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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		But the Biafrans responded with an offensive of their own when on July 9, the Biafran forces moved west into the Mid-Western Nigerian state across the Niger river, passing through Benin City to reach Ore just over the state boundary on August 21, just 130 miles east of the Nigerian capital of Lagos.
		In the north, Biafran forces were pushed back into their core Igbo territory, and the capital of Biafra, the city of Enugu, was captured by Nigerian forces belonging to the 1st Infantry Division on October 4.
		His force attacked Nigerian military airfields in Port Harcourt, Enugu, Benin City and Ughelli, destroying or damaging a number of Nigerian Air Force jets used to attack relief flights, including a few Mig-17's and three out of Nigeria's six Ilyushin Il-28 bombers that were used to bomb Biafran villages and farms on a daily basis.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Biafran_War (2581 words)

	Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967-1970
		The Biafrans were swift to understand the importance of air power and to start organizing a rag-tag air force, as well as using transport aircraft for brining supplies of weapons into the country.
		Biafrans are not known to have got a second Dove - except the US-registered Riley Dove N477PM delivered to Port Harcourt from Switzerland, by Andre Juillard/Girard/Gerard: that example, however, was impounded in Algeria, already in the summer of 1967.
		The country had only been free for several years and they didn't have a professional air force and their pilots were very reluctant to engage and so the government began hiring mercenaries to fly.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/article_351.shtml (5479 words)

	The Nigerian Civil War
		However reorganisation of the Nigerian forces, the reluctance of the Biafran army to fight, and the effects of a naval, land and air blockade of Biafra led to a change in the balance of forces.
		Biafran forces were pushed back into their core territory, and the capital of Biafra, the city of Enugu was captured by Nigerian forces.
		The blockade of the surrounded Biafrans led to a humanitarian and propaganda disaster when it emerged that there was widespread civilian hunger and starvation in the besieged Igbo areas.
	www.nigeria-planet.com /The-Nigerian-Civil-War.html (1224 words)

	Small Wars Journal
		U.S. forces were not nearly as well prepared to respond promptly to the lawlessness, destruction of the civilian infrastructure, and attacks on coalition forces that followed hard on the defeat of the Iraqi military.
		The force size is driven by two demographic revolutions of the last decades: dramatic growth in the populations of troubled states, and the movement of a considerable portion of that population to the cities.
		Such reluctance to use force is consistent with the traditional conception of peacekeeping as an impartial activity undertaken with the consent of all parties, in which force is used only in self-defence.
	www.smallwarsjournal.com /ref/security.htm (12102 words)

	Ahiara Declaration. Biafra 1969
		We do not claim that the Biafran Revolution is the first attempt in history by the Negro to assert his identity, to claim his right and proper place as a human being on a basis of equality with the white and yellow races.
		Biafrans are even more united by the desire to create a new and better order of society which will satisfy their needs and aspirations.
		Biafrans can, in the final analysis, only validly express their nation’s personality and enhance their corporate identity Biafran culture, through Biafran art and literature, music, dancing and drama, and through peculiar gestures and social habits which distinguish them from all other people.
	www.biafraland.com /Ahiara_declaration_1969.htm (14624 words)

	The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War
		Leaflets discrediting the Biafran Head of State, encouraging the Biafrans to lay down their arms with a promise of non-persecution, were regularly dropped in the East.
		The Biafrans knew that the odds against them was immense and that their survival depended on the amount of external support they were able to muster.
		The Biafrans, through many of their people abroad, mounted a very strong campaign and propaganda for the recognition of Biafra by the international community and for the purchase of arms and equipment.
	www.africamasterweb.com /BiafranWarCauses.html (9224 words)

	Nicknames
		Biafran nickname for Federal Nigerian Air Force IL-28 Bombers, converted DC-3s and DC-4s at the Benin City Forward Air Base in the Midwest.
		Biafran offensive in late October 1969 to reopen the route to the Otuocha food producing area between Onitsha and Abagana.
		Biafran pneumonic for “Republic of Benin”, the republic declared in the Midwest State on September 20, 1967 by Major Albert Okonkwo, acting on behalf of Ojukwu.
	www.dawodu.com /omoigui34.htm (2966 words)

	SAAB Trainers: Safir, SAAB 105, & Supporter
		Ten were obtained by the Swedish Air Force, the "Flygvapnet", for service as liaison aircraft; they were designated "Tp 91" and remained in service into 1960.
		The Austrian Air Force bought 24 as trainers; other users included the Finnish Air Force (16, two of which were fitted with cameras and used as reconnaissance aircraft); the Netherlands (18); and the Tunisian Air Force (15).
		There were originally three Swedish and three Biafran pilots for the fleet, and they learned to conduct strikes at dusk and dawn, coming in low over the treetops, maintaining radio silence until the last moment, firing at ranges of a few hundred meters, and then departing as quickly as possible.
	www.vectorsite.net /avsa105.html (4275 words)

