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Topic: Bias (disambiguation)

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	Bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A bias is a prejudice in a general or specific sense, usually in the sense for having a predilection to one particular point of view or ideology.
		For example, a bias voltage is applied to a transistor in an electronic amplifier to allow the transistor to operate in a particular region of its transconductance curve.
		Bias is used in direct broadcast satellites such as DirecTV and Dish Network, the IRD box actually powers the feedhorn or LNB receiver mounted on the dish arm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bias (639 words)

	Bias (statistik) - Wikipédia
		Dina statistik, estimator anu bias nyaeta hiji kaayaan numana nilai rata-rata saluhureun atawa sahandapeun nu ditaksir.
		This kind of bias is usually regarded as a worse problem than statistical noise: Problems with statistical noise can be lessened by enlarging the sample, but a biased sample will not go away that easily.
		Another kind of bias in statistics does not involve biased samples, but does involve the use of a statistic whose average value differs from the value of the quantity being estimated.
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bias_(statistics) (694 words)

	Synopses of Recent Publications
		In Experiment 2 (N=16), the novel nouns in the stories were replaced by pronouns and proper names, and the children did not avoid the story object in the test of the familiar noun.
		Their bias is hypothesized to be a form of implicit probabilistic knowledge that derives from the competitive nature of category retrieval.
		In the monograph, I found that the disambiguation effect, which is the tendency to select unfamiliar rather than familiar things as the referents of new names, could be reversed in young 2-year-olds, but not older children, by preexposing the unfamiliar objects.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~wmerrima/recent.html (2668 words)

	A Memory-Based Model of Syntactic Analysis
		Most probabilistic disambiguation models therefore build directly on that work: they characterize the probabilities of sentence-analyses by means of a "stochastic grammar", constructed out of a competence grammar by augmenting the rules with application probabilities derived from a corpus.
		Linguistic disambiguation involves classification under an ambiguous definition of the "case description language", i.e., the formal representation of the utterance analyses, which is usually a grammar.
		Syntactic disambiguation is indeed a classification task in the presence of an infinite class-space.
	iaaa.nl /rs/jetai/jetai.html (13442 words)

	CA : HMM Training Tools Documentation - Xerox XRCE
		The effect of the first bias is to discourage sentence taggings which contain the sequence...
		Bias statements may be given in any order, with no effect on their meaning.
		Bias the initial HMM using the bias statements contained in the file filename.
	www.xrce.xerox.com /competencies/content-analysis/fsnlp/train.html (4032 words)

	CUNY 2003: Abstract 150 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Furthermore, Hare, McRae, and Elman (in press) showed that, depending on prior sentence contexts that bias toward a specific sense of a verb, comprehenders interpret the same ambiguous sentence in different ways, according to which syntactic frame is preferred for the inferred sense.
		bias of a post-verbal "the" (proportion of times "the" introduces a DO versus a SC-subject in completion norms; overall it is DO-biased); 4.
		the structural bias of each of the first three words of the disambiguation ("was", "written", and "poorly").
	tedlab.mit.edu /CUNY2003/viewAbstract.php?abstract=150 (484 words)

	Definition of Bias (statistics)
		In statistics, a biased estimator is one that for some reason on average over- or underestimates what is being estimated.
		The word bias has at least two different senses in statistics, one referring to something considered very bad, the other referring to something that can at times produce results more useful and closer to the truth than an insistence on being "unbiased."
		One meaning is involved in what is called a biased sample: If some elements are more likely to be chosen in the sample than others, and those that are have a higher or lower value of the quantity being estimated, the outcome will be higher or lower than the true value.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Bias_(statistics) (780 words)

	Gawronski (2001) Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Gawronski, B. Implicational schemata and the correspondence bias: On the diagnostic value of situationally constrained behavior.
		Drawing on G. Reeder's (1993) schematic model of dispositional inference, it is hypothesized that the correspondence bias can be due to perceivers' schematic assumptions about trait-behavior relations (i.e., implicational schemata) in situational adjustment.
		Applied to attitude attribution, the diagnostic value of a situationally constrained essay is assumed to be judged by an implicit theory of ability, i.e., only those who hold a corresponding attitude are able to write a persuasive essay towards a given position.
	www.indiana.edu /~soccog/gawronski2.html (177 words)

	Articles - Randomness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This generally implies a lack of bias or correlation unless otherwise specified.
		Note that the bias that "everything has a purpose or cause" is actually implicit in the expression "apparent lack of purpose or cause".
		It is because of this bias that the absence of a cause seems problematic.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Random (1648 words)

	Acharit HaYamim
		Given the less-than-supportive timbre of their comments, I assume these are the same people who would rather see some kind of humor or insight on this site than pictures of themselves garlanded and worshipped (although it is my opinion that these are exactly the kind of people who should be voting for more porn).
		Regardless of your views on so-called "collateral damage" in war zones, there have been exactly zero instances of "pro-Israelis" carrying out terrorist acts against innocents in the West to advance their cause.
		To create a scenario in which "pro-Israeli extremists" murder UN negotiators, or anyone else, can only be a pathetic and transparent attempt to defend a series against claims of "anti-Islamic bias".
	dashriprock.blogspot.com /2005/02/feedback.html (521 words)

