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Topic: Beyond the standard Big Bang model

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	Big Bang - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Huge advances in Big Bang cosmology were made in the late 1990s and the early 21st century as a result of major advances in telescope technology in combination with large amounts of satellite data such as from COBE and WMAP.
		Using the Big Bang model it is possible to calculate the concentration of helium-4, helium-3, deuterium and lithium-7 in the universe.
		Big Crunch (Heat-death of the Universe and Oscillatory Universe)
	open-encyclopedia.com /Big_bang (5613 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page
		Proponents of big bang cite isotropy of the observable universe to one part in one hundred thousand as evidence that big bang is valid[link].
		The math of the Big Bang theory is chosen so that the dynamical friction applies to all objects in the universe except photons (with the physical mechanism of this effect left for astrophysicists to discover while the theory supplies the math for the physics to fit).
		While the theory of Big Bang is certainly a slap in the face of a very basic, exoterical and strictly literary understanding of Christian creationism, there are systems of belief that remain virtually untouched by a conflict of science and religion stemming from the theory (see First cause).
	pardus.info /index.php?title=Big_Bang (5788 words)

	"The Endless Universe: Introduction to the Cyclic Universe" by Paul J. Steinhardt, Ph.D.
		The linchpin to the new paradigm is the transition from big crunch to big bang.
		The transition from big crunch to big bang is due, instead, to the collapse, bounce and re-expansion of one of the extra dimensions.
		According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.
	www.actionbioscience.org /newfrontiers/steinhardt.html (1928 words)

	Non-standard cosmology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		A non-standard cosmology is a cosmological theory that contradicts the standard model of cosmology.
		While non-standard models, including the steady-state theory, often have explanations for phenomenon for observations such as cosmic microwave background, which is seen as residual radiation from old stars, most cosmologists as of 2004, believe that the big bang theory provides a more coherent view of the universe that more closely fits observations.
		Another example of a radical, controversial idea that is not considered a non-standard cosmology is the One example of a highly speculative and controversial idea that is the ekpyrotic universe which holds that the expansion of the universe began in the collision of two branes in the higher dimensional "bulk" of brane cosmology.
	www.peacelink.de /keyword/Non-standard_cosmology.php (1424 words)

	Debunking Gentry's "New Redshift Interpretation" Cosmology
		In the standard model, this radiation is the remnant of the point in the expansion of the universe that radiation decoupled from matter due to the recombination of electrons and nuclei into hydrogen and helium.
		Thus, in effect the model is merely a spherical slice of the standard cosmological model surrounded by a shell of hydrogen.
		In the standard model, there is no such requirement; galaxies may have any initial velocity due to their local environment (being a part of a galaxy cluster, like our galaxy is part of the Local Group, for instance), and the expansion of the metric will merely add the appropriate radial velocity without fine tuning.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/nri.html (5821 words)

	[No title]
		The big-bang theory is the standard framework within which most cosmologists operate, having assumed the same position held by evolution for biologists and quantum mechanics for physicists.
		He says the big bang is a convenient paradigm employed by an unholy alliance between church and state to subjugate humanity.
		While maligning big bangers for inventing new ad hoc entities, such as the dark matter, to "save the phenomena," he introduces unobserved, invisible "filaments" throughout the universe to scatter the microwave background and make it isotropic as the data require.
	www.colorado.edu /philosophy/vstenger/Cosmo/bang.txt (1665 words)

	Big Bang Theory
		The observational proof that the universe was expanding, combined with the models of Friedmann and Lemaître that predicted an expanding universe unified the cosmologist and the astronomer in agreement.
		These standard candles were: cepheid variables in neighborhood galaxies; bright stars in more distant galaxies and in galaxies millions of parsecs away, the brightness of the galaxy itself was used as a standard candle.
		Big bang theory states that in order to have mass condense and form galaxies, there must be inhomogeneties left over from the Big bang that will be able to be detectable.
	www.crystalinks.com /bigbang.html (3956 words)

	Cosmology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the big bang, a sort of cosmic explosion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 ± 0.2 billion (10
		Many religions accept the findings of physical cosmology, in particular the big bang, and some, such as the Roman Catholic Church, have embraced it as suggesting a philosophical first cause.
		Thus the big bang theory was proposed by the Belgian priest Georges LeMaître in 1927 and rapidly confirmed by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the red shift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmologist (1169 words)

	Inflationary Cosmology: Big Bang Physics
		This model is in perfect accord with the theory of general relativity, which predicts that a homogeneous universe would expand and cool in exactly that way.
		For roughly three minutes after the big bang the temperature of the universe was so high that protons and neutrons couldn't bind together into nuclei; the particles all had so much energy that the forces that hold nuclei together were too weak to make them stick to each other.
		Despite this lack of direct evidence, it would be tempting to extrapolate further backwards and assume the big bang model to be an accurate description of the universe all the way back to the big bang.
	www.ncsu.edu /felder-public/kenny/papers/inflation.html (6291 words)

	Comoving distance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		There happens to be (according to the standard Big Bang model) a choice of these labels which can be used either for formal calculations or for intuition in which the Universe is static.
		However, while cosmological time[?] is identical to locally measured time for an observer at a fixed comoving spatial position, the comoving distance isn't, in the general case, identical to a distance as physically experienced by a particle moving slower than or at the speed of light.
		A distant "galaxy" towards the horizon is seen a long time in the past, when it was essentially just a lump of slightly overdense hydrogen with a bit of helium, so it is unlikely that stars had formed by then, so that the "galaxy" is impossible to observe.
	www.termsdefined.net /co/comoving-distance.html (823 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Standard Model of Particle Physics
		The model was developed mainly around 1960 to 1980, and was extensively tested in high energy experiments at the end of the century.
		In the standard model, matter is made up of two classes of elementary particles: leptons, which include electrons, muons and neutrinos; and quarks, which come in six varieties and stick together in twos or threes to form heavier particles such as protons, neutrons and pions.
		The standard model may be able to explain CP violation - the asymmetry between matter and antimatter - believed to explain why the universe is made solely of the former, but this is not yet confirmed.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A666173 (2607 words)