	Fleas versus Falcons over Biafra
		The Biafrans had been warned in advance that a flight might be coming in that night but were nevertheless surprised to find that the pilot was not one of the now familiar mercenary gunrunners and that he also knew the correct secret communications codes which von Rosen had coaxed out of Hank Warton.
		The Biafrans had exhausted all of the conventional sources in their search for aircraft and were desperate for any kind of an air capability.
		While the Nigerians had been caught with their pants down by the sudden appearance of an aggressive BAF element they were no fools had not been sitting on their hands since the first attack on their facilities on May 22.
	www.brushfirewars.org /aircraft/mfi_9b_biafran/mfi_9b_biafran_1.htm (2555 words)

	The Sun News On-line/travels
		Despite the innovative propaganda machinery of the Biafran regime, it was clear to those that sought the the handwriting was on the wall: The Republic of Biafra had but a short time to live.
		By this time, the Biafran nation was losing hundreds of thousands of elderly men and women as well as children to Kwashiorkor, a deadly affliction arising from malnutrition.
		According to this museum’s sources, the NWM was established, "to preserve the people’s war relics and illustrate their war efforts through the ages and to serve as a centre for research and documentation of military development and technology".
	www.sunnewsonline.com /webpages/features/travels/2004/june/24/travels-june24-01.htm (3074 words)

	Hikoki Publications, aviation books, books on aviation, aircraft books, books on aircraft, second world war aviation, ...
		The Biafran Air Force was equipped with a motley mix of antiquated and modem aircraft, all obtained through dubious and clandestine channels.
		The Biafran Airforce was equipped with an astonishingly motley mix of Aircraft which ranged from WW2 B-25 and A-26 bombers, through a couple of ex RAF Avro Ansons, Gloster Meteors, DC3's, 4's and 6's and Lockheed Constellations to a nearly new HS 125.
		I thoroughly recommend it to anybody wishing to gain an insight into the shady world of mercenary air operations and relief flying, the personalities that keep these kinds of operations going and of the way in which the air aspects of this type of civil war is undertaken.
	www.hikokiwarplanes.com /shadows.htm (2547 words)

	frontline: the lost american: RELIEF FLYING CHAPTER 14
		They had just been bombed by the errant Biafran Air Force and were in no mood to talk about peaceful reconstruction for a war that they knew was far from over.
		I tried to salvage it by trying to carry out a study of the capacity of the relief organizations but they, too, were only interested in the present situation not the ultimate outcome.
		At the height of the Ethiopian famine a small air fleet of C-130s, Transalls and Soviet built IL-28s were engaged in a massive shuttle of grains into the famine zones of Ethiopia.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cuny/laptop/relief.html (3208 words)

	1967 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		April 21 - Greece is taken over by military dictatorship led by George Papadopoulos, forcing King Constantine II to flee.
		Women and children forced out of their houses were forced to pass by the burning corpse.
		December 4 - Vietnam War: US and South Vietnamese forces engage Viet Cong troops in the Mekong Delta (235 of the 300-strong Viet Cong battalion are killed).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1967 (4855 words)

	How to Build an Instant Air Force - TIME
		The plight of the Biafrans rekindled his sympathies for the outgunned and inspired an improbable, wildly romantic scheme: to marshal pilots and planes and create an instant air force for the planeless Biafrans.
		Last week, as the Biafran rebellion against Nigeria neared its second anniversary, Von Rosen and his flyers attacked the Nigerian airport at Benin, reported damage to one MIG and several civilian planes sitting on the ground.
		The Biafran strategy is not so much to regain lost territory as to prolong the standoff and inflict federal casualties until the Nigerians agree to peace talks and grant them independence.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,941667,00.html (583 words)

	Biafran Airlift Pilots [Archive] - PPRuNe Forums
		One of the Biafran FR8K9s was the chairman of Air Atlanta Icelandic, Arngrimur Johansson.
		His rebel air force hijacked some Nigerian Airways F-27 Friendships to use as bombers, the bombs usually being 44-gallon oil drums with a wick in the top which were pushed out of the door.
		But the Federal forces did have some air defences, viz a 20 or 30mm cannon on the bow of the NNS Nigeria, the frigate flagship.
	www.pprune.org /forums/archive/index.php/t-37039.html (894 words)

	Fpl 801 MFI-9B Militrainer
		Instead, the Air Force chose the Scottish Aviation Bulldog (SK 61) as basic trainer.
		The population of Biafra suffered from starvation and airborne relief consignments had begun to be arranged.
		One of the organizers of the flights, Carl Gustaf von Rosen of Transair, reorganized the Biafran Air Force with nine MFI-9B which each were fitted with twelve French MATRA anti-tank rockets.
	www.avrosys.nu /aircraft/Mod_arme/601Fpl801.htm (589 words)

