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Topic: Beyliks

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	Anatolian (Turkmen) Beyliks
		Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) are small Turkish emirates or principalities governed by beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia at the end of the 13th century.
		Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are Ilyas Mosque at Balat (Milet) (1404), Isabey Mosque at Selçuk (1375), Ulucami Mosque at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydin beylik.
		One of the first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big dome and forming a monumental architectural structure is Ulucami Mosque in Manisa (1374) built by the Saruhan beylik.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /id33.html (718 words)

	Santa Monica Mirror: Farmers Market Report: The Golden Apples of Winter
		In the early 1970s, Bob Beylik was one of the first farmers in California to grow tomatoes indoors in greenhouses in Ventura County.
		On a recent tour of the Beyliks’ tomato greenhouse, I was astonished at the sheer size of the tomato plants, which Bob’s son Scott, who now oversees greenhouse operations, says can grow up to thirty feet long.
		The Beyliks can grow tomatoes for ten months out of the year and it is a challenge for Scott to manage the variations of production to the demands of his many customers in his markets.
	www.smmirror.com /volume4/issue33/the_golden_apples.asp (882 words)

	Anatolian_turkish_beyliks info here at en.about-gasoline-alley.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Anatolian beyliks (Anadolu beylikleri more Turkmen beyliks, TevÃ¢if-i mÃ¼lÃ»k (in Ottoman Turkish)) were runty Turkish emirates or muslim principalities (beylik) governed by tribal beys, which were founded in sparse locations of Anatolia as of the tail of the 13th century.
		But with their annexation of the Beylik of Karesi 'n their advance into Roumelia, they became the stellar rivals of KaramanoÄlu, who were thereupon to be the strongest.
		One of the headmost lessons of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the private amplitude below sole thundering dome 'n forming a monumental architectural texture is Ulucami Mosque in Manisa (1374) forged by the Saruhan beylik.
	en.about-gasoline-alley.info /Anatolian_Turkish_Beyliks (1238 words)

	Ottoman coins. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There are also some common coins of this period that cannot be identified to any specific beylik, so a catchall category is needed, the "Anatolian Beyliks".
		By the mid-1300's the Ottomans were beginning to achieve a dominant position within Anatolia and were also crossing the Dardanelles and extending their power into Europe.
		The main coins of the beyliks and the early Ottomans were the silver akcheh, and the copper manghir.
	users.javanet.com /j/-/j-roberts/turkey.htm (329 words)

	Anatolian Turkish Beyliks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To maintain control of their new territory, these reestablished emirs employed ghāzī corporations led by from Persia and Turkistan who also fled the Mongols.
		The ghazi fought under the inspiration of either a mullah or a general, trying to assert Islamic power, their assaults of the reestablished emirs upon the Byzantine Empire reaching even further expanded the power sphere of the beyliks.
		A parallel offshoot of this first foray had been the Beylik of İzmir.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anatolian_beyliks (1136 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		This victory caused the Byzantines to lose their Anatolian provinces and as a result, Alp Arslan allowed his Turcoman generals to create small “beyliks” (emirates) of their own in Anatolia.
		From the 14 th century, the Ottomans little by little established their sovereignty over the other beyliks which were completely amalgamated by the beginning of the 16 th century.
		During the time of the Anatolian beyliks, culture (art, literature, education with the creation of theological schooling institutions called “medrese”), sciences (medecine, astronomy) and Turkish language developed significantly.
	www.guide-martine.com /selcuk.asp (1374 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Books Supplement \| Algiers 1830: beginnings of colonialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Before the French invasion, the Regency of Algiers was an Ottoman province, ruled from Istanbul through a local dey, and Khodja himself was a well-connected figure in the government of Hussein Pasha, the last Ottoman ruler of Algiers.
		In Oran, capital of the Couchant beylik, a 24-year-old Arab marabout (religious leader), Abdel-Kader, declared himself "Sultan of the Arabs" and "Prince of the Faithful", leading the assault on the city's Turkish administration.
		In Constantine, the Turkish bey managed to retain his position thanks to support from local Arab tribes, himself becoming a focal point of resistance to the French and the last representative of the Porte in what was becoming, under French occupation, the unified state of Algeria.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/652/bo4.htm (1591 words)

	[No title]
		During his rule, the Ottoman beylik was enlarged, primarily at the expense of the Byzantines.
		Osman I had the policy of avoiding confrontation with his other Turkish neighbors, because the state was not yet strong enough to deal with them.
		With the conquest of Bursa, however, even their nominal ties came to an end, as indicated by minting of Ottoman coins and the reading of the Friday prayer in the name of the Ottoman sultan alone.
	gencturkler.8m.com /OTTOMANS/expansion.html (1563 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		This enabled the Seljuks to bring not only the area where the battle had been fought, but also much of Anatolia under their control.
		Small Turcoman beyliks (the equivalent of principalities) established themselves in East and Central Anatolia in the years that followed.
		During the reign of Suqman, the founder of this beylik (1100-1112), its boundaries were extended from Bargiri to Meyyafarikin and from Erciş to Van.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/van/turkish_period.html (1088 words)

