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Topic: The Bicameral Legislature

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	Legislature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In presidential systems of government, the legislature is considered a power branch which is equal to, and independent of, the executive.
		A bicameral legislature possesses two separate chambers, usually described as an upper house and a lower house, which may differ in duties, powers, and methods for the selection of members.
		Although the final draft of legislation introduced by the government almost always passes, these legislatures are generally not labelled "rubber stamps" because legislators are involved in the drafting and amendment of bills.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Legislature (548 words)

	Unicameral or Bicameral State Legislatures - House Research
		In a bicameral legislature, on the other hand, accountability is weak, because the complexity of the legislative process discourages and confuses citizens attempting to follow the activities of their representatives so as to hold them to account for their part in legislative decisions.
		A bicameral legislature, in contrast, does not repay industrious, diligent legislators: the members of one house often devote considerable time and attention to an issue, only to have their efforts brushed aside, frustrated, or overlooked by the other house.
		Bicameral legislatures, in contrast, are notorious for scurry.
	www.house.leg.state.mn.us /hrd/pubs/uni_bicam.htm (5788 words)

	What is a Bicameral Legislature?
		In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers.
		Thus, a bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a parliament or legislature which consists of two chambers or Houses.
		It is also commonplace in most federal systems to have a bicameral legislature, with the second chamber representing the constitutent states, such as the United States Senate.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-bicameral-legislature.htm (205 words)

	Retaining a bicameral legislature for Nigeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The British legislature consists of the three sections of parliament, that is, the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Crown.
		Bicameral legislative structure therefore has always been the answer to federal systems that embrace wide areas, such as Nigeria, where there are sectional diversities of language, nationality, religion and geography.
		A bicameral legislature at the centre may be unwieldy, wasteful and too costly in terms of money, time and other materials, yet it remains one of the best choices for the vision of keeping Nigeria together as a nation.
	nigerdeltacongress.com /rarticles/retaining_a_bicameral_legislatur.htm (1794 words)

	Analysis of Bicameralism
		Even though bicameral legislature is commonly associated with the United States, Americans did not invent this form of legislature.
		The interaction of bicameral legislature and the executive veto creates a healthy amount of check and balance between the branches of government despite the destabilizing effect of the legislative override.
		Bicameral legislature in its modern form defeats the idea of universal suffrage.
	www.geocities.com /eaglemap/bicameralism.html (1074 words)

	AllRefer.com - bicameral system (Political Science: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		Although the term bicameral was coined by Jeremy Bentham as recently as 1832, division of the legislative branch of government according to function and composition is of long standing.
		The British colonies in North America gradually adopted the bicameral system; the upper chamber, whether elective or appointive, came to represent the colony as a whole, while delegates to the lower house were attached to particular constituencies.
		Where bicameral legislatures exist, the two chambers are based on different principles of representation in addition to possessing separate functions.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/bicamera.html (459 words)

	Bicameralism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In (The organization that is the governing authority of a political unit) government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers.
		Thus, a bicameral parliament or bicameral legislature is a (A legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Great Britain)) parliament or (Persons who make or amend or repeal laws) legislature which consists of two Chambers or Houses.
		Bicameralism is an essential and defining feature of the (Click link for more info and facts about classical) classical notion of (Click link for more info and facts about mixed government) mixed government.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bi/bicameralism.htm (1022 words)

	Alaska Legislature Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A member of the Legislature must be a qualified voter who has been residing in Alaska for no less than three years, and a resident of the district from which elected for one year immediately preceding filing for office.
		A Legislature must adjourn from a regular session no later than 120 consecutive calendar days from the day it convenes, except the session may be extended once for up to 10 days by a 2/3 vote of each house.
		After a new Legislature convenes, the houses adopt permanent rules with the rules of the previous Legislature serving as its temporary rules by provision of law until permanent rules are adopted.
	w3.legis.state.ak.us /legislat/legislat.htm?/legislat.htm (1565 words)

	Encyclopedia: Bicameral legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bicameralism is an essential and defining feature of a classical republic.
		The latter tends to be the case in unitary states with Australia, the India, Germany, link their bicameral systems to their federal political structure.
		Japan, France, the Philippines, and Ireland are examples of bicameral systems existing in British House of Lords, which includes a number of hereditary peers.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bicameral-legislature (900 words)

