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Topic: Bikini atomic tests

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	Bikini atomic experiments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bikini Atomic Experiments were a series of nuclear and thermonuclear tests conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Bikini Islands.
		At the end of the War, the United States decided that Bikini Atoll would be suitable for nuclear detonation tests, and shortly before Christmas 1945 it was selected to be the site of the world's fourth and fifth atomic bomb detonations.
		The first atomic bomb to be detonated at Bikini was code-named "Able", a bomb similar in most respects the "Fat Man", which was dropped on Nagasaki.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bikini_atomic_experiments (823 words)

	301-American Atomic Bomb Tests
		Same as on the previous test, the footage is very important.
		Test instruments being built by the soldiers, and explained by the narrator.
		Everyone was evacuated from the Bikini Island, except those involved in the firing squad.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~ina22/301/301bomb_footage.htm (3844 words)

	Bikini Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Bikini Atoll is a group of 32 small islands in the South Pacific.
		The people of the Bikini Atoll sued the US government in 1975 trying to force the government to be forthcoming about the danger of the islands, to continue to do testing on the islands, and to make honest restitution to the people for the loss of their land.
		Radialogical Assessment - This is an official document that describes the after-effects of the nuclear testing on the Bikini Atoll.
	www.slc.k12.ut.us /webweavers/lindam/listbikiniato.html (401 words)

	Nuclear tests on Bikini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bikini is just one of the 29 atolls and 5 island that form the Republic of Marshal Islands.
		In this agreement, the U.S. committed itself to the United Nations directive to "promote the economic advancement and self-sufficiency of the inhabitants, and to this end to...protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources..." The mankind is the witness of the irony in the conduct of the US regarding that agreement.
		There is no evidence what did the Bikini people feel, or eventually see or hear when the blast went off, but they must have known that their return home was squashed.
	www.zemjotres.net /manmadequakes.html (3292 words)

	AllRefer.com - Bikini (Pacific Islands Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		After its inhabitants were removed (1946) to Rongerik, Bikini was the scene of 23 U.S. atomic and hydrogen bomb tests (1946–58).
		Bikini was declared safe for habitation in 1969.
		By the late 1990s, Bikini had become a popular destination for scuba divers, though it remained uninhabited pending completion of the cleanup.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Bikini.html (220 words)

	Bikini History
		Bikini Atoll is one of the 29 atolls and five islands that compose the Marshall Islands.
		As the test date neared, late in the month of February, documented proof exists that Joint Task Force-7 knew that the winds were blowing east from Bikini toward Rongerik Atoll and other inhabited islands because of the continuous reports coming in from their weather station.
		Kili differs substantially from Bikini because it is only a single island of one-third of a square mile in land area with no lagoon--compared to the Bikinians' homeland of 23 islands that form a calm lagoon and have a land area of 3.4 square miles.
	www.bikiniatoll.com /history.html (5059 words)

	A Week Of Atomic Tests, A Life In Medical Hell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		To prove their cases, Atomic Vets had to rely on Atomic Energy Commission and military records, which either never existed, were admittedly flawed, were destroyed in a 1973 St. Louis repository fire or favored the government's position that the Atomic Vets never were exposed to dangerous levels of radiation.
		Atomic Veterans have long begged the government to do a study of Atomic Vets' children and grandchildren to settle this debate.
		Atomic Vets are convinced that the government intends to stall them into the grave and thereby save billions of dollars in compensation and much embarrassment.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/753511/posts (10388 words)

	Operation Crossroads: Bikini Atoll: Naval Art form the Atomic Bomb Test
		Operation Crossroads was an atmospheric nuclear weapon test series conducted in the summer of 1946 at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands.
		In contrast to all later atmospheric nuclear tests, a large media contingent was present for the two Crossroads detonations.
		Although the old battleship survived both bombs, extensive contamination from test BAKER led to her destruction by gunfire and aerial torpedoes in an exercise off Hawaii on 31 July 1948.
	www.history.navy.mil /ac/bikini/bikini1.htm (626 words)

	Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		If reading this book doesn't leave you with a profound sense of distrust of the military and convinced of the need for more civilian controls, it will at least cause you to doubt the processes and laws that permit such activities and decisions to be made without even lip service to democratic principles.
		With the kind of factual back-up and verbal acuity possessed by only the most effective of attorneys (which Weisgall must be, given his success as counsel for the Bikini islanders), Weisgall takes the reader from the hallways of the Pentagon to the decks of the target ships swinging at anchor at Bikini Atoll.
		Weisgall is also adept at humanizing the Bikini islanders and conveying their plight to the reader.
	www.textkit.com /0_1557509190.html (1058 words)

	Welcome to Bikini Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Bikini Atoll is located in the central Pacific and is one of the 29 atolls and 5 single islands that form the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
		Bikini is perhaps best known for its role in a series of nuclear tests conducted by the United States in the 1940s and 1950s.
		This book tells the story of the people of Bikini from their point of view.
	www.bikiniatoll.com (128 words)

