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Topic: Betacyanin

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	Betacyanin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Betacyanin is the nitrogen-containing red pigment of beets (Beta spp.) and other Chenopodiaceae.
		Betacyanins are also present in flowers of Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and even some fungi.
		Betacyanin is commercially used as a natural food dye.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Betacyanin (111 words)

	Beet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The red color in the beet roots (betacyanin) causes red urine and feces in some people who are unable to break it down.
		It is a popular misconception that the color of beetroot is due to a pigment known as anthocyanin which is the pigment in red cabbage.
		It is, in fact, due to a purple pigment betacyanin and a yellow pigment betaxanthin known collectively as betalins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beetroot (1071 words)

	Beet - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The red color in the beet roots (betacyanin) causes red urine and faeces in some people who are unable to break it down.
		It is a popular misconception that the colour of beetroot is due to a pigment known as anthocyanin, the pigment in red cabbage.
		It is in fact due to the purple pigment betacyanin and a yellow one betaxanthin known collectively as betalins.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Beet (587 words)

	Patent 6,783,754
		Optionally, the cyanin is selected from an anthocyanin and a betacyanin, which is present at a concentration ranging from 0.05% to 75% of the weight of the total composition.
		In the present invention, tropical plant leaves, blossoms, fruit, seeds and bark are employed singly and in combination to form a non-toxic topical preparation for application to human skin to protect it from sunburn and DNA damage caused by excessive exposure to UV radiation.
		The development of cyanins with superior UV absorbing properties may be one such adaptation and this is one reason that a tropical plant cyanin is preferred in a sunscreen composition and used in a method of the present invention over cyanins derived from non-tropical plants.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents100/Yr2004/Aug2004/083104/6783754_Sunscreen083104.htm (1431 words)

	Bibliographie - bétalaïnes
		Trezzini-Riederer GF, Zryd JP (1987) Genetic and Biochemical-Analysis of Betacyanine and Betaxanthine Pigments in Portulaca grandiflora.
		Guruprasad KN, Laloraya MM (1980) Dissimilarity in the Inhibition of Betacyanin Synthesis Caused by Gibberellic-Acid and Abscisic-Acid.
		Stobart AK, Kinsman LT (1977) The Hormonal-Control of Betacyanin Synthesis in Amaranthus-Caudatus.
	www2.unil.ch /lpc/docs/bvbibl.htm (12441 words)

	Beets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The scarlet colour is caused by a combination of a purple pigment, betacyanin, and a yellow pigment called betaxanthin.
		Betacyanin and betaxanthin are the water soluble red betalain pigments in beets, becoming more intensely red when such acids as lemon juice or vinegar are added, or turn slightly blue in such an alkaline solution as baking soda and water.
		The ability to metabolize the betacyanins and betaxanthins is genetic.
	www.innvista.com /health/foods/vegetables/beets.htm (1652 words)

	PAG-XII: (W258) GENETIC CONTROL OF BETALAIN PIGMENT BIOSYNTHESIS IN TABLE BEET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The primary pigments in table beet are the betalains, which include the red-violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins.
		Red-pigmented roots are determined by dominant alleles at both the R and Y loci, while white roots have recessive alleles at the R and Y loci, and yellow roots by the genotype rrY-.
		Betacyanin concentration in petiole and leaf tissue of red populations increased by 107 and 97% from C2-C16.
	www.intl-pag.org /12/abstracts/W56_PAG12_258.html (267 words)

	Beetroot dye - PointAsk Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		I saw in one book that the dye that comes out of beetroot is anthocyanin and another book said it was betacyanin.
		Amaranthus betacyanin pigments and commercial colorants were evaluated to determine color characteristics and stability at different temperatures in jelly, ice cream, and a model beverage.
		The betacyanin tested may be a feasible natural colorant for jelly, higher pH beverages, and ice cream under selected conditions.
	www.pointask.com /pointask/f_q.php3?qid=29037 (208 words)

