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Topic: Big Bang

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Timeline of the Big Bang

Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Observable universe

Accelerating universe

Timeline of the Big Bang

Universe

Dark energy

Oscillatory Universe

End of the Universe

Dark matter

Flatness problem

Cosmic microwave background

Cosmic microwave background radiation

Hot dark matter

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	The Big Bang Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Big Bang Theory is the dominant scientific theory about the origin of the universe.
		According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions.
		The Big Bang Theory received its strongest confirmation when this radiation was discovered in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/universe/b_bang.html (218 words)

	Big Bang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Huge advances in Big Bang cosmology were made in the late 1990s and the early 21st century as a result of major advances in telescope technology in combination with large amounts of satellite data such as that from COBE, the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP.
		The Big Bang theory predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation or CMB which is composed of photons emitted during baryogenesis.
		Using the Big Bang model it is possible to calculate the concentration of helium-4, helium-3, deuterium and lithium-7 in the universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen, H. All the abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Big_Bang (6045 words)

	Big Bang: Tutte le informazioni su Big Bang su Encyclopedia.it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		La teoria del Big Bang predice che, in un qualche momento, la materia dell'Universo era abbastanza calda e densa da impedire alla luce di propagarsi liberamente nello spazio.
		Questi dati hanno permesso agli astronomi di calcolare molti dei parametri del Big Bang con maggiore precisione e hanno portato una nuova scoperta inaspettata, che l'espansione dell'Universo sembra essere in in accelerazione.
		Il secondo è che il Big Bang prevede che nessun elemento più pesante del litio possa essere stato creato nel Big Bang, mentre elementi più pesanti sono osservati nei quasar, che sono presumibilmente una delle classi di oggetti più vecchi dell'Universo.
	www.encyclopedia.it /b/bi/big_bang.html (4256 words)

	Big Bang Theory - MSN Encarta
		The overall framework of the big bang theory came out of solutions to Einstein’s general relativity field equations and remains unchanged, but various details of the theory are still being modified today.
		The uniformity of the helium abundance around the universe supports the big bang theory and the abundance of deuterium can be used to estimate the density of matter in the universe.
		If the inflationary version of big bang theory is correct, then the amount of dark matter and of whatever else might exist is just enough to bring the universe to the boundary between open and closed.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570694/Big_Bang_Theory.html (1827 words)

	Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Encyclopedia Article @ CreatedByGod.com (Created by God) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Big Bang nucleosynthesis begins about one minute after the Big Bang, when the universe has cooled enough to form stable protons and neutrons, after baryogenesis.
		Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts about 25% helium-4, and this number is extremely insensitive to the initial conditions of the universe.
		The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole, it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe consists of protons and neutrons.
	www.createdbygod.com /encyclopedia/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis (2230 words)

	Big Bang Cosmology Primer
		Furthermore, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a theoretical prediction about photons left over from the big bang, was discovered in the 1960's and mapped out by a team at Berkeley in the early 1990's.
		A possible explanation is that right after the big bang the Universe began a period of exaggerated outward expansion, with particles flying outward faster than the current speed of light.
		Big bang nucleosynthesis limits the total number of baryons to be a fraction of the Universes total mass.
	cosmology.berkeley.edu /Education/IUP/Big_Bang_Primer.html (1809 words)

	Timeline of the Big Bang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This timeline of the Big Bang describes the events that have occurred and will occur according to the scientific theory of the Big Bang.
		The first stars, most likely Population III stars, form and start the process of turning the light elements that were formed in the Big Bang (hydrogen, helium and lithium) into heavier elements.
		This would be analogous to a time-reversal of the big bang.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_the_Big_Bang (1891 words)

	Big Bang Encyclopedia Article @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		There are a small number of proponents of non-standard cosmologies who doubt that there was a Big Bang at all.
		However, while explanations for these features remain at the frontiers of inquiry in physics, together they are suggested by independent observations of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure and Type Ia supernovae.
		Though some aspects of the theory remain inadequately explained by fundamental physics, almost all astronomers and physicists accept that the close agreement between Big Bang theory and observation have firmly established all the basic parts of the theory.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Big_Bang (6159 words)

	Creation of a Cosmology: Big Bang Theory
		Big bang theory states that in order to have mass condense and form galaxies, there must be inhomogeneties left over from the Big bang that will be able to be detectable.
		Inflation theory predicted such fluctuations and that quantum processes at work during the primordial stages of the big bang (when the universe was the size of a proton) allowed for clouds of matter to condense into galaxies (Sawyer).
		The Big Bang model that attempts to explain the origin and structure of the universe incorporates the talents of many individuals through the course of more than 150 years of study.
	members.tripod.com /~ssscott/BigBang.html (3973 words)

	Why the Big Bang is Wrong
		The Big Bang theory of the universe is wrong because the cosmological red shift is due to the Compton effect rather than the Doppler effect. See The Endless, Boundless, Stable Universe and A Timeless, Boundless Equilibrium Universe by Grote Reber and Hubble's Constant in Terms of the Compton Effect by John Kierein.
		These problems include the idea that there are many objects observed that are older than the time from the big bang, which is variously estimated to be from 10 to 15 billion years ago, with the best estimates being 10 billion years.
		Mature galaxies are found near the time of a supposed big bang that have not had enough time to develop.
	www.angelfire.com /az/BIGBANGisWRONG (1656 words)

