Alzheimer's Disease A-beta peptide is the main constituent of senile plaques found in the brains of AD patients and a key molecule in the disease pathogenesis. The accompanying abstract states "Abeta42 peptides were clearly present in AD patients, strongly indicating that they are valuable biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of AD." In the second study, "Neuroproteomic Profiling of Amyloid beta Peptides in human CSF with SELDI-TOF MS," Prof. Reliable methods to detect and quantify soluble forms of this peptide in human biological fluids and model systems are of great importance for both clinical diagnosis and understanding disease mechanisms. www.globeinvestor.com /servlet/WireFeedRedirect?cf=GlobeInvestor/config&vg=BigAdVariableGenerator&date=20040719&archive=prnews&slug=2004_07_19_09_0436_1185302   (751 words)

current We find that the isolated Abeta16-22 peptide is mainly a random coil in the sense that both the alpha-helix and beta-strand contents are low, whereas the three- and six-chain systems form aggregated structures with a high beta-sheet content. In the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer, the major secondary structure of Abeta(40) is a helix; however, the peptide tends to exit the membrane environment and lie down on the surface of the bilayer. Moreover, both registries determined for A&beta(11-25) fibrils are different from the hydrogen bond registry in the antiparallel &beta -sheets of A&beta(16-22) fibrils at pH 7.4 determined in earlier solid state NMR studies. polymer.bu.edu /~shypeng/AD/Meetings/current.htm   (924 words)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection alters chemokine beta peptide expression in human monocytes: implications for recruitment of leukocytes into brain and lymph nodes. Induction depended on productive viral infection: not only did the kinetics of MIP-1 peptide induction closely follow those of viral replication, but monocyte cultures inoculated with heat-inactivated virus or infected in the presence of AZT failed to produce these chemokine beta peptides. Two chemokine (chemoattractant cytokines) beta peptides, macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 alpha and 1 beta (MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta), were induced in human monocyte cultures following infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). As MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are potent chemoattractants for both monocytes and specific subpopulations of lymphocytes, this dysregulation of beta chemokine expression may influence the trafficking of leukocytes during HIV infection. www.aegis.com /aidsline/1996/may/m9650610.html   (538 words)

Interactive Fly, Drosophila These results demonstrate that in epithelial cells two independent mechanisms mediate the polarized trafficking of beta APP holoprotein and its major secreted derivative (APPs) and that A beta peptides are derived in part from beta APP holoprotein targeted to the cell surface by a signal that includes tyrosine 653 (Haass, 1996). A beta is derived by proteolysis from the membrane-spanning beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP). The mechanisms regulating the polarized basolateral sorting of beta APP and its proteolytic derivatives were examined in MDCK cells. www.sdbonline.org /fly/hjmuller/appl2b.htm   (2021 words)

ScienceWeek In mice heterozygous for the insulysin gene trap, in which insulysin activity levels were decreased 50%, brain A-beta peptides were increased to levels intermediate between those in wild-type mice and homozygous insulysin gene-trap mice that had no detectable insulysin activity. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that newly generated A-beta is rapidly cleared from the brain, suggesting that A-degrading proteases could play a role in regulating cerebral levels of the peptide. Although cerebral accumulation of A-beta is believed to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, in the vast majority of cases the underlying causes for this elevation are unknown. scienceweek.com /2003/sw030801-4.htm   (4265 words)

Two Receptors on Brain Cells Identified as Possible Cause of Neuronal Damage in Alzheimer's. August 21, 1996 The researchers also identified a peptide that blocks the interaction between microglial scavenger receptors and fibrillar beta amyloid. Beta amyloid fibrils constitute the core of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, a pathological hallmark of the disease. This peptide is the principal component of extracellular deposits of filamentous proteins in Alzheimer's disease whose enhanced presence correlates with neuronal dysfunction and dementia. www.columbia.edu /cu/record/archives/vol22/vol22_iss2/Alzheimers_Cause.html   (484 words)

