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Topic: Biafran War

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	The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War
		The immediate cause of the civil war itself may be identified as the coup and the counter coup of 1966 which altered the political equation and destroyed the fragile trust existing among the major ethnic groups.
		Leaflets discrediting the Biafran Head of State, encouraging the Biafrans to lay down their arms with a promise of non-persecution, were regularly dropped in the East.
		War is a situation that requires faith - faith in your equipment, faith in your comrades and colleagues, faith in God or the supreme being or whatever one believes in, faith in oneself and in the cause for which one is fighting.
	www.africamasterweb.com /BiafranWarCauses.html (9224 words)

	Biafra War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Biafran strikes across the Niger managed to pin down large concentrations of federal troops on the west bank.
		The Biafrans subsequently retook Owerri in fierce fighting and threatened to push on to Port Harcourt until thwarted by a renewed federal offensive in the south.
		Biafran propaganda, which stressed the threat of genocide to the Igbo people, was extremely effective abroad in winning sympathy for the secessionist movement.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/biafra.htm (1862 words)

	Nigerian Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, July 6, 1967 – January 13, 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra.
		The war became notorious for the starvation in some of the besieged war-bound regions, and the consequent claims of genocide made by the largely Igbo people of those regions.
		The Biafran town of Owerri fell on January 9, and Uli fell on January 11.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biafran_War (1848 words)

	Becoming the Turning Point On Biafran War View
		He told Nigerians that the Igbo was in error to fight a war to save their lives during the carnage they faced in the North and various parts of Nigeria that led to Biafran war.
		War is war and the consequences are shared by generations of the affected group or people.
		One calling the episode of this war a mistake on the side of the Igbo is doing so at his or her lack of informed history, articulate opinion and related Igbo cultural diligence.
	www.gamji.com /article2000/NEWS2844.htm (5566 words)

	Quick Kill In Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Rather, selected battles and campaigns are discussed and analyzed based on their significance to the outcome of the war, their edification of certain lessons of the conflict, or their benefit in illustrating points regarding the development of the forces involved or the war itself.
		One battalion of Biafran infantry was defending both Calabar, to the east of the Cross River inlet, and Oron to the west of the inlet.(23) Adekunle ignored the company- sized Oron contingent and attacked near Calabar to seize that city.
		CHAPTER 7 THE AIR WAR The two most significant technological advances introduced in the Nigerian Civil War were the extensive use of modern artillery, particularly by the Federals, and the impact of aviation on a disorganized, relatively unsophisti- cated battlefield.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm (19789 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Biafra: Thirty years on
		The Nigerian civil war not only came close to tearing Africa's most populous country apart, it also provoked passions in many other parts of the world, particularly in Britain, the former colonial power.
		When the civil war ended, the government promised the Ibo people that there would be no victors and no vanquished.
		During the war, Mrs Oyibo Adinamadu was a leading women's activist for the Biafran cause.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/596712.stm (877 words)

	Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967-1970
		The Biafrans were swift to understand the importance of air power and to start organizing a rag-tag air force, as well as using transport aircraft for brining supplies of weapons into the country.
		But, the Biafrans were nevertheless reinforced and managed to fly-in even enough mercenaries to organize the 4th Commando Brigade, which was to become the leading unit in the following offensive on Onitsha, as well as to encircls the 3rd Nigerian Commando Division at Oweri.
		Biafrans are not known to have got a second Dove - except the US-registered Riley Dove N477PM delivered to Port Harcourt from Switzerland, by Andre Juillard/Girard/Gerard: that example, however, was impounded in Algeria, already in the summer of 1967.
	www.acig.org /artman/publish/article_351.shtml (5479 words)

	Obasanjo & war idioms
		Obasanjo's involvement in the Biafran war and his role were equivalent to that of a hired gun.
		obasanjo was way off the frontline nursing his bloated stomach for most of the war and by the time he, obasanjo appeared to play any major role in the frontline, all the major campaigns of the war had been fought, won and lost.
		In that war, the USSR and the Warsaw Pact, Britain and NATO the Arab League and a coalition of various domestic groups were ranged against Biafrans whose hands were tied behind their back by air and sea blockade.
	www.kwenu.com /biafra/obasanjo_wartalk.htm (2275 words)

	The Nigeria-Biafra War Letters - Excerpts
		Primary among these controversial subjects are; whether the federal army deliberately targeted civilians during the war; the morality of the federal blockade of Biafra between 1967 and 1970 and the legitimacy of employing starvation of the civilian populace as a weapon of war.
		The federal blockade and the starvation which the blockade precipitated within the Biafran Republic, was directly responsible for the high number of casualties- particularly of women and children- in the latter part of the war.
		General Philip Effiong of the Biafran Army handed over the Biafran surrender to the newly appointed General officer Commanding the 3rd Marine Commandos, the Biafran head of state General Ojukwu having fled to the Ivory Coast to- as he is reported to have expressed it- ‘search for peace’.
	www.blackscorpion.org /excerpt.html (1152 words)

