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Topic: Big endian

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	Dr. Bill's Notes on "Little Endian" vs. "Big Endian"
		"Big Endian" means that the high-order byte of the number is stored in memory at the lowest address, and the low-order byte at the highest address.
		In "Big Endian" form, by having the high-order byte come first, you can always test whether the number is positive or negative by looking at the byte at offset zero.
		What endian order means is that any time numbers are written to a file, you have to know how the file is supposed to be constructed.
	www.cs.umass.edu /~verts/cs32/endian.html (605 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Little endian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Strings encoded with unicode UTF-16 or UTF-32 are affected by endianness because in those, a set of two or four bytes represents one character.
		For example saving data in the BMP bitmap format requires little endian integers - if the data are stored using big endian integers then the data will be corrupted since they do not match the format.
		The spoken numeral system in English is big endian, with minor exceptions: we say "seventeen" instead of "ten-seven".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Little-endian (1266 words)

	Embedded.com - Introduction to Endianness
		A big endian representation has a multibyte integer written with its most significant byte on the left; a number represented thus is easily read by English-speaking humans.
		Big endian means that the most significant byte of any multibyte data field is stored at the lowest memory address, which is also the address of the larger field.
		For that reason, it may be unwise to select a little endian processor for use in a device, such as a router or gateway, with an abundance of network functionality.
	www.embedded.com /story/OEG20011220S0064 (1266 words)

	Intel(R) Big-Endian Programming Using i960(R) Processors
		On a big endian processor, the byte value of address 10 is 0x66; on a little endian processor, the byte value of address 10 is 0x55.
		Big endian processors store the most significant byte in the lowest byte address; little endian processors store the lest significant byte in the lowest byte address.
		Little endian refers to the addressing convention where the least significant portion of multi-byte values is stored at lower addresses in a little endian region.
	developer.intel.com /design/i960/TECHNOTE/2638.HTM (2548 words)

	Add new comment \| Linux Journal
		Big endian refers to the method that stores the most significant byte of an integer at the lowest byte address.
		That is, in a big endian system the most significant bit is stored at the lowest bit address; in a little endian system, the least significant bit is stored at the lowest bit address.
		The endianness of NIC devices usually follow the endianness of the network protocols they support, so it could be different from the endianness of the CPU on the system.
	www.linuxjournal.com /comment/reply/6788 (2576 words)

	DN007 - Little and Big Endian :: AVR Freaks
		The terms little and big endian indicate the byte order of 16 or 32-bit words when the data is sent between communicating units or stored in a memory.
		When communicating, big endian means that the MSB (Most Significant Byte) is sent first followed by the lower order bytes.
		In a memory, big endian means that the MSB is stored at the lowest storage address.
	www.avrfreaks.net /index.php?module=Freaks%20Tools&func=viewItem&item_type=tool&item_id=239 (138 words)

	GameDev.net - Writing Endian Independent Code in C++
		One group believes the a hard boiled egg should be eaten from the big, round end (the "big endians") and the other group believes that it should be eaten from the small, pointy end (the "little endians").
		Endian no longer has anything to do with hard boiled eggs, but in many ways, the essence of the story (two groups fighting over a completely pointless subject) still remains.
		The actual reason for using little endian is a question of CPU architecture and outside the scope of this article; suffice to say that little endian made compatibility with earlier 8 bit processors easier when 16-bit processors came out, and 32-bit processors kept the trend.
	www.gamedev.net /reference/articles/article2091.asp (2051 words)

	Big and Little Endian
		To remember which is which, recall whether the least significant byte is stored first (thus, little endian) or the most significant byte is stored first (thus, big endian).
		His most famous book is "Gulliver's Travels", and he talks about how certain people prefer to eat their hard boiled eggs from the little end first (thus, little endian), while others prefer to eat from the big end (thus, big endians) and how this lead to various wars.
		Endianness only makes sense when you are breaking up a multi-byte quantity, and attempting to store the bytes at consecutive memory locations.
	www.cs.umd.edu /class/spring2003/cmsc311/Notes/Data/endian.html (1383 words)

	FAQ - UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32 & BOM
		Is the UTF-8 encoding scheme the same irrespective of whether the underlying processor is little endian or big endian?
		Since UTF-8 is interpreted as a sequence of bytes, there is no endian problem as there is for encoding forms that use 16-bit or 32-bit code units.
		Where a text data stream is known to be plain Unicode text (but not which endian), then BOM can be used as a signature.
	www.unicode.org /faq/utf_bom.html (4906 words)