	What Happened Before the Big Bang? : Paul Davies
		If the big bang was the beginning of time itself, then any discussion about what happened before the big bang, or what caused it-in the usual sense of physical causation-is simply meaningless.
		It is, of course, a big step from the spontaneous and uncaused appearance of a subatomic particle-something that is routinely observed in particle accelerators-to the spontaneous and uncaused appearance of the universe.
		The Big Bang and the smallest particles can be viewed by walking through the 12 sections of the tunnel opened by Tomorrow's World presenter Katie Knapman, this week.
	members.fortunecity.com /templarseries/big-bang.html (2566 words)

	Origins: CERN: Ideas: The Big Bang
		In contrast, cosmologists believe the Big Bang flung energy in all directions at the speed of light (300,000,000 meters per second, a hundred thousand times faster than the H-bomb) and estimate that the temperature of the entire universe was 1000 trillion degrees Celsius at just a tiny fraction of a second after the explosion.
		About one ten-thousandth of a second after the Big Bang, protons and neutrons formed, and within a few minutes these particles stuck together to form atomic nuclei, mostly hydrogen and helium.
		Scientists have also been able to uphold the Big Bang theory by measuring the relative amounts of different elements in the universe.
	www.exploratorium.edu /origins/cern/ideas/bang.html (911 words)

	Big Bang Theory - Crystalinks
		The Big Bang theory is based on the observed Hubble's law redshift of distant galaxies that when taken together with the cosmological principle indicate that space is expanding according to the Friedmann-Lemaitre model of general relativity.
		In 1927, Georges Lemaitre independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations from Albert Einstein's equations of general relativity and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, that the universe began with the "explosion" of a "primeval atom" - what was later called the Big Bang.
		A microsecond after the Big Bang, when the exploding fireball of the newborn Universe was only a few kilometres across, all matter existed in a special state.
	www.crystalinks.com /bigbang.html (746 words)

	Evidence for the Big Bang
		Finally, there is the short FAQ The Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe at the Atlas of the Universe, which also corrects some of the most common misconceptions.
		First and foremost, the term "Big Bang" was originally coined in 1950 by Sir Fred Hoyle, a staunch opponent of the theory.
		One of the major pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory is consistent observations showing that, as one examines older and older objects, the abundance of most heavy elements becomes smaller and smaller, asymptoting to zero.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/astronomy/bigbang.html (19835 words)

	Hubble, hubble, big bang in trouble?
		Many of the most favored big bang versions are already having severe problems thanks to the findings of new instruments, such as the Hubble space telescope.
		James Peebles of Princeton, whose pet big bang cosmology is the big loser if this is right, says he treats the claims with ‘extreme caution’ for this very reason, saying that he is ‘not being dogmatic and saying it can’t happen, but if it does, it‘s a real shocker’.
		‘Big bang cosmology is probably as widely believed as has been any theory of the universe in the history of Western civilization.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v18/i4/bigbang.asp (1535 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Space - Big Bang
		In the 1960s Arno Panzias and Robert Wilson detected the afterglow of the Big Bang, known as the cosmic microwave background [or CMB for short], which revealed that the Universe was once a very hot, hostile place.
		The Big Bang describes how this fireball grew to form all the stars and planets we see around us now.
		Because of its name many people think of the Big Bang as a kind of explosion that happened at some specific point in space, but this isn't correct, as the Universe didn't spring from one central ignition point.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/space/origins/bigbang (379 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Big Bang
		In physical cosmology, the Big Bang is the scientific theory of the origin of the universe as an explosion of space and matter, starting from an enormously dense and hot state at some finite time in the past.
		One consequence of the Big Bang is that the conditions of today's universe are different from the conditions in the past or in the future.
		In 1927, the Belgian Jesuit priest Georges Lemaître independently derived the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker equations and proposed, on the basis of the recession of spiral nebulae, that the universe began with the "explosion" of a "primeval atom"—what was later called the Big Bang.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Big_Bang (5550 words)

	Prediction - Big Bang A Big Loser In 2005
		The Big Bang has lost its theoretical foundation, which was the Doppler interpretation of redshift (linking redshift to the stretching of light wavelengths as objects move away from us).
		While big bang theorists have cobbled together "explanations" for small-scale examples of the effect, the picture as a whole can only be illusory.
		The failure of the Big Bang hypothesis could be the tipping point in the collapse of modern cosmology, with reverberations affecting all of the theoretical sciences.
	www.rense.com /general61/bbang.htm (1005 words)

	Cosmology: Big Bang Theory
		The Big Bang Model is a broadly accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe.
		In addition the cosmic microwave background radiation, the remnant heat from the Big Bang, has a temperature which is highly uniform over the entire sky.
		An overview of the Big Bang Model is presented in a set of companion pages.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_uni/uni_101bb1.html (532 words)

	Big Bang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I decided to write a book about the Big Bang theory of the universe because it is one of the pinnacles of human achievement.
		However, even though Hoyle was an opponent of the Big Bang theory, it was he who christened the theory, referring to it disdainfully in a radio broadcast as "this 'Big Bang' idea".
		The battle for cosmic truth would involve politics, religion, bitter disputes, nuclear physics, satellites, telescopes, a supposed echo from the Big Bang, and remarkable serendipity, resulting in one of the greatest adventures in the history of science.
	www.simonsingh.net /Big_Bang.html (652 words)

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