	Cosmology
		Cosmic variance According to the proposed extreme circumstances during the first minutes of the universe's history, Big Bang cosmologists often co-operate with scientists from areas such as Particle physics.
		Basic and advanced tutorials on the age and structure of the universe, the Big Bang, and the relation of string theory to cosmology.
		Fractal Cosmology - Denies the Big Bang theory and claims that the universe is of infinitely replicated fractal structure.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Cosmology.html (603 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Page A-9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Another solid proof for the Big Bang was the discovery that cosmic background radiation (CBR) peaks near the wavelength of 1 mm (1000 µm [micrometers]) which lies at the far IR/microwave boundary region of the EM spectrum.
		The ~3 K value is consistent with a predictive model that requires very energetic high temperature radiation (mainly gamma rays, with much shorter wavelengths) released early in the Big Bang to cool drastically by thermodynamic expansion within a Universe having at the least the presently observed spatial limits.
		The prime model shows maximum expansion in early cosmic time (this is not the same as the incredible but brief expansion almost at the very beginning of the Universe if inflation indeed is a real phenomenon) with decreasing rates of augmentation thereafter.
	www.ihl.state.ms.us /rsportal/AppA/A9.html (5264 words)

	Beyond the standard model
		Our most succinct and (we believe) accurate set of instructions is encapsulated in a quantum field theory called the Standard Model, which describes a universe made up of six types of quarks and six types of leptons, bound together by three fundamental forces: strong, weak, and electromagnetic.
		While this model is known to be incomplete -- it ignores gravity because it is so very weak -- it successfully describes almost all the data from close to twenty years of experimentation at particle accelerators.
		The interesting implication is that the Standard Model is indeed a beautiful description, but a description of just five percent of the universe (the fraction made up of quarks and leptons).
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2005-02/d-bts020905.php (1806 words)

	The Big Bang Model
		One of the primary successes of the Big Bang theory is its explanation for the chemical composition of the universe.
		The Big Bang model predicts that this temperature drops as the universe expands.
		Big Bang tutorial from the Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences at the University of San Diego.
	spiff.rit.edu /classes/phys240/lectures/bb/bb.html (2208 words)

	CERN Courier - DESY workshop combines gravi - IOP Publishing - article
		One challenge in string theory is to construct brane-world models that come as close as possible to the Standard Model of elementary particles.
		Stable intersecting brane-world models reproducing the Standard Model can be constructed, but issues such as the correct pattern of Yukawa couplings and gauge coupling unification still need to be addressed.
		Big Bang cosmology predicts that any deviation from flatness in the early universe should have increased as the universe expanded, which is difficult to reconcile with observation today.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/42/3/17 (1851 words)

	Cosmological Models
		The standard cosmological model is the "big bang", and while the evidence supporting that model is enormous, it is not without problems.
		This "inflationary model" was a way of dealing with both the flatness problem and the horizon problem.
		If the universe inflated by 20 to 30 orders of magnitude, then the properties of an extremely tiny volume which could have been considered to be intimately connected were spread over the whole of the known universe today, contributing both extreme flatness and the extremely isotropic nature of the cosmic background radiation.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/cosmo.html (943 words)

	BEYOND THE BIG BANG
		An extention to the standard Big Bang model called the Inflationary Universe (see The Decay of the False Vacuum) was created by MIT physicist Alan Guth in 1981.
		Unlike the Brout-Englert-Gunzig-Spindel model which started from a flat spacetime, Pagels and Atkatz took the complimentary approach that the original nothingness from which the universe emerged was a spatially closed, compact empty space, in other words, it had a geometry like the 2-D surface of a sphere.
		A major problem with the ordinary Big Bang theory was that the universe emerged from a state where space and time vanished and the density of the universe became infinite; a state called the Singularity.
	www.astronomycafe.net /cosm/beyondbb.html (4341 words)

	Cosmology.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The standard cosmology is the most reliably elucidated epoch spanning the epoch from about one hundredth of a second after the Big Bang through to the present day.
		The cosmic microwave background is the cooled remains of the radiation density from the radiation-dominated phase of the Big Bang.
		We may have to go beyond the Big Bang model to look for an explanation of what might have happened when the Universe was very hot and very small.
	homepage.mac.com /garrystasiuk/Cosmology.html (1272 words)

	Big Bang Triumphant (Cosmology: Ideas) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The standard big bang model, having triumphed in the 1960s over a rival cosmological theory, reigned triumphant over the remainder of the twentieth century.
		The standard model even gained a significant addition: the inflationary universe theory.
		Had the initial density of the universe differed from its actual value by as little as one part in 10 to the 60th power, all matter would long ago have been crushed beyond recognition in the big crunch, or torn apart beyond recognition in the expansion of the big chill.
	www.wavian.com /aip/cosmology/ideas/journey.htm (1344 words)

	WMAP Cosmology 101: Beyond Big Bang
		The Big Bang model is based on the Cosmological Principle which assumes that matter in the universe is uniformly distributed on all scales - large and small.
		The Big Bang theory makes definite predictions for the structure and evolution of the universe that depend on the nature and amount of matter in the universe.
		The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_uni/uni_101bblimit.html (607 words)

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