	The Eastern Boys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When the war began in 1966 most of the boys were anywhere between the ages of ten and thirteen.
		The thirty-month war not only affected their leisure; it equally affected their educational pursuits because for those months the schools were closed.
		With such a decree, Biafrans were faced with severe economic adversity During the war, and by the time the war came to an end, most people suffered severe malnutrition.
	www.authorhouse.com /BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~39269.aspx (684 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: The Legacy of the Biafran War
		In the grisly drama of the war -- the atrocities, the starving masses, the jungle fighting -- rational thinking is overwhelmed by emotionalism.
		With self-righteous verbal overkill, defenders of Biafra cry that Lagos is waging a war of genocide.
		The war is far away to the east, and so life in Lagos goes on as usual, apparently.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=108417 (1658 words)

	Center for World Indigenous Studies
		Members of the Biafran Nation and of MASSOB are non-violent and have always followed such tenets.
		I was a boy in Primary School at the outbreak of the Nigerian-Biafran civil war.
		There are other biafran children in hong kong who also fled for their lives.
	www.cwis.org /news/index.php?newsdate=biafra1 (2121 words)

	Blunders of the Nigerian Civil War-10
		Early in the war, Biafran Major Ihenacho valiantly commanded a Biafran Battalion under the 53 Brigade at Inyi in the Enugu sector.
		During the Biafran counter-offensive of late 1968, Ihenacho was appointed Commander of the 63 Brigade in the rank of Lt. Colonel.
		Biafran Major TI Atumaka died in March 1969 at the head of an “S” Brigade, during one of Colonel Achuzia’s frontal attempts to clear Owerri.
	www.dawodu.com /omoigui33.htm (6522 words)

	The Head Heeb: Interview with Adichie
		All differences aside, the Biafran war is a defining catastrophe for the modern Igbo people in the same way that the Holocaust is for Jews - their existence as a people was threatened, few if any families were unaffected, and the aftershocks continue to permeate the national psychology and politics.
		The higher estimates of the death toll from the massacres and the war run to a fifth or a sixth of the Igbo population, which meant that every family was impacted in much the same way as the Holocaust even if the intent was not the same.
		As far as the Biafrans were concerned, they were fighting for their lives, and even if the ultimate impact was less, that was bound to have some impact.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/016802.html (2711 words)

	Odi Nma Ndi Igbo \| Alaigbo bu Egwu Eji (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Until now efforts to relieve the Biafran people have been thwarted by the desire of the central government of Nigeria to pursue total and unconditional victory and by the fear of the Ibo people that surrender means wholesale atrocities and genocide.
		The Biafran currency, which was the only legal tender of the survivors of the Biafran siege, was overnight declared worthless and everyone with a bank account was issued a measly N40 (40 cents US), in lieu of their deposit, to start life anew on their own.
		Somehow, the stories of the war came to me, because my house seemed always to be the gathering of many people, my father?s friends, mostly displaced from the rest of the federation, who came to share platitudes, and speak "great English." I heard tit-bits that have framed my consciousness in particular ways.
	www.freewebs.com /oderaigbo/biafrangenocidestories.htm (13189 words)

	Nigeriaworld Letters & Viewpoints (Ratcheting up the Rhetoric of Rebellion)
		We have since realized that the awe-inspiring Biafran war hero was just a very fallible historical accident who was thrust into a dire situation that demanded the type of courage and sagacity he was not endowed with.
		Learning about the humiliation of their forefathers in the war and their subsequent second-class citizenship in the contemporary Nigeria Igbo minds are gradually filling up with vengeful rage.
		Should there be any need to embark on any other war in Nigeria, God forbid that this need should ever arise again, but should that ever be the unfortunate curse of Nigeria again, Obasanjo must be assured that the outcome is not going to be assured in advance for him and his people.
	nigeriaworld.com /columnist/ihenacho/121801.html (3130 words)

	Africa at War
		As the war in Rhodesia progressed into the later stages, use of Fire Forces became not only a common but very effective means of eliminating ZANLA and ZIPRA infiltrators in the Rhodesian interior.
		It is paramount to the French war effort that this operaion meets outstanding success, as it will win the confidence of it's government as well as the same of their unmotivated allies in Rwanda and Zaire.
		In February 1991, Mobutu was mandated by a regional meeting of presidents and the secretary general of the OAU to initiate a dialogue leading to a cease-fire agreement between the Rwanda government and the rebels.
	www.wargamer.com /hosted/squadbattles/id105.htm (3835 words)

	Case Study
		Mounting ethnic tension between these groups caused the Biafrans - the Ibos and other minority ethnic groups - in the south-eastern region to fight for their independence from the federation only 6 years after Nigeria gained its independence from British rule.
		The war began with ethnic rivalry in the armed forces.
		U.S. and European relief organizations, private groups and religious groups came to the assistance of the Biafrans in response to Biafran propaganda stressing the genocide of the Ibo.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/biafra.htm (1134 words)