	[No title]
		The finding that prosodic phrasing immediately influenced which of two syntactic structures was built—when the verbs as a group occurred equally frequently with the two syntactic alternatives—resembles another finding; namely, that plausibility immediately influenced the resolution of a temporary syntactic ambiguity during reading, but only when the verbs were equi-biased [3].
		Bias was determined from sentence completion data reported in [4].
		Experiment 1: Verb Bias and Intonation Boundaries Auditory fragments in Experiment 1 ended with the structurally ambiguous NP, and participants named the visual targets it’s and is at the offset of each critical sound file.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /~blodgett/blodgett_iclsp04.doc (1158 words)

	Wikipedia:Glossary - Simple English Wikipedia
		Pages include articles, stubs, redirects, disambiguation pages, talk pages, documentation and special pages.
		Literally, a point of view, but often used negatively as an adjective to indicate bias.
		A script written by User:Ram-Man to enter United States geographical data.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary (854 words)

	AMLaP-99 Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is not only capable of serving the purpose of structural disambiguation (Maruyama 1990) but additionally can be enhanced with mechanims for evidential reasoning by introducing graded constraints (Menzel 1998).
		To investigate the potential of the constraint satisfaction approach in more detail a system has be developed which is comprised of different well-separated representational layers for syntax, thematic structure, referential relations etc. Each layer maintains autonomy by trying to build its own relational structure based on a layer-specific set of constraints.
		Evidence can be propagated between different layers by means of (possibly graded) mapping constraints, thereby facilitating both the mutual compensation of informational deficits (for early disambiguation) and the arbitration between conflicting evidence (a fundamental prerequisite for robust behaviour).
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~amlap99/abs/990625-10.html (675 words)

	Canadian Broadcasting Corporation - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		However, the CBC does receive under abillion dollars annually in federal funding, which has led to controversy in recent years.
		Critics, often led by private media,accuse the network of cultural elitism and a strong liberal bias thatrarely reflects the viewing needs of the Canadian public.
		Others counter the CBC acts as a necessary counterbalance to what they perceive to be theobvious conservative bias of private networks.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=CBC (1983 words)

	Dekai Wu
		In machine translation and alignment, the ITG Hypothesis provides a strong inductive bias, and has been shown empirically across numerous language pairs and corpora to yield both efficiency and accuracy gains for various language acquisition tasks.
		Our thesis is that a suitable learning bias for grammar induction is to minimize the degree of lookahead required, on the underlying tenet that language evolution drove grammars to be efficiently parsable in incremental fashion.
		NTPC is particularly well suited for natural language applications involving high-dimensional feature spaces, such as bracketing and disambiguation tasks, since its easily customizable template-driven learner allows efficient search over the kind of complex feature combinations that have typically eluded the base models.
	www.cs.ust.hk /~dekai (7564 words)

	ANCIENT HISTORY FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		There is also a growing body of evidence that Homo_sapiens first left Africa about 60,000 years ago.
		There is usually an educational guess, based on the interpretation of surviving physical evidence, about the "reason" events occurred, not what happened.
		Since the critical modern ancient historian is effected by preconceived ideas and bias that will effect their perception, inference and translation of ancient texts he, or she, should be cautious.
	www.flowergods.com /ancient_history (760 words)

	AMLaP-99 Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We conclude that attachment preferences in both production and comprehension may be exhibited by a single exposure-trained mechanism as the result of an initial bias exerted on the parser to alter its current processing state.
		The single-processor idea can be adapted to our current aims by supposing that the processing state of the parser (comprehension or production) determines the entry point for the current sentence undergoing processing.
		Thus, by means of an initial bias the model retains the ability to encode two responses within the same mechanism.
	www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk /~amlap99/abs/990625-8.html (493 words)

	Merriman:The CALLED Model of Early Word Learning
		I will outline the model's basic operations, then show how effects that have been attributed to the Mutual Exclusivity bias in children's word learning (Markman,1989) emerge from these operations.
		The exemplar memory part of the model, which will be my focus, is an altered version of MacWhinney's (1987) Competition Model.
		The model tends to produce the three phenomena that are the primary evidence for the Mutual Exclusivity bias: (1) preferring to map novel labels onto unfamiliar rather than familiar kinds; (2) restricting familiar label extension in response to learning second labels; and (3) learning second labels less readily than first labels.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~gasser/GWM/merriman.html (1354 words)

	BBC - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Quite often domestic audiences have affectionately referred to the BBC as the Beeb or Auntie becausein theory the BBC is free from both political and commercial influence and only answers to its viewers and listeners.
		However,the BBC is regularly accused by the government of the day of bias in favour of the opposition and, by the opposition, of bias infavour of the government.
		Political influence may manifest itself via appointments to its Board of Governors and by threats tochange the level of the licence fee.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=BBC (2440 words)