Estrogens influence growth, maturation, and amyloid beta-peptide production in neuroblastoma cells and in a beta-APP transfected kidney 293 cell line. The extracellular deposition in brain tissue and around blood vessels of the amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), a 4.3 kD fragment of the larger integral membrane protein, beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), is considered an important characteristic of AD. While in neuroblastoma cells, levels of A beta were only slightly reduced after estradiol and a dose-effect relationship with the hormone could not be demonstrated, in the 293 cells, A beta band intensity decreased as concentration of estradiol increased. We investigated whether 17-beta estradiol may influence the formation of the A beta (thus the abnormal accumulation of amyloid proteins) in neuroblastoma cells and in a beta-APP transfected human kidney 293 cell line. www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_9413580.html   (338 words)

Aggregation of beta-amyloid peptide is promoted by membrane phospholipid metabolites elevated in Alzheimer's disease brain. A beta peptides have been shown to be toxic to neurons in cell culture, and this toxicity is critically dependent on the aggregation of the peptide into cross-beta-pleated sheet fibrils. Increased amounts of beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide deposits are found in Alzheimer's disease brain. Therefore, we examined the effect of membrane phospholipid metabolites that are altered in Alzheimer's disease brain on the aggregation of A beta(1-40) using a light scattering method. www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_9202319.html   (253 words)

Beta Peptide Foundation Pty Ltd Beta Peptide is the most exciting place to be in the world right now”. A CSIRO discovery, Beta Alistine™ is a naturally occurring peptide that protects against skin damage and speeds up repair of blemishes and a variety of skin conditions. Beta Peptide first received an RandD Start grant in 2000 to support further research into Beta Alistine™, the anti-aging component of the skin care range. www.ausindustry.gov.au /content/content.cfm?ObjectID=383848F2-BDF8-42D9-A0E2C6B8CEF05F59&L2Parent=E035FC85-BA61-4BD9-B63C55EB01839B8C&L3Parent=318B569B-C9AA-4FE2-A1C2DDF2272DB604   (778 words)

T cell receptor V beta complementarity-determining region 1 peptide administration moderates immune dysfunction and cytokine dysregulation induced by murine retrovirus infection. Administration of the TCR V beta CDR1 peptide before murine retrovirus infection significantly prevented its suppression of splenic NK cell activity, T and B cell proliferation, and monokine (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and Th1 cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) release by splenocytes, and inhibited retrovirus-induced elevation of Th2 cytokine (IL-5 and IL-10). Immunization with TCR V beta peptide prevents development of retrovirus-induced immune dysfunction, which suggests a possible pathogenic role of autoreactive T cells as regulatory elements. T cell receptor V beta complementarity-determining region 1 peptide administration moderates immune dysfunction and cytokine dysregulation induced by murine retrovirus infection. www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/nov/M95B0405.html   (493 words)

Caltech Press Release, 11/21/2005, Dr. Joanna Jankowsky, Dr. Henry Lester The peptide is created when a molecule called amyloid precursor protein (APP) is snipped in two places, at the front end by an enzyme called beta-APP cleaving enzyme, and at the back end by an enzyme called gamma-secretase. Rather, they may be a sign of the overproduction of amyloid-beta and of the small, free-floating clumps of the peptide that actually cause cognitive problems. PASADENA, Calif.- Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that afflicts an estimated 4.5 million Americans and that is characterized by the presence of dense clumps of a small peptide called amyloid-beta in the spaces between neurons. pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR12766.html   (806 words)

Alzforum: Live Discussion: Gonadal Hormone Withdrawal, Apoptosis, and Generation of Beta Amyloid Peptide: A Vicious Cycle of Amyloidogenesis and Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's Disease Involvement of caspases in proteolytic cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta precursor protein and amyloidogenic A beta peptide formation. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens on amyloid beta protein-induced toxicity are mediated by abrogating the activation of caspase cascade in rat cortical neurons. The major contributor to the increased prevalence of AD in women is a "survival effect"; i.e., the effect of CAD to diminish male longevity. www.alzforum.org /res/for/journal/gandy   (2172 words)

