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Topic: Bhutanese architecture

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	Architectural history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 19th century, architecture of the past was understood from a formal perspective, emphasizing the morphological characteristics of form, technique and materials.
		In these respects, architectural history is a subdiscipline of art history that focuses on the historical evolution of principles and styles in the design of buildings and cities.
		The establishment of architectural history as a discipline in the West is reflected in the greater historical clarity of western architectural development, whilst the understanding of non-western architecture often proceeds with less historical context.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Architectural_history (1711 words)

	Dzong architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dzong architecture is a distinctive type of fortress architecture found in the former and present Buddhist kingdoms of the Himalayas, most notably Bhutan.
		Bhutanese dzong architecture reached its zenith in the 1600s under the leadership of the great lama Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		Recent research by the prominent Bhutanese scholar C.T. Dorji suggests that the original 'model dzong' may not be Simtokha Dzong as commonly believed, but Dobji Dzong, built in 1531 at an altitude of 6600 meters on a cliff facing the gorge of the Wangchhu River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dzong_architecture (672 words)

	Dzong architecture -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The campus architecture of the is a rare example of dzong style seen outside the Himalayas.
		Bhutanese dzong architecture reached its zenith in the 1600s under the leadership of the great (Llamas) lama Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.
		If the dzong is built on the side of a valley wall, a smaller dzong is typically built directly uphill from the main dzong with the purpose of keeping the slope clear of attackers who might otherwise shoot downward into the courtyard of the main dzong below.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/d/dz/dzong_architecture.htm (654 words)

	Traveling to Bhutan: Jachung Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Bhutanese men wear what is called a "gho," which is a long knee-length robe that is tied around the waist by a belt.
		Most Bhutanese dishes are fiery, and the children learn to tolerate the heat at an early age.
		There are three main types of chortens: Tibetan (rounded), Bhutanese (square stone pillar with a red painted band near the top), and Nepali (four-sided with a pair of painted eyes on each side of the tower).
	www.bhutanjourney.com /culture.html (922 words)

	Bhutan Travel & Tourism
		Bhutanese arts are not primarily concerned with abstract concepts of ‘beauty’ (that may appeal to few), but with interpretation of values and beliefs that are held by the vast majority and which embody the eternal stream of life or consciousness.
		Among the diverse architectural expressions of the country, the castle-like Dzongs, with their massive stone walls, large courtyards and beautiful architectural details and galleries, are the finest examples of Bhutanese architecture.
		Bhutanese textiles are a national treasure and the government’s policy along with people’s appreciation will ensure the preservation of this creative art and its tradition.stitching and embroidery.
	www.bhutantraveltourism.com.bt /tour/about_bhutan.htm (2374 words)

	Architectural history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		New linguistic theories were popular in the mid 90's and attempted to "read" architectural elements as an autonomous language, contributing to the ongoing Critical Theory project.
		Postmodern historical narratives attempt to address such issues but the scope of the subject matter denies consensus among historians, even individual historians have changed approaches across time - the changing frameworks traced across the many editions of Sir Banister Fletcher's popular book is a case in point.
		The Roman problem of rulership involved the unity of disparity - from Spanish to Greek, Macedonian to Carthaginian - Roman rule had extended itself across the breadth of the known world and the myriad pacified cultures forming this ecumene presented a new challenge for justice.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Architectural_history (1827 words)

	Bhutanese Architecture Distinguishes UTEP Campus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The article by John Claude White, British political officer, contained " a wondrous display of sepia-toned pictures of the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan … probably the first of the ancient hidden 'Land of the Thunder Dragon.'" Thus was born the idea of Bhutanese architecture for the new School of Mines.
		Bhutanese architecture features "dzongs," or fortresses, square or rectangular stone buildings first built around the 12th century.
		White referred to these fortress-monasteries as "castles in the sky." In a Bhutanese dzong, the large inner courtyard is surrounded by buildings of two or three stories, and a huge tower known as an "utse" stands in the middle, housing the various temples.
	www.epcc.edu /ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/20_utep_architecture.htm (947 words)