	State_legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		State legislatures are the lawmaking bodies of the 50 states in the United States of America.
		Every state except Nebraska has a bicameral legislature, meaning that the legislature consists of two separate legislative bodies (or "houses"); Nebraska has a one-house, or unicameral legislature.
		Prior to the Voting Rights Act, many state legislatures were organized so that each body represented citizens according to a different principle; for example, by small single-member districts in the lower chamber and at large by county in the upper.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=State_legislature (382 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: TEXAS LEGISLATURE
		The charter established a bicameral legislature composed of a House of Representatives of from forty-five to ninety members who were elected from counties, cities, or towns for two-year terms and a small Senate of nineteen to thirty-three members elected from districts for four-year staggered terms so that one-half were up for election every two years.
		The Thirteenth Legislature (1873) proceeded to dismantle the more unpopular measures of the preceding legislature and proposed three amendments to the 1869 charter, all of which were adopted, including one that in effect prohibited the legislature from delegating its power to suspend legislation, a provision retained to the present.
		The legislature was composed predominantly of white Anglo males from 1876 to 1930.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/TT/mkt2.html (5363 words)

	Minnesota Legislative News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The common functions of the upper house were: to advise and consent to executive actions of the governor, to act as a supreme court, and to participate as a part of the legislature in the enactment of laws.
		Georgia, bicameral as a colony, converted to a unicameral legislature in its 1777 constitution, apparently influenced by the action in Pennsylvania.
		Whereas in 1800s, very large, bicameral city councils were a common, perhaps the dominant, form of city legislature in the United States, by 1930, all city councils had been transformed into the small, unicameral bodies that we see today.
	www.legal-ledger.com /archive/1015prim.htm (2085 words)

	Legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In presidential systempresidential systems of government, the legislature is considered a branch of government which is equal to, and independent of, the executive.
		The primary component of a legislature is one or more ''chambers'' or ''houses'': assemblies that debate and vote upon bill (proposed law)bills.
		The Texas Legislature adjourned yesterday after approving an increased role for managed care in the state's Medicaid program, expanding managed care services for people with long term disabilities from one metropolitan area to eight.
	www.infothis.com /find/Legislature (828 words)

	Bicameral - dKosopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although the ideas on which bicameralism is based can be traced back to the theories developed in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, recognisable bicameral institutions first arose in medieval Europe where they were associated with separate representation of different estates of the realm.
		A particular risk of bicameralism is that almost all legislature is adopted in final form by a closed door conference committee between the two legislative bodies with no "fingerprints" of the responsible legislator, rather than in the deliberative process of Parliamentary Procedure on the floor of a legislative body.
		Because conference committee proposals typically cannot be amended, this leaves legsilators with a Hobson's choice in voting on such legislation, even if they are aware of the pork and other negative provisions inserted in conference committee (which is often, itself, not the case).
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php?title=Bicameral&printable=yes (804 words)

	Section 2. Membership of Senate and House of Delegates. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bicameral legislature required to be apportioned on population basis.
		- It is impossible to decide upon the validity of the apportionment of one house of a bicameral legislature in the abstract, without also evaluating the actual scheme of representation employed with respect to the other house.
		The proper, and indeed indispensable, subject for judicial focus in a legislative apportionment controversy is the overall representation accorded to the state's voters, in both houses of a bicameral state legislature.
	www.elections.state.md.us /citizens/law/mdcartiii/mdcartiii-2.htm (377 words)

	Nebraska's Unicameral Legislature - House Research
		Neither the constitution nor the legislature imposes a time limit on the introduction of bills, except for a legislative rule requiring that bills sponsored by the executive branch be introduced before the first deadline for committee action.
		The deadlines are an attempt to avoid a common affliction of state legislatures: the hasty passage of numerous key budget bills in the closing hours of session, with special session looming as the consequence of failure.
		In Minnesota, each member of the legislature must be 21 years of age, a one-year resident of the state, and a 60-day resident of the district.
	www.house.leg.state.mn.us /hrd/pubs/nebunic.htm (7655 words)

	Alaska State Legislature
		Alaska's legislature is a bicameral legislature comprising the 40-member Alaska House of Representatives and the 20-member Alaska Senate.
		The Alaska Legislature makes up the legislative branch of Alaska government, and is responsible for the enactment of laws and the appropriation of monies necessary to finance the operations of state government.
		On behalf of the Alaska State Legislature, the division conducts financial and performance audits of Alaska state agencies and grantees for the purpose of evaluating the administration of state programs and ensuring that agencies are held accountable to the laws enacted by the legislature.
	justice.uaa.alaska.edu /rlinks/government/ak_legislature.html (526 words)

	North Carolinians Against an Inept Legislature
		bicameral legislature at the Federal level (having a House and a Senate) was a wonderful innovation to accommodate the recognized tension between Federalism and individual state's rights.
		The secondary proposal is to recreate a citizen legislature by having the legislature to meet one weekend per month and two weeks each summer, the same commitment that is asked of military reservists.
		This will take the legislature out of the hands of professionals and potentiate the return of districts being represented by a diverse group of citizens.
	mysite.verizon.net /res06es0 (145 words)