	Dar Anahita Presents: Know Your Turks!
		Crusader domination was largely limited to the coast, and contact between Muslims and the crusading representatives of Christianity was largely limited to military matters and trade.
		The Seljuk Turks were famed warriors, but unfortunately within 100 years of its establishment, their empire was weak, and numerous Turkoman leaders established their own principalities, Beyliks, along the edges of the Seljuk Empire, which gradually began to fragment.
		As political unity in Anatolia was disrupted from the mid-13th century until the beginning of the 14th century, some regions fell under the domination of the Beyliks.
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Library/KnowYourTurks.html (2333 words)

	L'Italiana in Algeri
		The governors of the various provinces of North Africa under Ottoman rule were known as Beys, e.g.
		The area ruled from Algiers, however, was divided into three Beyliks (provincial governments) with Beys at Oran, Constantine, and Médéa, all of whom served under the Dey of Algiers.
		The Dey (the Turkish word for a maternal uncle), chosen by the members of the Turkish military garrison from among their number, was nominally the viceroy of the Sultan, but was in reality the absolute ruler over the city of Algiers and its three subordinate Beyliks.
	www.wbopera.org /9899/IA_glossary.html (904 words)

	Antalya Web Site - A Walk Through Antalya's History
		In 1206 Antalya fell to Sultan Gyaseddin Keyhusrev I. Upon his death the Christians again took possession of it, but his son Keykavus succeeded in winning it back in a short time.
		When the Seljuks became weakened and unable to withstand the pressure exerted by the Ilhanlis, the era of independent "Beyliks" (emirates) began.
		During this period Antalya remained an independent Beylik for 95 years.
	www.antalya-ws.com /english/location/antalya/whistory.asp (783 words)

	Bej: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled bey, beg or beigh.
		They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "leader." The regions or provinces where beys ruled or which they administered were called beylik, roughly meaning "emirate" or "principality" in the first case, "province" or "governorate" in the second.
		Bey or a variation has also been used as an aristocratic title in various Turkic states, such as bäk in the Tatar Khanate of Kazan, in charge of a beylik called bäklek.
	winelib.com /wiki/Bej (760 words)

	Yeni Turkiye Araştırma ve Yayın Merkezi; Geleceğin Türkiye'si bambaşka olacak...
		Additionally, there emerged the Ulus of Batu, the Golden Horde, in Desht-i Kipchak; the house of Chagatai in Turkestan; and later, the house of Hülagü in Iran, all turning into important Turkish-Islamic empires, controlling vast regions and ruling over differing peoples.
		By the end of the fourteenth century, while in Anatolia the small Ottoman Beylik was developing into a mighty state, in Turkestan the state of Emir Timur was controlling the whole of Turkestan, Persia, Desht-i Kipchak and the Caucasus.
		Timur’s reign has been called the “Golden Age” of Turkestan by historians since a huge accumulation of wealth, culture and science in these regions listed above was realized due to his steady rule.
	www.yeniturkiye.com /display.asp?c=6020 (1119 words)

	[No title]
		The Gazis who conquered Anatolia were in turn rewarded by the Seljuk by being given authority over a certain part of the conquered lands.
		These became known as "beyliks." Though nominally attached to the Seljuks and later the Ilhanids through the payment of tributes, the stronger beyliks were essentially autonomous.
		The Ottoman beylik was established by Ertugrul Bey and was located on the border between the Turks and the Byzantines.
	gencturkler.8m.com /OTTOMANS/origins.html (343 words)

	1483 Online. Ottoman Empire
		Though the Ottoman state existed before Osman I, he is regarded as the founder of the empire, as he named it and was the first bey (chieftain) to declare his independence.
		He extended the frontiers of the empire towards the Byzantine Empire, while other Turkish beyliks suffered from infighting.
		Under Osman I, the Ottoman capital moved to Bursa.
	www.1483online.com /histories/ottomans.php (680 words)

	The Ottomans: A Brief Story of A World Empire
		Ottomans were in a position to easily accuse other Anatolian Beyliks of being a hindrance
		The reign of Mehmed I and Murad II (1421-1451) saw the consolidation of Ottoman
		early beylik stage to that of the empire and so on.
	www.freewebtown.com /sweden74/otto.htm (4511 words)

	Aydin with Guide To Turkey...
		The museum in Aydin exhibits the relics of many civilizations which have passed through this important center.
		The modern name, Aydin was derived from the name of a leader of the Beyliks Period.
		WHAT TO SEE and DO The Temple of Apollo at Didyma
	www.guidetoturkey.com /aboutturkey/cities_sites/09_aydin/aydin.asp (4334 words)

	TURKISH NUMISMATICS REFERENCE PAGES
		This stie is an ongoing project to compile useful information for collectors, including regularly updated, extensive bibliographies.
		Right now this site is concentrating only on the Republic of Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, the Anatolian Beyliks, and the Seljuks of Rum; in the future I hope to also include sections on other Turkish dynasties.
		DO YOU HAVE A RARE ITEM IN YOUR COLLECTION?
	www.geocities.com /denizmartinez/index.html (178 words)

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