	Philip Schneider - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oscar Schneider was a Captain in the United States Navy, worked in nuclear medicine and helped design the first nuclear submarines.
		Captain Schneider was also part of Operation Crossroads, which was responsible for the testing of nuclear weapons in the Pacific AT Bikini Island.
		In a lecture videotaped in May 1995, Philip Schneider claimed that his father, Captain Otto Oscar Schneider, was a captured U-boat commander, was also involved with the infamous Philadelphia Experiment, and invented a high speed camera which showed UFO's during the Bikini atomic tests,
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philip_Schneider (267 words)

	Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This book reveals this and shows the folly of the tests, as well as the long term health and ecological ramifications of atomic testing on both the Marshalleise as well as the rest of the world.
		Operation Crossroads was not only the beginning of postwar atomic testing, but it also signaled things to come in the atomic age.
		This book is highly recommended to anyone who wants to gain an understanding of the early atomic tests as well as the perils involved.
	www.enotalone.com /books/1557509190.html (1561 words)

	Operation Crossroads, Nuclear Tests at Bikini
		These men were placed on units of the support fleet, which sortied from Bikini Lagoon and took safe positions at least 10 nautical miles (18.5 kilometers) east of the atoll.
		In the ABLE test, the weapon was dropped from a B-29 and burst over the target fleet.
		Finally, a formal resurvey of Bikini Atoll was conducted in the summer of 1947 to study long- term effects of the CROSSROADS tests.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq76-1.htm (1152 words)

	Old Indys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Indy was then designated a 'target vessel' for the Bikini atomic tests.
		She was involved in a second test but again failed to sink.
		The now highly radio-active ship was towed to the coast off of California and was sunk by gunfire in her last weapons' test.
	www.ussindependencecv-62.org /pr03.htm (348 words)

	discontents - words - 'A political inconvenience' - Australian scientists at the british atomic weapons tests, 1952-3
		Details of the proposed atomic test were made known to Butement in late 1950, as a consequence of his responsibilities for the administration of the Long Range Weapons Establishment.
		Butement’s attendance at the Monte Bello test was markedly uncontroversial.
		When the Maralinga atomic testing range was established in 1955, it was agreed between the British and Australian authorities that tests would only be carried out with the consent of the Australian government.
	www.discontents.com.au /words/political.php (11982 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Daly, Thomas M. "Crossroads at Bikini." USN Inst Proceed 112 (Jul 1986): pp.
		Graybar, Lloyd J. "The 1946 Atomic Bomb Tests: Atomic Diplomacy or Bureaucratic Infighting?" Jrnl Amer Hist 72 (Mar 1986): pp.
		Weisgall, Jonathan M. Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usamhi/bibliographies/ReferenceBibliographies/nuclear/bikini.doc (207 words)

	Atomic Tests
		The series consisted of two detonations, each with a yield of 23 kilotons: the first was ABLE detonated at an altitude of 520 feet (158 meters) on 1 July followed by BAKER detonated 90 feet (27 meters) underwater on 25 July.
		That was in the Marshall Islands and the Bikini atoll.
		These tests were certainly not on behalf of any of the men involved.
	www.dd-692.com /atomic.htm (3955 words)

	SS-198 Tambor
		Thresher (SS-200) was recommissioned in February 1946 and prepared for use in the Bikini Atoll atomic tests but her use was cancelled; she was decommissioned in December 1946.
		Tuna (SS-203) was expended in the Bikini atomic tests, retained for radiological tests and then sunk in September 1948.
		Gar (SS-206) was the longest lived of the class serving in the reserves as a trainer at NTRC Cleveland OH until scrapped in 1959.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/ship/ss-198.htm (239 words)

	Sims-class destroyers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		and Wainwright were used as targets for the Bikini atomic tests.
		There, while Anderson was sunk in Test Able on 1 July 1946, Mustin, Hughes and Wainwright survived both Tests Able and Baker.
		Scientists monitored their radioactivity until 1948, when they were sunk by gunfire—Mustin and Wainwright off Kwajalein in April and July, and Hughes—the last surviving ship of the class—near California’s Farallon Islands in October.
	www.domeisland.com /goldplater/simsclass.html (444 words)

	Dr. Ruben F. Mettler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		After the war ended, the Navy assigned him to the instrumentation team for the Bikini atomic bomb tests where he witnessed at close range the weapon explosions.
		Following these experiences, Mettler decided to pursue further education in electrical and aeronautical engineering at Caltech, where he earned a Master of Science degree in 1947 and a Ph.D. in 1949, graduating at the top of his class.
		Just thirteen months after the start of the program, the first Thor was ready for flight testing, and Thor missiles were produced and deployed in England in three and a half years.
	www.peterson.af.mil /hqafspc/history/Mettler.htm (656 words)