	SourceWatch:Contributing - SourceWatch
		Although no one is free of bias, we can cancel each other's out to a large degree, and deal with any systemic bias remaining by policy measures.
		The SourceWatch intentionally avoids invoking "trusted authority figures." Instead, its credibility will depend on the degree to which articles are well-written and backed with supporting documentation, terms of art from "less social" sciences where these are applicable, and the degree to which credibility specialists themselves feel they can stake their credibility on trusting it.
		Of course, bias is an issue in any information system, but SourceWatch’s users will constitute a community of peers whose combined influence helps compensate for the bias of single individuals.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=SourceWatch:Contributing (4085 words)

	Comparative Experiments on Disambiguating Word Senses: An Illustration of the Role of Bias in Machine Learning - Mooney ...
		Abstract: This paper describes an experimental comparison of seven different learning algorithms on the problem of learning to disambiguate the meaning of a word from context.
		The specific problem tested involves disambiguating six senses of the word "line" using the words in the current and proceeding sentence as context.
		Mooney, R. Comparative experiments on disambiguating word senses: An illustration of the role of bias in machine learning.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /31699.html (341 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The influence of object pre-exposure on 2-year-olds' disambiguation of novel labels.
		S.A. Poulin-Dubois, D., and Baker, R.K. Infants' disambiguation of novel object words.
		A non lexical shape bias in 14-month-old infants.
	www.psych.ucalgary.ca /CCD/LCD-Lab/publications.htm (880 words)

	media.ca - Media Bias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Conservative group founded to balance alleged liberal bias in the media.
		Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News
		Review: This book carefully in no nonsense language, analyzes the media bias and the institution of the medi...
	www.media.ca /Media-Bias/all/search (487 words)

	The Role of Algorithm Bias vs Information Source in Learning Algorithms for Morphosyntactic Disambiguation - De Pauw, ...
		The Role of Algorithm Bias vs Information Source in Learning Algorithms for Morphosyntactic Disambiguation (2000)
		Abstract: Morphosyntactic Disambiguation (Part of Speech tagging) is a useful benchmark problem for system comparison because it is typical for a large class of Natural Language Processing (NLP) problems that can be defined as disambiguation in local context.
		This paper adds to the literature on the systematic and objective evaluation of different methods to automatically learn this type of disambiguation problem.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /depauw00role.html (381 words)

	Caveat Lector » Disambiguation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Accepting a prize for past work is to my mind much less suspect than accepting favors based on expectations of future actions.
		Certainly prize-giving can involve bias and collusion, but suspicion typically falls on the prize-giver at that point, not the recipient.
		Also, prize-giving has to be public to be meaningful; it encourages examination both by self and others.
	cavlec.yarinareth.net /archives/2002/10/17/disambiguation (528 words)

	Parser Mind-Module for Artificial Intelligence -- *Stop the War
		// The "bias" has no control over recognized oldConcept words: bias = 5; // Initial bias is for a noun=5.
		if (pos == 5) bias = 8; // After a noun, expect a verb.
		Disambiguation of Super Parts of Speech (or Supertags): Almost Parsing
	mind.sourceforge.net /parser.html (2206 words)

	DBLP: C. Lee Giles
		Lee Giles: Name disambiguation in author citations using a K-way spectral clustering method.
		Lee Giles: Modeling the author bias between two on-line computer science citation databases.
		Lee Giles, Hongyuan Zha, Cheng Li, Kostas Tsioutsiouliklis: Two supervised learning approaches for name disambiguation in author citations.
	www.informatik.uni-trier.de /~ley/db/indices/a-tree/g/Giles:C=_Lee.html (1820 words)

	10. AAAI 1992: San Jose, California
		George Berg: A Connectionist Parser with Recursive Sentence Structure and Lexical Disambiguation.
		Michael R. Lowry: Symmetry as Bias: Rediscovering Special Relativity.
		Richard S. Sutton: Adapting Bias by Gradient Descent: An Incremental Version of Delta-Bar-Delta.
	www.informatik.uni-trier.de /~ley/db/conf/aaai/aaai92.html (1547 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hui Han, Hongyuan Zha, Lee Giles, "Name Disambiguation in Author Citations using a K-way Spectral Clustering Method", in Proceedings of ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2005), 2005.
		Vaclav Petricek, Ingemar J. Cox, Hui Han, Isaac G. Councill, Lee Giles, "Modeling the Author Bias Between Two On-line Computer Science Citation Databases", in Proceedings of the 14th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2005), 2005.
		Hui Han, Wei Xu, Hongyuan Zha, Lee Giles, "A Hierarchical Naive Bayes Model for Name Disambiguation in Author Citations", in Proceedings of the 20th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing Special Track on Information Access and Retrieval (SAC-IAR'05): 1074-1078, 2005.
	www.cse.psu.edu /~hhan/homepage/pub.html (604 words)

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