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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biblical Criticism (Higher) Biblical criticism which is called textual, or lower, to study these documents with a view to arriving at the purest possible text of the sacred books. Biblical critics, while taking as postulates the plenary inspiration and the inerrancy of the sacred Writings, admit in a large measure the literary and historical conclusions reached by non-Catholic workers in this field, and maintain that these are not excluded by Catholic faith. The unwarranted concessions of Catholic writers to rationalistic criticism and the exclusive use of internal arguments against historical authority were condemned as contrary to correct principles of criticism. www.newadvent.org /cathen/04491c.htm   (6303 words)

Biblical Criticism (Higher) Biblical criticism in its fullest comprehension is the examination of the literary origins and historical values of the books composing the Bible, with the state in which these exist at the present day. The critical dissection of books was and is accomplished on the ground of diversity of vocabulary and style, the phenomena of double narratives of the same event varying from each other, it is claimed, to the extent of discrepancy, and differences of religious conceptions. The majority of contemporary critics incline to Harnack's view, which is that the Fourth Gospel was composed by John the Presbyter or the "elder" referred to in a fragment by Papias, and asserted by the Harnackians to be distinct from the Apostle and a disciple of the latter. www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/h/higher,biblical_criticism.html   (6037 words)

Biblical Criticism (Textual) In this textual criticism differs from higher criticism, whose aim is to investigate the sources of a literary work, study its composition, determine its date and trace its influence and various transformations throughout the ages. All critics have observed the predilection of copyists for the most verbose texts and their tendency to complete citations that are too brief; hence it is that an interpolation stands a far better chance of being perpetuated than an omission. It might be supposed that the critic would be mainly guided in his researches by the birthplace of a manuscript; but the ancient manuscripts often travelled a great deal, and their nationality is rarely known with certainty. www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/biblical_criticism.html   (5821 words)

Biblical criticism - Wikible   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09) Biblical criticism today may be viewed as an umbrella term covering various techniques for applying literary historical-critical methods in analyzing and studying the Bible and its textual content. A biblical writing may be said to have a history of its own, which includes its time and place of composition, the circumstances in which it was produced or written, its author or authors, how it came to be written, and the audience(s) to which it was addressed. The redaction critic's task is to analyze the individual instances where the editor/author may have redacted an earlier text or tradition, assess the overall significance of such changes, and interpret these in the light of the editor's literary and theological purpose. www.wikible.org /en/Textual_criticism   (1499 words)

Glossary Biblical source criticism was first systematically employed in the eighteenth century, when it was discovered that the Pentateuch was based on at least two separate documentary sources (J and E), distinguishable by their consistent use of separate divine names, Yahweh (Jahveh in German) and Elohim. Literary critics have also analyzed biblical texts in terms of the literary perspective of the writing: whether the writing, especially narrative, is written by a participant in the story or by an outside observer; or whether the author is sympathetic, unsympathetic, or neutral with respect to the story that is told. The redaction critic’s task is to analyze the individual instances where the editor has redacted an earlier text or tradition, assess the overall significance of such changes, and interpret these in the light of the editor’s literary and theological purpose. www.bibletexts.com /glossary/biblical-criticism.htm   (3686 words)

Bible Study Tract: Historical-Critical Method Biblical criticism-the critical study of the Bible-involves a number of methods that we have already discussed. Textual criticism was established before most of the other methods, such as form, redaction, source and literary criticism that study the authorship and the history of the text before it was made into a final edition which was then copied. Thus the label "higher criticism" was born, and "lower criticism" was invented in reaction to describe the existing textual criticism. www.participatorystudyseries.com /historical-critical_method.shtml   (1123 words)

"Biblical Criticism" Biblical criticism is an umbrella term covering various techniques used mainly by mainline and liberal Christian theologians to study the meaning of Biblical passages. Lower criticism is "the discipline and study of the actual wording" of the Bible; a quest for textual purity and understanding. Biblical Criticism, in particular higher criticism, deals with why and how the books of the Bible were written; lower criticism deals with the actual teachings of its authors. www.religioustolerance.org /chr_hcri.htm   (1858 words)

Textual Analysis and Biblical Criticism In the academic discipline of biblical criticism the word "criticism" is not to be taken in the negative sense of attempting to denigrate the Bible. It is the task of biblical criticism to collect and study various writings in which a text has been preserved, determine the changes that have occurred in the wording and arrangement of the text, assess the significance of such changes, and restore, if possible, the original wording, teachings or form of the text. Biblical criticism may be viewed as an umbrella term covering various techniques for applying literary historical-critical methods in analyzing and study of the Bible and its textual content. www.thenazareneway.com /textual_analysis/biblical_criticism.htm   (1395 words)