	Republic of Biafra — Infoplease.com
		After initial Biafran advances, Nigeria attacked Biafra by air, land, and sea and gradually reduced the territory under its control.
		The breakaway state had insufficient resources at the start of the war—it was a net importer of food and had little industry—and depended heavily on its control of petroleum fields for funds to make purchases abroad.
		It lost the oil fields in the war, and more than one million of its civilian population are thought to have died as a result of severe malnutrition.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0807443.html (493 words)

	The Biafran War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Although the Biafran forces at first did well, by early October the federal forces had captured Enugu, their capital.
		Despite attempts by the Organization of African Unity to end the civil war, hostilities continued until 1970 at which point the federal forces had starved the Biafran population into submission.
		Ojukwu fled the country on January 11, and a delegation to Lagos formally surrendered on January 15, 1970, thus ending the existence of the Republic of Biafra.
	www.scholars.nus.edu.sg /landow/post/nigeria/biafra.html (359 words)

	About the Project - Nigerian-Biafran Civil War, 1967-1970
		Biafra is not a war I experienced and though I was not born during the time, I am drawn to it because so little has been done about it and because I want to understand that history.
		From my discussion with the Biafran women survivors, I have also learned that there are so many stories of sadness, resentment, and sometimes joy.
		Sung by Theresa Omekenyi Muotune, a survivor of Biafran War / Nigerian Civil War.
	www.africaresource.com /war/vol2.2/biafra/project.htm (394 words)

	After The Biafran War Was Over
		Hundreds of Biafrans have died as a result of critical food shortages.
		Original Caption: 1/13/1970-BIAFRA- The 30-month-old Nigerian civil war, the end of which now seems certain, brought untold misery and deprivation to hundreds of thousands of Nigerians: men, women, children, the old and infirm.
		The Nigerian government ordered defeated Biafrans to destroy all their currencies and they gladly complied, forgetting it will become a collector's item.
	biafra.info /biafra/nigeria-biafra-civil-war-photo-essay.html (1269 words)

	Guernica / Archive / All Features
		What Nigerian writer, Okey Ndibe, sees when he recalls the Biafran War.
		When the zebaleen, the garbage people of Cairo, were stripped of their responsibilities by the government, nothing but education could save them.
		Burma’s Kayan women brave indignity and exploitation to continue a centuries-old tradition: wrapping their necks in symbols of feminine beauty, otherworldly status, and matriarchal power.
	www.guernicamag.com /features (794 words)

	Biafra: Rising Up From the Ashes - Newsweek: International Editions - MSNBC.com
		Though too young to have lived through the Biafran war, Adichie, 29, lost both her grandfathers to the ill-fated 1960s struggle by the Igbo to win independence from Nigeria.
		Olanna—Adichie's alter ego—is a cosmopolitan university professor who abandons her middle-class parents to live a life of idealism beside Odenigbo as his partner.
		The Biafran war is still a taboo subject in Nigeria, where ethnicity remains a source of division.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/15265516/site/newsweek (414 words)

	BNW News: Biafra Nigeria World News: Biafra NigeriaWorld is the Authority on BiafraNigeria:: the home of the BNW Biafra ...
		The currency spent in the defunct Republic of Biafra during the Nigerian civil war (1967-70), Biafran Pound, has surreptitiously crept into the currency market, serving as the legal tender in some communities along the West African coast.
		Investigations carried out by Sunday Punch showed that the money is being spent in the border town between Togo and Republic of Benin, while some currency hawkers also exchange it for the naira and other currencies in the border town between Ghana and Togo.
		One Biafran pound still bears the signature of Dr. Syvelster Ugo, the then Governor of the Central Bank of the defunct Biafran Republic and the picture of a palm tree.
	news.biafranigeriaworld.com /archive/2005/jun/05 (593 words)

	Contribute - Nigerian-Biafran Civil War, 1967-1970 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		My belief for this project is that stories have the power to teach.
		For healing to occur, we must be open to all experiences and stories of war.
		My hope is to provide a space where Biafran war survivors can tell their stories and share their experiences with the Internet community.
	www.westafricareview.com /vol2.2/biafra/contribute.htm (231 words)

	BNW Magazine: Biafra Nigeria World Magazine: INSIGHT:: Features and Analysis @ BiafraNigeriaWorld
		Austin Alozie, Ph.D. Nigerian Government Wages War on the Catholic Church: Bishops, Priests, Laity Targeted
		Where Are they Now?: A Review of the Music and Lives of Eastern Musicians and Songwriters of the Post Nigeria-Biafra War Era
		President of Vice: The War on Corruption and Obasanjo's Complicity
	magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com (1358 words)

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