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Topic: Betatron

	Betatron - Information from Reference.com
		A betatron is a particle accelerator developed by Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois in 1940 to accelerate electrons.
		The betatron is essentially a transformer with a torus-shaped vacuum tube as its secondary coil.
		The name "betatron" (a reference to the beta particle, a fast electron) was chosen during a departmental contest.
	www.reference.com /search?q=Betatron (0 words)

	Betatron (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Betatron From Sterwiki Das Betatron als Teilchenbeschleuniger der Grossgerate-Physik gleicht dem Prinzip des Zyklotron.
		Mit Hilfe des Betatrons konnen Teilchengeschwindigkeiten von annahernd Lichtgeschwindigkeit erreicht werden.
		Unabhangig davon wurde das Betatron 1940 auch von Donald William Kerst an der Universitat von Illinois gebaut, der daher heute als Erfinder des Betatrons gilt.
	www.news-from-newspapers.com /de/Wikipedia.org/2005/03/10/Betatron.html (142 words)

	Betatron - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A betatron is a particle accelerator in the cyclotron family.
		Betatrons were historically employed in particle physics experiments to provide high energy beams of electrons—up to about 300 MeV.
		If the electron beam is directed at a metal plate, the betatron can be used as a source of energetic x-rays or gamma rays; these x-rays may be used in industrial and medical applications.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Betatron (180 words)

	Definition of betatron - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "betatron" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "betatron" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "betatron" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/betatron (44 words)

	Adelphi Technology Inc. develops new x-ray products for scientific & industrial applications
		These betatrons provide small, hand-carried sources to replace radioisotopes such as Ir192 or Co60 at a fraction the cost of linear accelerators.
		Betatron x-ray sources provide better acuity, greater versatility, low lifetime costs, and safer and easier use than radioisotope sources, such as Ir192.
		Thus, for resolution limited applications, the betatron can be placed much closer to the object than linear accelerators, allowing it to provide the same or superior imaging time and quality but with a smaller system size, lower background radiation and lower cost.
	www.adelphitech.com /products/ind_rado_sources.html (360 words)

	The Betatron (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Another interesting accelerator, known as the Betatron, was developed in the early 1940’s by a man name Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois.
		Kerst’s Betatron is used to accelerate electrons (beta particles) to produce high energy x-radiation.
		The Betatron operates on the principle of the transformer.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/HighSchool/Radiography/betatron_popup.htm (142 words)

	DESYs KworkQuark - Lexikon: Betatron
		Beim Betatron werden Elektronen wie beim Zyklotron durch ein Magnetfeld auf einer Kreisbahn gehalten und beschleunigt.
		Das Betatron wurde 1928 von Rolf Wideroe vorgeschlagen.
		Die ersten Betatrons wurden 1935 von M. Steenbeck und 1940 von D.W. Kerst gebaut; letzteres erreichte 2,3 Millionen Elektronenvolt.
	www.kworkquark.net /lexikon/betatron/wissensdurst2_text.html (87 words)

	Betatron: Viele Informationen uber Betatron an OnlineEnzyklopaedie.de
		Das Betatron als Teilchenbeschleuniger der Großgeräte-Physik gleicht dem Prinzip des Zyklotron.
		Mit Hilfe des Betatrons können Teilchengeschwindigkeiten von annähernd Lichtgeschwindigkeit erreicht werden.
		Unabhängig davon wurde das Betatron 1940 auch von Donald William Kerst an der Universität von Illinois gebaut, der daher heute als Erfinder des Betatrons gilt.
	www.onlineenzyklopaedie.de /b/be/betatron.html (139 words)

	Geometric Performance
		Individual particle emittances are then computed by assigning to each particle the average betatron function and constraining it to lie on an ellipse similar to, but possibly at a different emittance than, that defined by the average.
		Inasmuch as the lines remain straight for all phases and emittances, we conclude that no significant variation of betatron phase with amplitude arises, confirming that the geometric performance of this beamline is acceptable to at least 10 times the nominal emittance.
		Geometric aberration analysis from wiggler to cryomodule: tracking at -3%, 0%, and +3% momentum offsets of test rays uniformly distributed in betatron phase on design ellipses of 0.2 to 1.6 mm-mrad emittance, with equal horizontal and vertical emittances.
	www.jlab.org /~douglas/FEL/guide/perf/geoperf.html (619 words)