Theology Today - Vol 33, No. 4 - January 1977 - ARTICLE - Symposium on Biblical Criticism Biblical preaching in the church is often so sterile, because biblical courses in seminary have added learned information to the already possessed piety, but have not transformed the world of the student. However complicated critical approaches may have to be (and they should be neither more nor less complicated than necessary), the essential role of criticism remains simple: to help a literary work come alive and be powerful in its full breadth and depth, and to lead readers to understand and appreciate it to their fullest capacities. Canonical criticism is, in this view, a complementary sub-discipline of biblical criticism, evolving normally out of the earlier critical developments, bringing them to their full validity and capable of redeeming them precisely from the charge of locking the Bible in the past. theologytoday.ptsem.edu /jan1977/v33-4-article3.htm   (5141 words)

Biblical criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Biblical criticism is a form of historical criticism that seeks to analyze the Bible through asking certain questions of the text, such as: Who wrote it? Biblical criticism has been traditionally divided into textual criticism, also called lower criticism, that seeks to establish the original text out of the variant readings of ancient manuscripts, and higher criticism that focuses on identifying the author, date, and place of writing for each book of the Bible. The article on higher criticism is also useful. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biblical_criticism   (293 words)

Biblical criticism - Theopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09) Important names in the development of higher criticism include Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834), Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872) and David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874); the origins of higher criticism are deeply intertwined with rationalism and naturalism. The concepts and methods behind higher criticism were carried from Germany across Europe, finding homes in the United Kingdom and France, among liberal Anglicans and Catholics respectively. This history of applying critical methods in an attempt to pull down Scripture has meant that the value of higher criticial methods has been, and still is, a matter of controversy among evangelicals. www.theopedia.com /Biblical_criticism   (1551 words)

Biblical Criticism - an in-depth look Biblical Criticism, or the Documentary Theory of the Bible, is a position with many demerits. BIBLICAL CRITICISM asserts that the Torah [and the rest of the Bible] is a composite document made up of a variety of older sources, written by different authors at different times, combined by a later editor. Biblical Personalities and Archeology by Leah Bronner shows how much of the ancient period described in the Torah is verified by archeology. www.simpletoremember.com /vitals/biblical_criticism.htm   (747 words)

Biblical Criticism:  Introduction Early modern critics were thus not unaware of changes in compositional techniques between different passages and books of the Bible, which were also brought out by the literal translations used by ordinary readers. Specifics which were derived from the results of such criticism might find their way in turn into the interpretation of prophetic texts, the understanding of whose mystical language depended on a detailed knowledge of the order of past events and the forms of biblical religion. The growing reliance of early modern critics on historical and natural evidences did not usually compromise their acceptance of the literal sense of scripture. www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /gatt/criticism/index.asp?C=criticism   (1501 words)

Textual Criticism Textual criticism is the study of any of a number of literary works. biblical textual criticism:  the study of the Bible that aims to establish the original text Since the greatest interest lies in the study of biblical textual criticism, we will, initially, place most of our emphasis on this area of textual criticism. lfnexus.com /indextc.htm   (275 words)

Talk:Biblical criticism - Theopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09) Under the introduction to higher criticism, we say that higher criticism is "the approach usually taken by secular or liberal Christian scholars", and that it "usually assumes the supernatural elements, such as miracles, are fictitious". In the wider context, literary and historical criticism are well-established among evangelicals as a necessary part of determining how to handle a text and tradition criticism can be just a fancy name for certain aspects of Biblical theology. Osborne's argument, in its most basic form, is that higher criticism is applying the theory of human documents to the Bible; classical evangelicalism has always believed that the Bible is a human document — more than a human document, but certainly a human document; ergo, higher criticism with evangelical assumptions is both useful and profitable. www.theopedia.com /Talk:Biblical_criticism   (710 words)

Modern Theology and Biblical Criticism The authority of experts in that discipline is the authority in deference to whom we are asked to give up a huge mass of beliefs shared in common by the early Church, the Fathers, the Middle Ages, the Reformers, and even the nineteenth century. All this sort of criticism attempts to reconstruct the genesis of the texts it studies; what vanished documents each author used, when and where he wrote, with what purposes, under what influences -- the whole Sitz im Leben [8] of the text. First, while I respect the learning of the great Biblical critics, I am not yet persuaded that their judgment is equally to be respected. www.lrc.edu /rel/blosser/Lewis_on_Biblical_Criticism.htm   (3146 words)

L425 Biblical Textual Criticism: Introduction The basic principles involved in the textual criticism of both Testaments are the same (though, as is true in every area of Biblical studies, some scholars would argue the opposite). The tools which are used by textual critics are well tried; to such an extent that the text of the Bible is over 95% certain. The basic thrust of this brief course is to introduce the student to the principles and practice of Biblical textual criticism -- and to demonstrate these principles with examples. www.theology.edu /l425.htm   (608 words)

Bible Criticism : Biblical Critics Most critics and defenders of the Bible refer to literal translations of the Hebrew; these translations have little to do with what the Bible truly means. The original language and composition give the Biblical text a wide scope of conception, while also protecting it against false interpretations and conclusions. When a Biblical passage is translated irresponsibly, the whole passage becomes incoherent, like a crossword puzzle with a wrongly spelled word in its construction. www.simpletoremember.com /vitals/BibleCriticism.htm   (576 words)