	Stephen Nottingham: Beetroot - Chapter 5
		However, the characteristic purple-red-violet colour of beetroot is mainly derived from a betacyanin pigment called betanin.
		The optimum pH for both betacyanin and betaxanthin pigments occurs in the slightly acidic 5.0-6.0 range.
		Levels of betacyanin production of around 40 mg per litre of media per day have been reported, which are promising yields in commercial terms.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Stephen_Nottingham/beetroot5.htm (5029 words)

	Making a Standard Curve
		Lambert-Beer Law is used to determine concentration [c] from Absorbance [A], if the molar extinction coefficient [e] of a compound and the distance light passes through the solution are known.
		Example: the molar extinction coefficient for betacyanin is approximately 38,000 L/mole-cm, the path length for the Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer is 1.2cm.
		betacyanin solution can be made by adding 5mL of 100mM betacyanin to 5mL of distilled water.
	faculty.uca.edu /~march/bio1/scimethod/stdcurve_f01.htm (424 words)

	amaranthuscaudatus
		Rapid transcription activation of nuclear genes is necessary for the cytokinin-induced betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus seedlings.
		Regulation of betacyanin synthesis by GA-3 and CCC in Amaranthus caudatus L. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 31(2): 168-172.
		Cytokinin activity of the mycelial extracts and of the culture liquid filtrate of haploid and diploid strains of the maize smut fungus Ustilago zeae (DC.) Ung.
	www.newcrops.uq.edu.au /listing/amaranthuscaudatus.htm (3194 words)

	Structural investigations on betacyanin pigments by LC NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy
		Structural investigations on betacyanin pigments by LC NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
		Four betacyanin pigments were analysed by LC NMR and subjected to extensive NMR characterisation after isolation.
		Because of its suficient stability under highly acidic conditions otherwise detrimental for betacyanins, this pigment remained an exemption.
	www.uni-hohenheim.de /i3ve/00068900/29077041.htm (211 words)

	IngentaConnect Stimulation of betacyanin synthesis through exogenous methyl jasm... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Betacyanin production in suspension-cultured cells of Portulaca was significantly enhanced by both abiotic and biotic elicitors.
		Maximum betacyanin synthesis with the two most effective elicitors was obtained when cultures were treated on day 1 and day 0 by
		As far as we know this is the first report on the elevation of betacyanin level by jasmonate or other elicitors in cell suspension cultures.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/urban/271/2003/00000160/00000009/art00017 (342 words)

	Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology - Quality of minimally processed beet roots stored in different ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Based on the results obtained, the storage at 0ºC was recommended to storage beet root minimally processed and that 10 and 15ºC drastically reduced the quality of minimally processed beet roots during storage.
		Similarly, there was a decrease in betacyanin and betaxanthin amounts along the experiment (Fig.
		Results showed that there was a reduction in the color index (CI) and in the betacyanin and betaxanthin amounts during storage, although no significant differences were observed in any treatment.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132005000500001&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en (2612 words)

	Zebra Cards -- Sample Card DI-007 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Beet pigment (betacyanin) is renally excreted, and colors acidic urine pink to deep red.
		It has been suggested that iron and betacyanin compete for an intestinal acceptor substance, with iron the preferred ligand.
		Because beeturia can appear and disappear in normals, at least some of the "baseline" 14% incidence may be due to the fluctuating nature of iron absorption in normal people.
	www.zebracards.com /a-sample_di-007.html (231 words)

	Scientists look to stabilise natural red food colour
		Betanin, the main betacyanin compound found in red beetroots and listed in Europe as E162, is used in a variety of processed foods because it colours without changing the flavour profile.
		Increasing the pH to six led to a decrease in betacyanin retention, with the one per cent ascorbic acid additive falling to 80 per cent, but this represented a 35 per cent improvement in retention compared to the sample without an additive.
		Again, the one per cent ascorbic acid, along with the isoascorbic acid, was the top performer when the researchers measured the retention of lightness under the study conditions, with a lightness value of 73.
	www.foodnavigator.com /news/ng.asp?n=68020-colouring-red-beetroots-purple-pitaya (643 words)