	BYTE.com
		However, programmers and users alike need to be aware of endianness, because data ordered in one format isn't compatible with data ordered in the other.
		Thus, the conversion of a memory block from one style of endianness to the other requires knowledge of the data structure.
		The OS establishes the endian mode in which processes execute; the default mode is big-endian.
	www.byte.com /art/9509/sec12/art1.htm (1594 words)

	Introduction to Endianness - big endian, little endian, byte order, byte swap
		Endianness is the attribute of a system that indicates whether integers are represented from left to right or right to left.
		In other words, any 16- or 32-bit value within the various layer headers (for example, an IP address, a packet length, or a checksum) must be sent and received with its most significant byte first.
		The origin of the odd terms big endian and little endian can be traced to the 1726 book Gulliver's Travels, by Jonathan Swift.
	www.netrino.com /Publications/Glossary/Endianness.php (1181 words)

	What is big-endian and little-endian? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: big-endian, little-endian, network ...
		Big-endian is an order in which the "big end" (most significant value in the sequence) is stored first (at the lowest storage address).
		That is, there is no attempt to be big- or little-endian about the entire bit stream represented by a given number of stored bytes.
		Big-endian and little-endian derive from Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels in which the Big Endians were a political faction that broke their eggs at the large end ("the primitive way") and rebelled against the Lilliputian King who required his subjects (the Little Endians) to break their eggs at the small end.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci211659,00.html (683 words)

	Informats : Byte Ordering on Big Endian and Little Endian Platforms (Site not responding. Last check: )
		On big endian platforms, the value 1 is stored in binary and is represented here in hexadecimal notation.
		On little endian platforms, the value 1 is stored in one byte as 01 (the same as big endian), in two bytes as 01 00, and in four bytes as 01 00 00 00.
		For example, -2 would be represented in one, two, and four bytes on big endian platforms as FE, FF FE, and FF FF FF FE respectively.
	www.caspur.it /risorse/softappl/doc/sas_docs/lgref/z1258728.htm (377 words)

	Little, Big endianess explained (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Big Endian" means that the high-order byte of the number is stored in memory at the lowest address, and the low-order byte at the highest address.
		In "Little Endian" form, assembly language instructions for picking up a 1, 2, 4, or longer byte number proceed in exactly the same way for all formats: first pick up the lowest order byte at offset 0.
		In "Big Endian" form, by having the high-order byte come first, you can always test whether the number is positive or negative by looking at the byte at offset zero.
	www.openasthra.com /embedded-systems-programming/little-big-endianess-explained (470 words)

	Writing endian-independent code in C
		To understand the concept of endianness (see Endianness), you need to be familiar, at a highly abstract level, with memory.
		Endianness only makes sense when you're breaking up a multi-byte quantity and are trying to store the bytes at consecutive memory locations.
		Endian issues do not affect sequences that have single bytes, because "byte" is considered an atomic unit from a storage point of view.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/aix/library/au-endianc (2820 words)

	Big endian - AMule Project FAQ
		Big endian defines that the first bytes will go first.
		Big endian tells us to place first the which whose numbers have more weight in the total number.
		To understand better the big endian concept it is helpful to compare it to the little endian concept.
	www.amule.org /wiki/index.php/Big_endian (206 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Endian-Neutral Software, Part 1 \| July 22, 2001
		Endian is a processor-addressing model that affects the byte ordering of data and instructions stored in computer memory, and the data's representation provided by a programming language.
		Endian concepts can be confusing since there are different Endian types, different ways to represent these types, and intertwined considerations for both code and data portability between opposite-endian hardware platforms.
		Endianness is not limited to any particular component of a system but can occur wherever data is addressed, retrieved, stored, processed, or transmitted.
	www.ddj.com /184409326?pgno=23 (3352 words)

	Little Endian vs. Big Endian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The technical phrasing of the question is "Why does Intel uses ‘Little Endian’ addressing as supposed to ‘Big Endian’ ?", which is somewhat less judgmental on which is the "correct" way of doing it.
		The original machines—RS/6000s were big endian machine, while the new systems, DEC Alphas, used little endian.
		Had the old machines used the little endian method, either machine could have read it’s choice of either the first 32 bits or the entire 64 bits of a single file, and the same number would have been yielded.
	www.noveltheory.com /TechPapers/endian.asp (997 words)

	Boost Endian Integers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An endian is an integer byte-holder with user-specified endianness, value type, size, and alignment.
		Aligned integer operations may be faster (20 times, in one measurement) if the endianness and alignment of the type matches the endianness and alignment requirements of the machine.
		I have no idea why // anyone would mix big and little endians in the same format - but it is // a real format and users wishing to write code manipulating files in that // format have to deal with it.
	mysite.verizon.net /~beman/endian.html (1218 words)