	CD Baby: BETATRON 13: Betatron 13
		Yet unique and common to both is the idealology of science fiction created to surmount the usual exisitence one horrifies from daily routines.
		As such, the resultant self titled release Betatron 13 is reminiscent of a soundtrack invoking images of "bees in a tempest", "wind howling creatures", "women screaming for justice", "fighting guitars" each of which is blended along with "relaxing streams" and "peaceful evenings" to bring that glimmer of hope that there is indeed an end.
		Listening to the Betatron 13 debut one can imagine an entire movie that changes everytime you listen.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/betatron13 (257 words)

	Europhysics Letters
		Effect of betatron resonance on plasma wave acceleration of electrons in an ion channel
		The electrons in the channel undergo betatron oscillations and are also accelerated by the plasma wave simultaneously.
		Initially slowly moving electrons gain energy in a stepwise manner with the period of a betatron oscillation.
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/epl/abs/2006/14/epl9452/epl9452.html (151 words)

	Global X-Ray & Testing
		Global X-Ray and Testing Corporation is the authorized dealer and agent for the JME Betatron in the United States of America.
		The Portable Betatron is a compact circular electron accelerator producing a high energy directional x-ray beam.
		The Betatron has been utilized at gas processing facilities to determine the rate or rates of internal erosion/corrosion on heavy walled valves and fittings, up to 12" in thickness, during regular operational hours.
	www.globalxray.com /betatron.html (459 words)

	[No title]
		In the example provided during that discussion, all dipoles were assumed to be excited to the same field, only linear compaction terms were treated, and betatron stability was conjectural.
		In this example, an achromat with a gross diameter of 2.5 m was constrained to provide first- and second-order compactions appropriate to energy recovery with energy compression during deceleration at 20o before trough from ~100 MeV to ~7 MeV using a 750 MHz RF system.
		The orbit behavior, by construction, was as expected; of greater interest is the fact that the betatron behavior is quite good over a reasonably large (10%) momentum interval.
	www.jlab.org /~douglas/ULTRAFEL/JLABTN03039.doc (672 words)

	CERN Courier - Closed-loop technology speed - IOP Publishing - article
		The beam in a synchrotron is focused by quadrupole magnets, the equivalent of focusing lenses in optics.
		This is known as betatron motion and the frequency of oscillation is the betatron tune.
		The second obstacle to tune feedback at RHIC was linear coupling, which rotates the planes of the betatron oscillations away from the horizontal and vertical in which the magnet portion of a tune-feedback loop applies corrections.
	cerncourier.com /main/article/46/4/20 (1558 words)

	18 Months of Betatron -- Page 1 -- TIME
		In the 18 months since the 26-million volt betatron was installed at the University of Illinois' College of Medicine in Chicago (TIME, Sept. 5, 1949), researchers have found it a valuable and promising weapon against some kinds of cancer.
		Yet only four of the betatron patients are known to have died of cancer; eight have died from other causes not directly related to cancer.
		More apparent is the effect of the betatron's massive doses of high-voltage X rays on a less common malignancy called Pancoast's tumor.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,856791,00.html (696 words)

	Welcome to the Rutgers 12 Inch Cyclotron
		The resultant image on the flourescent screen is that of several betatron patterns horizontally stacked.
		Analysis of the observed betatron motion will yield information about the ions trajectory in the first few revolutions.
		For detailed information, please read the technical write up about the osbserved betatron motion and analysis.
	www.physics.rutgers.edu /cyclotron (0 words)