	A red beet (Beta vulgaris) UDP-glucosyltransferase gene induced by wounding, bacterial infiltration and oxidative ...
		Proposed pathway for the synthesis of betacyanins in plants.
		implicated in betacyanin glucosylation, the expression of the
		Sepúlveda-Jiménez G, Rueda-Benítez P, Porta H, Rocha-Sosa M. Betacyanin synthesis in red beet (Beta vulgaris) leaves induced by wounding and bacterial infiltration is preceded by an oxidative burst.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/412/605 (3218 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		These cells contain a compound called betacyanin, which gives them their purple color.
		When the membranes of such cells are disrupted, the betacyanin leaks out, which can be detected as a change in absorbance using a spectrophotometer.
		Place in a beaker and rinse with tap water to wash betacyanin from cut cells.
	biology.csusb.edu /classes/354Lab2012.doc (688 words)

	Beetroot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Commercially, betacyanin pigment is extracted from beetroot to create a food colouring called, not surprisingly, beetroot red.
		It is used in food processing to add colour to anything from oxtail soup to ice cream, and bacon burgers to liquorice.
		All that this indicates is a genetically inherited inability to metabolise betacyanin, the red pigment.
	www.whyweight.co.za /html/beetroot.html (488 words)

	Guide to Spec 20 & AbsorbSpec for betacyanin
		Procedure for measuring the absorption spectrum of betacyanin
		Each group has an extract of beet betacyanin that was prepared in distilled water (dH2O), two small test tubes (cuvettes) which fit into the spectrophotometer, two graduated bulb pipettes (3-4mL), an empty flask, a squeeze bottle filled with dH2O, and a large 1L beaker for rinsing.
		Place the cuvette with betacyanin into the Spectronic 20 after wiping it as in Step 4.
	faculty.uca.edu /~march/bio1/scimethod/spec20_betacyanin_f02.htm (333 words)

	Beets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The pigment in the red beet root is betacyanin.
		The food-coloring industry is studying the possibilities of using this crimson color to produce a natural dye.
		If, with the cast of the genetic dice, you have two parents who each have a recessive gene, you will not be able to digest betacyanin.
	www.moscowfood.coop /archive/beets.html (1052 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Betacyanins are fairly stable under food processing conditions, although heating in the presence of air at neutral pH values causes breakdown to brown compounds.
		The colour of betacyanin solutions was stable at low temperature.
		The betalain pigment has the potential for use in food processing at low temperature such as in the dairy industry for the production of ice cream and dairy drinks.
	www.agsci.ubc.ca /courses/fnh/410/colour/3_71.html (143 words)

	634. Beet red (WHO Food Additives Series 22)
		A short-term study was performed to assess the ability of beet red to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
		Groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (6-11 animals/group) were partially hepatectomized and treated with four different beet pigment preparations to assess their ability to initiate carcinogenesis; fermented betacyanin solution (50 mg/kg), pure betanine (50 mg/kg), degraded betanine (50 mg/kg), or a diet containing 2000 mg betacyanin/kg.
		Another group previously initiated with N-nitrosodiethylamine was given a betacyanin solution (100 ppm, equivalent to 3.5 mg/rat/day) to determine the ability of betacyanin to promote carcinogenesis after initiation relative to control and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v22je08.htm (840 words)

	Beets Wisconsin fresh produce
		The bright red pigment that gives beets their characteristic color is betacyanin.
		When some people eat beets, their bodies are unable to break down the betacyanin and as a result, their urine becomes pink.
		Most of the beets grown in Wisconsin are red beets but you can find pink, purple, white, and yellow beets.
	www.wisconsinfreshproduce.org /vegfacts/Beets.htm (274 words)