	Big endian and Little endian computers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Big endian computer architectures include the IBM 370, the Motorola 68000 and Sun Sparc.
		If this were to be stored at address A in a big endian computer, 00 would be at address A, 01 at address A+1 64 at address A+2, and C1 at address A+3.
		On a little endian computer, C1 would be the value at address A, 64 at address A+1, 01 at address A+2, and 00 at address A+3.
	www.cs.rpi.edu /courses/sysprog/sockets/byteorder.html (278 words)

	endian : Java Glossary
		Most people new to Java coming from C think that they need to code differently depending on whether the machine they are using internally represents integers as big or little endian.
		If a machine is word addressable, with no finer addressing supported, the concept of endianness means nothing since words are fetched from RAM in parallel, both ends first.
		Endianness is controlled by a programmable mode bit.
	mindprod.com /jgloss/endian.html (1664 words)

	Explanation of Big Endian and Little Endian Architecture
		They are called Big Endian and Little Endian and refer to the order in which the bytes are stored in memory.
		Windows NT was designed around Little Endian architecture and was not designed to be compatible with Big Endian because most programs are written with some dependency on Little Endian.
		Code is often written with the assumption that Big Endian or Little Endian is being used.
	support.microsoft.com /kb/102025 (584 words)

	Handling big/little endian issues (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For processor dataprimitives which are larger than one byte the "endian" is the byte orderin which the data is stored to memory.
		On a little endian processor the lowest byte in memory of the type is 34h and the next byte is 12h.
		Little endian stores the least significant byte of a data value at the lowest address and on up to the most significant byte in the highest address.
	www.modula2.org /sb/websitearchive/env/index648.htm (437 words)

	Formats : Byte Ordering on Big Endian and Little Endian Platforms
		On big endian platforms, the value 1 is stored in binary and is represented here in hexadecimal notation.
		On little endian platforms, the value 1 is stored in one byte as 01 (the same as big endian), in two bytes as 01 00, and in four bytes as 01 00 00 00.
		For example, -2 would be represented in one, two, and four bytes on big endian platforms as FE, FF FE, and FF FF FF FE respectively.
	www.asu.edu /it/fyi/unix/helpdocs/statistics/sas/sasdoc/sashtml/lgref/z1270373.htm (376 words)

	Endianness Confusion - Tatewake
		So when writing to memdata from Mem[index], converting to little endian* would be wrong, since it has to stay in big endian.
		But unsigned data2 could be in little endian or big endian depending on whether its running on my PC or on Olympus.
		I would need to know the endianness of data2 to know whether I need to convert it to big endian from little endian or if I should leave it as it is. > >I am very confused, please set me straight.
	tatewake.com /wiki/doku.php?id=email:endianness_confusion&do=edit&rev= (931 words)

	BreakPoint Software, Inc. - Frequently Asked Questions
		Big Endian and Little Endian are terms used to describe the order in which bytes are stored in memory.
		In Big Endian byte ordering, the most significant byte is stored first.
		You can observe that changing the most significant or first byte of a Big Endian number from 0x03E8 to 0x04E8 (decimal 1,256) causes a more significant change than changing the least significant or first byte of Little Endian number 0xE803 to 0xF803 (decimal 1,016).
	www.bpsoft.com /support/FAQ.html (688 words)

	Sun Microsystems-Reality Check
		Little endians and big endians are each convinced that their method is the only correct method for opening an egg.
		Big endian systems store the most significant byte in the lowest numeric byte address.
		The difficulties surrounding interoperability of different endian systems is apparent when a big endian system attempts to read data stored by a little endian system (or vice versa).
	www.sun.com /realitycheck/headsup980803.html (842 words)

	endian : Java Glossary
		Most people new to Java coming from C think that they need to code differently depending on whether the machine they are using internally represents integers as big or little endian.
		The only time endianness becomes a concern is in communicating with legacy little-endian C/C++ applications.
		If a machine is word addressable, with no finer addressing supported, the concept of endianness means nothing since words are fetched from RAM in parallel, both ends first.
	www.mindprod.com /jgloss/endian.html (1563 words)

	Big Endian (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Though the source is build to work with big endian machines, I didn't get any reports about actually using it.
		It would be interesting if it's actually working or not.
		i386 and alpha are little endian, arm can choose (but the NetWinder has been wired as a little endian machine).
	www.linuxvalley.com /encyclopedia/ldp/howto/HOWTO/Infrared-HOWTO/infrared-howto-s-big-endian.html (62 words)

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