	ABTO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		With continual adaptation to local topography, climatic conditions, local material availability and construction technology, indigenous Bhutanese architecture was heavily influenced by religious beliefs and stand as witness to domestic situations over the centuries.
		The Bhutanese style chorten is a square stone pillar with a khemar or red band near the top, and sometimes a representation of the sun and moon by a ball and crescent on the top.
		The hierarchy of floors in a typical Bhutanese house starts with the simple lower ground floor as shelter for livestock, with upper levels used for living and religious purposes.
	www.abto.org.bt /architecture.html (1143 words)

	Bhutan-Bhutan travel, Bhutan tours, Bhutan trekking, Bhutan Tour Operators, Bhutan Travel Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bhutan is a landlocked country wedged between the autonomous region of Tibet, China, in the north and India in the south along the lofty mountains of the eastern Himalayas.
		The Bhutanese are fond of taking ‘suja’ (butter tea) and ‘ara’, an alcohol distilled from the brewery of locally produced rice, wheat, maize or corn.
		The Bhutanese architectural grandeur is exhibited in the form of Dzongs, monasteries, temples, chortens and traditional Bhutanese houses.
	www.bhutanadventure.com /aboutbhutan.htm (1590 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Lead Article
		This means that each Bhutanese has to achieve 'happiness within"—happiness of the mind and the soul instead of a materially luxurious lifestyle.
		The second surprise is their centuries’ old dress that each and every Bhutanese, from the commoner to the King, continues to wear even today.
		Bhutanese architecture also has the chortens or stupas, which also house small shrines, where the sacred relics reside.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2003/20030914/spectrum/main1.htm (1279 words)

	land of the thunder dragon - bhutan, nation heritage of bhutan
		Broadly, the Bhutanese fall into three ethnic groups - the Sharchops, who live mostly in the eastern region; the Ngalops, who live in the western part of the country; and the people of Nepalese origin, who live in the south.
		Constructed of stone (or compressed earth) and wood, and often whitewashed, Bhutanese buildings are distinctive from their Tibetan counterparts in that they have a pitched roof, generally made of wooden slatting which is held down by large stones.
		The most impressive manifestation of Bhutanese architecture is to be found in the many dzongs (fortress-monasteries) which dot the landscape.
	www.jetairtours.com /bhutan_heritage.htm (694 words)

	Trip to Bhutan.com ::: Cultural Heritage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The main roots of its architecture goes to Tibet, which was itself in relation with China and faraway Persia thanks to traders travelling on silk route.
		Witness to the profound faith of the Bhutanese, they can be found at crossroads, near a dzong or a monastery and on high mountain passes and all of them have an indefinable presence, radiating serenity and peace.
		Bhutanese Goembas (monasteries) can be divided in two types :- ‘Cluster type’ which consists of a core formed by one or two temples with various dwelling structures grouped around such as Dzongdrakha in Paro valley, Phajoding in Thimphu valley and Tharpaling in the Bumthang valley.
	www.triptobhutan.com /cultural_heritage.htm (1677 words)

	Bhutan: Architecture of Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In terms of quality and originality, Bhutanese architecture is without doubt one of the best expressions of the Thunder Dragon Kingdom's unique character.
		The main features of Bhutanese architecture are the result primarily of natural conditions, and especially the climate.
		But in addition to the climate and environment, a human factor must also be stressed, and that is that the minds of the Bhutanese people seem to have been influenced by their friendlier surroundings to create a gentler and more elegant architecture than in Tibet.
	www.bootan.com /bhutan/jp/articles/architecture1.htm (389 words)