	Amazon.com: betatron (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Medicine in Mexico; from Aztec herbs to betatrons by Gordon Schendel, José Alvarez Amézquita, and Miguel E. Bustamante Vasconcelos (Unknown Binding)
		Application of a betatron in photonuclear activation analysis (AE 333) by Dag Brune (Unknown Binding - 1968)
		Tune shifts of betatron oscillation and their correction in the synchrotron (KEK-74-6) by Toshio Suzuki (Unknown Binding - 1974)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=betatron&index=blended&page=1 (789 words)

	Betatron
		Das erste funktionsfähige Betatron wurde 1935 von Max Steenbeck im Forschungslabor der Siemens-Schuckertwerke Berlin entwickelt, jedoch zunächst geheim gehalten und wegen anderer Schwerpunktsetzungen nicht weiterverfolgt.
		Unabhängig davon wurde ein Betatron 1940 auch von Donald William Kerst an der University of Illinois gebaut, der daher heute als Erfinder des Betatrons gilt, sich jedoch auch in seiner Veröffentlichung im Physical Review ausdrücklich auf Rolf Wideröe bezog, der die Idee zum Betatron bereits in den 1920er Jahren hatte.
		Die Bezeichnung Betatron wurde vermutlich wegen der Vergleichbarkeit der beschleunigten Elektronen mit der Betastrahlung gewählt.
	www.weblexikon.de /Betatron.html (285 words)

	Ionenstrahltransport
		If the magnetic field inside the channel is linear, the beam will periodically focus, diverge, and then re-focus again, as is shown in model calculations (see the figure on the left).
		The beam performs betatron oscillations inside the channel, so it remains always within the boundaries of the plasma channel.
		Still, a lot of work remains to be done until ion beam transport in laser initiated discharge channels is fully understood and can be proposed for beam transport in an inertial confinement fusion reactor.
	www.gsi.de /forschung/pp/experiments/transport (960 words)

	(IUCr-Crystallographers Online) Half a century of synchrotron radiation
		The betatron was first demonstrated by Donald Kerst and Robert Serber at Illinois in 1941, and development work was taken up by General Electric.
		However these early betatrons, like the UK synchrotron (which in fact was an imported GE betatron), did not have transparent vacuum tubes.
		Betatrons were also being developed in Russia, where Pomeranchuk and D. Iwanenko in 1944 looked at the problem of radiation losses in higher energy machines.
	www.iucr.org /cww-top/his.sync50.html (784 words)

	Physics Today February 2001
		During that period, Donald Kerst built a 20-MeV betatron at GE in 1941, and, in 1945, Ernest Charlton and William Westendorp built a record-breaking 100-MeV betatron at GE, achieving by far the highest particle energy in the world.
		He predicted that the radiation would cause the orbit of the new betatron to shrink--and indeed it was found to shrink by precisely the amount Blewett had calculated.
		The new machine, unlike the 100-MeV betatron, had a transparent vacuum chamber, and the radiation turned out to be visible.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-2/p76.html (1121 words)

	Kreisbeschleuniger: Das Betatron (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Das erste Betatron wurde 1940 von Donald William Kerst an der Universität von Illinois gebaut.
		Zwei Jahre später wurde von Kerst ein Betatron realisiert, das Elektronen auf eine Energie von 20 MeV beschleunigen konnte.
		Der Aufbau des Betatrons ist dem des Zyklotrons ähnlich.
	www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de /Schneider/grundl_d_tph/exp_besch/exp_besch_05.html (180 words)

	Betatron Cooling (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The initial distribution of particle betatron amplitudes and that obtained after 1 hour of cooling are shown separately in Fig.
		It is assumed that there are 2 separate systems: one for horizontal and one for vertical.
		A design of a betatron cooling system for the Recycler is presented.
	www-fmi.fnal.gov /fmiinternal/MI_Notes_Pages/MI-0169.html (572 words)