	To examine the effects of various physio-chemical treatments upon the permeability of beetroot cells. - Coursework.Info
		Toyin Dawudu Biology LBio1 October 03 Aim: To examine the effects of various physio-chemical treatments upon the permeability of beetroot cells.
		Hypothesis: The betacyanin pigment of beet roots is normally sequestered in the vacuole and, by means of the properties of the tonoplast and cell membrane, does not leak into the cytosol or the extra-cellular sap of the beet root.
		Of course if the beet root is cut cells are sliced open and the pigment spills out, but if the membrane is altered (phospholipid bilayer + proteins) more subtly leakage (diffusion) of betacyanin is induced.
	www.coursework.info /A2_and_A-Level/Biology/Plant_Biology/To_examine_the_effects_of_various_physio_chemical_treatments_upon_L41519.html (293 words)

	The Decisive Step in Betaxanthin Biosynthesis Is a Spontaneous Reaction1 -- Schliemann et al. 119 (4): 1217 -- PLANT ...
		and 540 nm (for betacyanins) with a photometer (Shimadzu, Columbia,
		extract, the occurrence of a dopamine-derived betacyanin was assumed.
		Hinz UG, Fivaz J, Girod P-A, Zryd J-P (1997) The gene coding for the DOPA dioxygenase involved in betalain biosynthesis in Amanita muscaria and its regulation.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/4/1217 (7335 words)

	UN-L Bioc321: Lab 7 Notes
		The lower absorbance by the betacyanin at pH 1 could be interpreted as a slow hydrolysis of the betacyanin.
		The change in the anthocyanin from the flayvilium ion at pH 1 to the colorless pseudobase at pH 5 changes the conjugation of pi bonds in the ring and this greatly changes the visible absorption spectrum of this juice.
		The change in the beet may well be due to a slow hydrolysis, as the betacyanin is more susceptible to this than the anthocyanin.
	www-class.unl.edu /biochem/labs/teacher/tlab7.htm (2215 words)

	Structural investigations on betacyanin pigments by LC NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy
		Four betacyanin pigments were analyzed by LC NMR and subjected to extensive NMR characterization after isolation.
		Consequently, up to now only one single 13C NMR spectrum of a betalain pigment, namely that of neobetanin (14,15-dehydrobetanin), was available.
		Because of its sufficient stability under highly acidic conditions otherwise detrimental for betacyanins, this pigment remained an exemption.
	www.uni-hohenheim.de /i3ve/00068900/307567041.htm (205 words)

	Beeturia as a Sign of Hemochromatosis?
		Beeturia, a little studied condition, is defined as pink or red urine after the ingestion of beets.
		The observed color is due to the presence of a beet pigment, betacyanin, in the urine.
		These old studies suggest, therefore, that betacyanin absorption, and hence beeturia, occurs at times of "iron hunger." Beeturia can appear and disappear in normals, so at least some of the "baseline" 14% prevalence may be due to the fluctuating nature of iron absorption in normal people.
	www.sotos.com /beeturia-hemochromatosis.html (647 words)

	Metroactive Dining \| Beets
		As for, ahem, what else beets do to your body, according to food scientist Harold McGee, a single genetic locus controls the ability to metabolize betacyanin, the pigment that makes beets that purplish-red color.
		Those who have inherited two recessive genes pass betacyanin in their urine.
		So it is best not to serve both beets and asparagus at a dinner party, lest a tiny percentage of your guests, while freshening up, assess their natural fluids and fear they've suffered a complete body-system meltdown.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/sonoma/02.25.04/dining-0409.html (1361 words)

	Untitled
		Betacyanin) Two Flavonoids, the pigments called Anthocyanins (reds and blues) and Flavones (some yellows), play no part in the coloration of the fruit or flowers of families of the order Caryophyllales (and Cactales, where considered a separate order.).
		Anthocyanin) Nitrogenous dyes which provide the colours of cacti and other families of the order Caryophyllales (and the order Cactales where considered separate.).
		The presence of Betacyanin is one of the defining characters of these families including; Aizoaceae, Cactaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Phytolaccaceae and Mesembryanthemaceae.
	cactus.biology.dal.ca /terms.html (4061 words)

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