	Milwaukee 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Assign to JTF 1 as a test vessel for Operations “Crossroads,” Dentuda returned to Pearl Harbor 14 February 1946, and on 22 May sailed for Bikini Atoll.She underwent both atomic weapons tests with her crew safely away from their submarine, and returned to Pearl Harbor 5 September.
		Dentuda’s single war patrol was designated as “successful”; and she received one battle star for her contribution to the success of the Okinawa operation.
		Editor note: It is my understanding that the mighty “D” was later scrapped due to radiation contamination from the Bikini Atomic Tests.
	ussubvetsofworldwarii.org /Convent_Milwauk_96.html (995 words)

	Atanassoff dies at 91 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		"While technology has (and continues) to change a rapid rate, it is remarkable that these basic principles used to construct the ABC have survived the test of time and are still found in current modern computers," he said.
		In 1946, he participated in the Bikini atomic weapons tests and later served as chief scientist for the Army Field Forces at Fort Monroe, Va.
		In 1952, he left government to form his own company, the Ordnance Engineering Corp., a research and engineering company in Rockville, Md. He sold the company in 1956 and retired in 1961.
	www.scl.ameslab.gov /ABC/Articles/Register6-95.html (598 words)

	[No title]
		Here she prepared to serve as target ship in operation "Crossroads," the Bikini atomic tests, sailing 4 March 1946 for the West Coast.
		She left San Francisco 1 May, and after calls in Pearl Harbor and Kwajalein, reached Bikini 15 June.
		Surviving the surface blast 1 July and the underwater explosion 25 July, she was taken into Kwajalein and decommissioned there 29 August 1946.
	www.hazegray.org /danfs/battlesh/bb34.htm (883 words)

	Historic Photos--Bikini Atoll, Nuclear Tests 1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		USS Saratoga (CV-3) sinking in Bikini Lagoon after she was fatally damaged by the "Baker Day" underwater atomic bomb test, 25 July 1946.
		Note her hull number ("3") still visible at the front of her flight deck, air escaping from her submerged hull and oil streaming away to starboard.
		Afire aft, soon after the "Able Day" atomic bomb air burst test at Bikini on 1 July 1946.
	marshall.csu.edu.au /html/WWII_Pix/Bikini_Tests.html (195 words)

	[No title]
		SUBJECT 1: Directed-energy weapons [Good intro to particle and laser beam technology.] Smyth, Henry De Wolf, 1898- {Atomic bombs} Atomic energy for military purposes; the official report on the development of the atomic bomb under the auspices of the United States government, 1940- 1945, by Henry De Wolf Smyth.
		The film combines recently de-classified US Defence Department footage on the Bravo Test of 1954 with comtemporary film and interviews with the people of Rongelap, who on that occasion were not evacuated..."--leaflet.
		ADD AUTH1: Stone, Robert NOTE 2: Summary: Recounts the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands in 1946, known as Operation Crossroads.
	www.nuclearweaponarchive.org /Library/Referenc (8489 words)

	VPNAVY - USS Curtiss (AV-4) History Summary Page - VP Patrol Squadron
		Along those same lines, BuPers posted a bulletin in the spring of 1946 which offered people serving in the Western Pacific the opportunity to extend to the end of 1946 to serve at the upcoming Bikini Atoll atomic tests and to receive a bump in rating.
		Personnel were sent aboard the contaminated vessels the day after the explosion in their skivvies without the vessels even having been hosed down.
		Having been fortunate enough to marry a wonderful woman (we're still lovingly together after 51+ years) and to father three big, beautiful babies by her, I felt that not electing to serve at the Bikini tests was a most fortunate decision.
	www.vpnavy.com /usscurtiss_1946.html (391 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Allocated to the USA she sailed for Norfolk Virginia, and then on through the canal to be used as a target vessel in the Bikini atomic bomb tests.
		Surviving both atomic expolsions she foundered whilst under tow, off Kwajalein Lagoon on Dec 21st 1946.
		The wreck is still visible today, and her port screw has been removed for display at the German Naval Memorial at Kiel.
	www.btinternet.com /~clive.fennessy/fen40.html (154 words)

	Marshall Islands On The Air
		Kwajelein and Eniwetok were the location of two fierce battles during the Pacific War, and Bikini and Eniwetok were the locations for the American atomic tests in the Pacific a few years later.
		Two years later, radio played another important role during the American atomic tests on Bikini and Eniwetok.
		The radio transmitters on several ships relayed a live broadcast from a nearby location, giving a running commentary of the events associated with the atomic explosions.
	radiodx.com /spdxr/marshall_islands.htm (907 words)

	Bibliography: The Atomic Bomb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Alan Simpson, "The Re-Trial of the Oppenheimer Case," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 10/10 (December 1954): 387-88.
		Chapter 14 is entitled "Decision in the Case of Dr. J.R. Oppenheimer"; Strauss explains and defends his decision, along with the majority of Atomic Energy Commissioners, not to restore Oppenheimer's security clearance.
		Henry DeWolf Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb Under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940-1945.
	www.honors.umd.edu /HONR269J/bibBomb.html (4843 words)

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