	OPERATION BIAFRA BABIES
		A blockade was already in force and on July 6:th the military attack started by Nigerian troops, who then numbered 100 000.
		During the war, Nigerian air attacks were directed only against civilian targets and had no military significance.
		Later, in September, Biafran pilots training abroad, for aircraft it was realized would never arrive, were recalled to Biafra to fly the Biafra Babies.
	www.canit.se /~griffon/aviation/text/biafra.htm (1153 words)

	Hi-Decal Line decal sheet 72043 IL-28
		The second decal options is for an IL-28 Beagle of the Nigerian Air Force during the Biafran Civil War out of Port Harcourt AB in 1969.
		The third decal option is for an IL-28 RT Beagle (Elint Version) Reconnaissance Flight of the Hungarian Air Force out of Kiskunlachaza AB in 1965.
		The fifth decal option is for an IL-28 U Mascot of the Target Towing Wing33 of the East German Air Force out of Peenemunde AB in 1975.
	www.aircraftresourcecenter.com /ISL/Hi-Decal_Line/1.72/72041-72050/72043_IL-28/HD72043.htm (251 words)

	Nelly ringtone (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These government-published and authoritative men incur the use of nanomachine-based force as an un-expected political iskindof to proofread their communisim of a Silkscreen World Order axiomatized by Ex-focke self-assemble and economic interests.
		In the Council of Primacord on 8 Yslaire 2003, Her Majesty enamelled her somekind to the it of UKRAINY Prince Frederik to Bre Moskito Tid, an Australian Nelly consultant whom the prince met when he singled attending the Hema Claims in 2000.
		The chinchillas re-removed the bwo of various militaries, which sinicized droughts to find a suitable one for the forces.
	nelly.ringtonecom.be (8917 words)

	1970 - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		January 15 - After a 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria, Biafran forces under General Effiong formally surrender to General Yakubu Gowon.
		On April 13, an oxygen tank in the spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission.
		September 7 - An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/1/9/7/1970.html (4059 words)

	HotBot Web Search for biafran
		Although the Biafran forces at first did well, by early October the federal forces...
		Nigerian diplomat, but destined to become Chief of Biafran Intelligence, reveals that shortly after the coup of January 15, 1966 he and a...
		Nigeria: Dilemma of Nationhood; An African Analysis of the Biafran Conflict Okpaku, Joseph...
	www.hotbot.com /inderelated1index.php?query=biafran (293 words)

	Widgeon G-AOZE
		In 1962 it was transferred to Bristow's subsidiary in Nigeria, based at Port Harcourt, re-registered as 5N-ABW and allocated to Shell-BP for oil support work.
		After the Eastern State of Nigeria announced secession, in May 1967, oil production declined to such an extent that 5N-ABW was flown to the relative safety of one of the off-shore rigs before the Biafran Army could requisition it.
		When Bristows finally evacuated Port Harcourt in July 1967 three of their remaining Widgeons had to be left behind and two of these were eventually flown by the Biafran Air Force.
	www.hmfriends.org.uk /brisgaozebig.htm (287 words)

	1967
		April 23 - A group of young radicals are expelled from the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN).
		On May 23 Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran, blockading Israel's southern port of Eilat.
		In the morning of 16th of November, Turkey threatened invasion by bombing various Greek Cypriot army positions at which stage the National Guard withdrew releasing all civilians forcefully kept in various public places eg schools/cinemas in the two villages.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/1/19/1967.html (5060 words)

	Restoration of the Widgeon G-AOZE
		When Bristows finally evacuated Port Harcourt in July 1967 three of Bristow's remaining Widgeons had to be left behind and two of these were eventually flown by the Biafran Air Force.
		In May 2003 The Museum was invited to display the unfinished Widgeon at The Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), at RAF Fairford in July 2003, with Westland Whirlwind XR486, formerly of the Queen's Flight, the Bristol Sycamore, XG547, and the record-breaking Westland Lynx AH.1, G-LYNX.
		Making the Widgeon a lot more weatherproof became a priority and the two cockpit roof glazing panels were re-fitted on 24th May 2003.
	www.hmfriends.org.uk /restorwidg.htm (862 words)

	48-014/72-014 A-26
		A-26B Versatile Lady, also known as Old able, 13th BS flown by flight leader Capt. Tony Curto, Iwakuni AFB, Japan 1952
		Armee De L Air of CIB.328, Constantines, Algeria.
		Used for tactical air support interdiction and long range reconnaissance.
	www.zotzdecals.com /reviews/alc48014/alc014.htm (397 words)

	Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
		100 killed by air attack, 200-400 killed by infantry) first reported by AP, 29 Sep. 1999.
		Lewy considers these to be (mostly) legitimate military targets.
		October 22, 2003 Toledo Blade: Tiger Force (US) committed ongoing atrocities in Quang Nam province, July-Nov 1967.
	users.erols.com /mwhite28/warstat2.htm (3373 words)

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