	Bicameral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bicameralism is an essential and defining feature of the classical notion of mixed government.
		Japan, France, the Philippines, and Ireland are examples of bicameral systems existing in unitary states.
		Parliament in Malaysia, which consist of House of Representatives and the Senate and all state legislatures are bicameral.
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=Bicameral (1111 words)

	1036. Benjamin Franklin (1706-90). Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A plural Legislature is as necessary to good Government as a single Executive.
		Numbers alone are not a sufficient Barrier against the Impulses of Passion, the Combinations of Interest, the Intrigues of Faction, the Haste of Folly, or the Spirit of Encroachment.
		Wisdom is the specific Quality of the Legislature, grows out of the Number of the Body, and is made up of the Portions of Sense and Knowledge which each Member brings to it.
	www.bartleby.com /73/1036.html (236 words)

	bicameral system -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The modern bicameral system dates back to the beginnings of constitutional government in 17th-century England and to the later 18th century on the continent of Europe and in the United States.
		The English Parliament became bicameral in recognition of the distinction between the nobility and clergy…
		As a result, the parliament is a bicameral legislature composed of elected members of the National Assembly (lower house) and...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9079100 (830 words)

	LWVMN Reasons for Opposing a Unicameral Legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A unicameral legislature would be less likely to represent the complexity of interests and diversity of all Minnesota residents.
		In a bicameral legislature it is possible to have a different majority in each house, making the legislature responsive to a broader political spectrum.
		Restructuring to a unicameral legislature is a disproportionate response to the stated problems.
	www.lwvmn.org /PosUnicameralReasons.html (921 words)

	Feb 25, 1999: Direct & Indirect Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But of course you have to answer that and of course if you didn't know what a bicameral legislature was you couldn't answer it without looking through the dictionary.
		It used to be that we elected the members of state legislature and they elected the senators, but in 1913 that was changed.
		However, in California and many western states we have impeachment for the legislature to carry without but we have the capacity of individuals to circulate a petition stating reasons why the person should be removed.
	online.ohlone.cc.ca.us /~akirshner/ps102/Feb25A.html (6232 words)

	About the Oklahoma Legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(V) Oklahoma's bicameral Legislature is composed of 48 members of the State Senate and 101 members of the House of Representatives.
		For example, the 1995 session as the First Session, 45th Legislature; the 1997 session as the First Session, 46th Legislature; and the 1999 session as the First Session, 47th Legislature.
		The Legislature occupies the third, fourth and fifth floors of the State Capitol.
	www.odl.state.ok.us /sginfo/oksg/ok_leg.htm (585 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Country Index: Legislature
		Bahrain has a bicameral legislature composed of the Consultative Council and the Chamber of Deputies.
		This bicameral structure replaced the elected unicameral legislature described in the 1973 constitution, which had been suspended since 1975.
		The Consultative Council was created in 1992 as an advisory body, and the 2002 constitution endowed it with new law-making powers as the upper house of the legislature alongside the revived parliament.
	www.undp-pogar.org /countries/legislature.asp?cid=2 (815 words)

	Unicameral legislatures: a guide to information resources compiled by the staff of the Minnesota Legislative Reference ...
		A single-body legislature at the state level is a rare exception in the United States.
		Thus for a time there were no examples of a unicameral legislature in the United States until Nebraska switched from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1934.
		The idea of a unicameral legislature was made one of the cornerstones of the Ventura administration's legislative agenda.
	www.leg.state.mn.us /lrl/issues/uni.asp (661 words)

	Texas Legislature
		The Texas Legislature is a bicameral legislature composed of a 150 member House of Representatives, and a 31 member Senate.
		The key figures in the Texas Legislature are the two presiding officers, Lieutenant Governor David Durhurst in the Senate, and Speaker of the House, Tom Craddick.
		The rest of the organization structure in the legislature is committee chairpersons.
	www.accd.edu /sac/gov/berrier/2301/legislature.htm (597 words)

	California State Legislature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is a bicameral legislature that consists of a lower house, the California State AssemblyAssembly, and an upper house, the California State SenateSenate.
		The proceedings of the California Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes and who proposed or withdrew what.
		California was on the brink of entering the new fiscal year without a state budget for the fifth time in a row after lawmakers deadlocked Thursday over a tiny fraction of spending in a plan likely to exceed $115 billion next year.
	www.infothis.com /find/California_State_Legislature (631 words)

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