ScienceDaily: A New Species Of Amyloid Peptide A New Species Of Amyloid Peptide (December 7, 2004) -- Scientists have identified a new, longer species of amyloid ²-peptide that has the potential to be a new target for the treatment of Alzheimer's... UCSD Researchers Identify Peptides That Bind To Alzheimer's Plaques (September 9, 2003) -- Two short protein segments, called peptides, have been identified by researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, for their ability to recognize and bind to... A Synthetic Peptide Destroys Brain Plaque Implicated In Alzheimer's Disease (July 2, 1998) -- New York University School of Medicine researchers have created a protein fragment that blocks the formation of a substance implicated in causing Alzheimer's disease, a finding that may lay the... www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/11/041129111135.htm   (2113 words)

Life Extension Newsletter - November 5, 2005 The beta-amyloid peptide present in the core of senile plaques is a 42-amino acid chain produced by cleavage of a larger protein known as amyloid precursor protein (APP). The most characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease are senile plaques of beta-amyloid peptide, neurofibrillary tangles involving tau protein, loss of synapses, and (ultimately) the death of neurons. A report published in the November 11 2005 issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry revealed that resveratrol, a compound found in red grapes and peanuts, reduces amyloid-beta peptide levels produced by specific brain cells. www.lef.org /newsletter/2005/2005_11_05.html   (911 words)

Publication Details - James Chang - Stanford University School of Medicine Tendon sheath fibroblasts exhibited the greatest increases in beta1 and beta2 peptide isoform expression (30 and 23 percent, respectively), whereas endotenon tenocytes demonstrated the greatest increase in beta3 peptide expression (32 percent). Cell cultures were supplemented with 50 mM lactate, and the expression of three TGF-beta peptide isoforms (beta1, beta2, and beta3) and three receptor isoforms (R1, R2, and R3) was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. TGF-beta functional activity was also assessed with the addition of tendon cell conditioned media to mink lung epithelial cells transfected with a luciferase reporter gene expression construct responsive to TGF-beta. www-med.stanford.edu /profiles/frdActionServlet?choiceId=showPublication&pubid=36538&fid=4709   (382 words)

Case Chemistry Faculty Current research efforts are focused on proteins that are important pathological features in neurodegenerative diseases, including the beta-peptide, the ABri peptide of Familial British dementia, serum amyloid A, alpha-synuclein, the human prion and Doppel proteins, and a 43-residue peptide segment that includes the membrane-spanning region of the amyloid precursor protein. The major protein constituent of the amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease is the beta-peptide, a small peptide consisting of 39 to 43 amino acids. The ABri is a 34-residue peptide that is the major component of amyloid deposits in Familial British dementia (FBD). www.cwru.edu /artsci/chem/faculty/zagorski   (911 words)

The alpha 5beta 1 Integrin Mediates Elimination of Amyloid-beta Peptide and Protects Against Apoptosis -- Matter et al. 141 (4): 1019 -- The Journal of Cell Biology inhibitable by the integrin-binding peptide GRGDSP, and by a function-blocking Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of amyloid beta protein are generated from the beta-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities. Antibodies to the alpha v beta 3 integrin label a protein concentrated in brain synaptosomal membranes. www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/141/4/1019   (4130 words)

a peptide Obestatin, a Peptide Encoded by the Ghrelin Gene, Opposes... When a peptide contains an internal proline, strong ion series due to internal cleavage are observed, extending from the proline in the direction of the C... Thus, in a peptide of 10 residues, there is an unacceptably high likelihood that 46.7% of the peptides will prematurely terminate. primi-su-google.nuz.it /a-peptide.htm   (342 words)

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