	Punakha Dzong reconstructed - Keys to Bhutan
		It is also recognised as a herculean architectural and construction feat that pays homage to the tradition of Bhutanese architecture and craftsmanship at their best.
		Artisans from all parts of the country were called on to hone their skills and a new generation of Bhutanese craftsmen was trained in the traditional skills and arts of the zorig chusum, under the supervision of the best craftsmen in the country.
		The completion of the Punakha Dzong project is celebrated by the Bhutanese population as an auspicious occasion because the Dzong symbolises, not just the finest of art and architecture and Bhutan’s sacred religious tradition, but the memories of many important eras in Bhutanese history.
	www.keystobhutan.com /bhutan/bhutan_art_reconstruct.php (1564 words)

	Architectural style (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		architectural architectural tool architectural tile architectural symbols architectural structure architectural software architectural salvage architectural reclamation architectural plan architectural illustration architectural features architectural antiques architectural building
		Architectural Style: Scottish Baronial Jean Manco outlines the origins of the style in the period 1560-1630 and gives a brief bibliography.
		Erhard Pfeiffer, Photographer International architectural specialist featured in publications such as Architectural Digest.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Architectural_style.html (235 words)

	Tourism Summit \| fourth summit \| abstracts \| Lathu Wangchuk
		Bhutanese people have proud sense of belonging and zealously protect their rich and varied heritage.
		While the vibes of the new age and rapid changes are making their way into almost every facet of contemporary Bhutanese life, the Royal Governement is sparing no efforts in its determined drive to balance its rapid progress with an emphasis on the preservation of its rich and distinctive culture.
		AlI Bhutanese wear the national dress, with no discrimination of the design from the one worn by the King to the one worn by ordinary Bhutanese.
	www.sommets-tourisme.org /e/sommetsG/quatrieme-sommet/actes/wangchuk/wangchuk.html (1985 words)

	Bhutan Zamling Tours & Treks - Bhutan tours, Bhutan treks, Bhutan travel, Bhutan trekking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Bhutanese society is inculcated with a strong sense of discipline, duty, and integrity.
		The Bhutanese use paintings in different forms to beautify walls, chests, tables, doors, windows and wooden fixtures, etc. used in all kinds of buildings, bridges, etc. A strong Tibetan and Newari (indigenous people of Kathmandu valley) influence is visible in the style, form and thematic composition of Bhutanese art and architecture.
		Traditional Bhutanese architecture is an adaptation of the Tibetan style and layout, which include traits derived from Newari and Chinese concepts, defined by crafted woodwork having designs in rich details are engraved in doors, windows, lattices and frames that support the roof.
	www.bhutan-zamlingtour.com /bhutan.htm (3503 words)

	Myanmar Culture
		Bhutanese speak as many as nineteen dialects besides Dzongkha, the national language and lingua franca.
		Bhutanese men wear gho, which are longish robes tied around the waist by a cloth belt, know as kera.
		But, the most common architectural sight in Bhutan are the chortens or stupas which are small shrines built to house sacred relics.
	www.germantravelnetwork.com /Html/D/Asia/Bhutan/Culture.htm (339 words)

	Insiders' Bhutan Travel
		Although all Bhutanese share a common world view and sense of purpose, cultural differences are considerable, with each ethnic group making its own distinctive contribution to the nation’s living past.
		Bhutanese architecture is one of the best expressions of the Kingdom’s unique character.
		The living art of weaving is so important to the Bhutanese culture and everyday way of life that practically evey home has a loom.
	www.insidersbhutan.com /Z/Guide/pwp/culture.html (550 words)

	RAOnline Bhutan: Architecture in Bhutan
		Bhutanese architecture is famous for its originality, its harmonious proportions and its adaptation to the landscape.
		The first recorded buildings in Bhutanese history were the temples of Lhakhang Karpo and Nagpo in Haa, Kyichu near Paro and Jampa, Koebnchog-sum and Gayney Lhakhangs in Bumthang, built around the 6th and the 7th centuries.
		Architectural styles differ from place to place and from different periods in time.
	mypage.bluewindow.ch /raonline/pages/bt/visin/bt_archi01.html (904 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bhutanese medicine is similar to the traditional medicine formerly practiced in Tibet, where Bhutanese doctors used to receive their training.
		The Bhutanese people usually cremate their dead, except in the case of violent deaths such as suicide or death in an epidemic, when the bodies are buried.
		Bhutanese people are cheerful and tend to take life as it comes, an attitude due largely to their Buddhist tradition.
	www.msu.edu /~rosalikl/orientat.htm (21357 words)

	Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		On their part, the Nepalese have protested this and other attempts at "national integration" under the hegemony of Bhutanese language and culture, and a serious political and cultural division between the Buddhist Bhutanese majority and the Hindu Nepali-speaking minority continues to exist.
		Dancing is the centre of all religious festivals in Bhutan and is used to depict the tales and legends of Buddhist history and mythology.
		The castlelike dzongs, with their gently tapering walls, large courtyards, and long galleries, are among the finest examples of Bhutanese architecture.
	www.asianculturalsociety.com /Bhutan_culture.html (703 words)

	Learn more about Architectural style in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Learn more about Architectural style in the online encyclopedia.
		Architectural style describes the long-standing attempts to classify architecture by periods, techniques, forms and materials.
		This is naturally to some extent arbitrary, but common traits can be discerned among architects working at the same time, in the same area of the world or being informed by one another.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/ar/architectural_style.html (147 words)

	Bumthang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Due to popularity of tradition architecture and now by decree of the government all houses strictly follow indigenous rules.
		It is dedicated to the rich skill of Bhutanese weaver, primarily women.
		In addition to few other places, this is one where every Bhutanese wishes to visit at least once in their lifetime.
	www.nirvanaexpeditions.com /programs/shangrila.htm (3092 words)

	HappyAdventureTreks.com - Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Bhutanese people protected this sacred heritage and unique identity for centuries by choosing to remain shrouded deeply in a jealously guarded isolation.
		Because of a deep traditional reverence which the Bhutanese have for nature, the kingdom is one of the leading countries in environmental preservation.
		The air is clean and unpolluted the mountains magnificent and the architecture inspiring.
	www.myeasylink.com /happyadventuretreks/bhutan.htm (1132 words)

	.:: About Bhutan ::. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Bhutanese people protected this sacred heritage and unique identity for centuries by choosing to remain shrouded in a jealously guarded isolation.
		Like its architecture, its art and painting are important aspects of Bhutanese culture and they depict the spiritual depth of Bhutanese life.
		Whether it is on a wall, or one of the renowned Thangkhas or murals, painters use vegetables dyes to give their work the subtle beauty and warmth seen nowhere else in the world.
	bb.domaindlx.com /personalweb/aboutbhutan.html (808 words)

	Bhutan Times - Bhutan Times News
		For years, the peace of this tiny land, wedged between India and China on a Himalayan ridge, was shattered by the activities of armed groups from the North-east, which took control of territory in southern and eastern Bhutan to establish camps for training, recruitment, rest and refuge as well as storage of weapons and explosives.
		The Bhutanese asked them to leave the country without conditions, saying they valued the traditional relations of trade, friendship and social interaction between their country and Assam, with which they share a long border.
		There are unconfirmed reports that the Bhutanese allowed a number of Ulfa cadres, including a senior member, to go in exchange for several of their soldiers who had been held captive.
	www.bhutantimes.com /modules/news/article.php?storyid=33 (1466 words)

	bhutan days
		Members of the Bhutanese Olympic archery team will give bow- and arrow-making demonstrations, and students will be allowed to test their physics skills and strength through a Physics Circus where they can shoot plastic arrows.
		The wife of the first dean of the Texas School of Mines (now UTEP) saw the article and suggested that the Bhutanese architecture was well suited to the foothills of the Franklin Mountains.
		Through decades of expansion, UTEP has maintained the architectural style and has obtained several artifacts that are now on display on campus, including a Bhutanese altar, tapestries and an authentic Bhutanese prayer wheel.
	www.utep.edu /newspubs/Releases/Sept03/bhutandays.html (369 words)

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