Mary Baker Eddy & Biblical Criticism As was the case at the age of twelve, even into her later years, she often pronounced genuine Christian theology without having had the benefit of all of the biblical and historical resources available to us today -- often/usually with active resistence from the dominant theologians of her day. For the most part her teachings were not well received by the popular biblical and theological establishments of her day. Eddy endeavored be as historically accurate as possible; thus, the value of her theology should be judged independently of the accuracy of the biblical and other historical references in her writings. www.bibletexts.com /terms/biblical-criticism.htm   (6116 words)

REL113 Handout on "Biblical Criticism" At a certain point then (possibly when the original function or setting of the tradition was changed such that it was feared the tradition might otherwise be lost), various of these traditions were collected within their settings and written down. Canonical Criticism seeks to understand the function of these texts, in their final form, for the covenant community. Textual Criticism, and is the first job of a scholar looking to analyze a particular passage. srv2.lycoming.edu /~knauth/REL113/113bibcrit.htm   (1584 words)

Energion.com Reader's Guide - Biblical Criticism This short guide to redaction criticism is the next step for the person who is interested in Biblical criticism, and wants to get beyond Bible dictionary entries and the scattered information in commentaries. There are some good points made about weaknesses of critical theories, and those who apply the historical critical method should always be aware of the weaknesses. This is an excellent general introduction to Biblical criticism. energion.com /books/rg/biblical_criticism.php   (437 words)

EVANGELICALS AND BIBLICAL CRITICISM I do not hold, as you claim, that "the recognition of influences upon the biblical record from the interests and concerns of the early church [is] illegitimate." But I do hold that such influence cannot, consistent with an inerrant view of Scripture, modify the substantive, factual character of biblical assertions. The issue is, rather, whether what is recorded as to what he said represents historical fact rather than truths which may be "inerrant" in a general sense but are not an accurate representation of Jesus' life and ministry. It is meaningless to use the word inerrancy for a situation in which the "inerrant" record says that Jesus did things and said things temporally, geographically, and substantively which he did not in fact do or say. www.trinitysem.edu /journal/jwm_ad_osborne.html   (1317 words)

Hebrew Linguistics and Biblical Criticism: Consequently, in its self-defining, polemical aspect, Biblical Minimalism entails the spade-work of Foucault's archaeology, genealogy and problematization (see, e.g., Gutting 1994):  an unflattering history of our field that we would rather not write (and so has hitherto not been written!). On a related note, the reactionary trend is to various degrees explicit in the growing interest in discourse analysis and textlinguistics. She concludes by stating, “In order to properly describe and understand the process of change and development which took place throughout the different periods, a comprehensive study of the early material is needed. www.arts.ualberta.ca /JHS/Articles/article_18.htm   (5379 words)

Biblical Criticism This has afforded divine legitimation to the cruelties contained within it, frequently cultivating a callous indifference towards (and often an outright enthusiasm for) the sufferings of "out-group" members everywhere whilst lumbering us with a tyrannical warrior god--a powerful "record keeper" desirous of unceasing worship. While drawing on the work of several New Testament scholars, Bornkamm largely relies on his own interpretation of the Pauline epistles, Acts, and the interplay between them, leaving the reader to evaluate his arguments primarily on their own merits. This is a compilation of biblical quotes which drove Kuphaldt away from belief in the Bible as the "Word of God." Included are examples of biblical racism, wishful thinking, subjugation of women, contradictions, failed prophecies and other biblical problems. www.infidels.org /library/modern/theism/christianity/criticism.html   (608 words)

Biblical Criticism Links Page Among the examples cited in an effort to disprove the doctrine of Biblical inerrancy is an apparent contradiction between Exodus 12:40-41 and Exodus 6:16-20. Roger Hutchinson (a Christian) debates Farrell Till's response to his explanation of the discrepancy between the length of the Israelite sojourn in Egypt and the Exodus 6 chronology in the Aaronic genealogy. There is a problem when dealing with the various contradictory Biblical accounts of Jesus' arrest and trial as they relate to each other and Jewish practice of the day. www.geocities.com /Pentagon/Bunker/1711/bible.htm   (4445 words)

Non-Biblical Textual Criticism Textual criticism, of course, can be applied in all languages; the basic rules are the same (except for those pertaining to paleography and other aspects related to letter forms and the history of the written language). One of the centers of ancient textual criticism was Alexandria; it has been theorized (though there is no evidence of this) that the reason for the relative purity of the Alexandrian text is that Egyptian scribes were influenced by the careful and conservative work of the Alexandrian school. Modern textual criticism, however, dates back to Karl Lachmann, who would later edit the first text of the New Testament to be fully independent of the Textus Receptus. www.skypoint.com /~waltzmn/NonBiblical.html   (20159 words)

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