	Physics Museum
		35 Million electron volt betatron, manufactured by Siemens, was purchased through the initiative of Professor Brian Spicer (then Director of Nuclear Physics Research, SoP) in 1962.
		It became the basis of a large research program of photonuclear physics research finally coming to completion in 1986.
		This involved the removal of most of the iron laminations to reduce the wieght, and which were replaced by wood to simulate the magnet “yoke” ; glamorised with colour to highlight the coils etc. At the time of writing it is proposed to locate it on the south-east corner of the Physics Podium.
	www.ph.unimelb.edu.au /museum/index.php?state=browse&start_entry=0&num_results=25&subject=Betatron (130 words)

	Synchrotron radiation
		After testing of GE's 100-MeV betatron commenced in 1944, Blewett suggested a search for the radiation losses, which he expected from the work of Ivanenko and Pomeranchuk to be significant at this energy.
		However, two factors prevented success: whereas, according to Schwinger's calculations, the radiation spectrum for the 100-MeV betatron should peak in the near- infrared/visible range, the search took place in the radio and microwave regions at the orbital frequency (and low harmonics) and the tube in which the electrons circulated was opaque.
		Although quantitative measurements reported in 1946 of the electron-orbit radius as it shrunk with energy were in accord with predicted losses, there was also another proposed explanation with the result that, while Blewett remained convinced the losses were due to synchrotron radiation, his colleagues were not.
	all-physics.net /history.html (757 words)

	Abstract: EXPERIENCE OF USING SMALL-SIZE BETATRON MIB-5 IN THE STRUCTURE OF INDUSTRIAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPH FOR TESTING ...
		The achieved spatial resolution limit of the tomographic testing is more than 50 pairs/cm (lp/cm), the maximal total thickness of test objects achieves 150 mm of steel, and measuring inaccuracy of the sizes of structural elements inside the TO is less than 50 microns.
		The price of MIB-5 betatron is less than that of the X-ray device Isovolt-450HS, the overall dimensions being the same.
		The particular examples show that the low dose rate of MIB-5 (3 Gy/min/m) is not a significant limitation in the number of important applications of CT testing for developing the critical technologies.
	www.ndt.net /abstract/wcndt2004/102.htm (248 words)

	Physics Today March 2001
		Telegdi notes that in 1934, after fleeing Germany, Szilard filed an application in the UK on betatron and synchrocyclotron designs that were even more sophisticated.
		Frederick Lindemann, director of Oxford's Clarendon Laboratory, agreed to fund betatron construction, and plans were moving forward when history intervened.
		Donald Kerst, who built the first successful betatron, later called the Szilard-Tuck design the "most promising and most complete in technical detail" of early designs.
	physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-3/p102.html (568 words)

	CiteULike: Positron Production by X Rays Emitted by Betatron Motion in a Plasma Wiggler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Positrons in the energy range of 3–30 MeV, produced by x rays emitted by betatron motion in a plasma wiggler of 28.5 GeV electrons from the SLAC accelerator, have been measured.
		The extremely high-strength plasma wiggler is an ion column induced by the electron beam as it propagates through and ionizes dense lithium vapor.
		By characterizing the beam propagation in the ion column these influences are quantified and result in excellent agreement between the measured and calculated positron spectra.
	www.citeulike.org /user/timaras/article/1245997 (369 words)

	Betatron - Ukiu (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Röntgenstrahlung Übergänge von 1019 3.10-11 Röntgen- Elektronen in Röntgenröhren Fotoplatte, Fotozelle 1020 3.10-12 strahlung der inneren Betatron 1021 3.10-13 harte Röntgenstrahlung Ato...
		Elektronenbeschleuniger Betatron 15-MeV, 1952 Nach Pionierarbeiten ab Mitte der 1930er Jahre wird bereits 1944 bei Siemens...
		Heimwerker-Fachbegriffe.de mit den Anfangsbuchstaben Be Beschichten Beschichtung Beschlag Beschlagwerk Beschleuniger Beschleunigung Besitz Bessemerbirne Bestandsverzeichnis Bestrahlung Betastrahlen Betatron Bete Bethesda Beton Betonbauer Beto...
	www.ukiu.de /Betatron (337 words)

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