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Topic: Bilingual education

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	Bilingual Education - MSN Encarta
		Bilingual education has received considerable research and public policy attention in the United States because of the continued presence of large numbers of non-English speaking immigrants.
		Debate about bilingual education centers on whether it is legitimate for LEP students to receive a substantial amount of their instruction in their native language rather than in English.
		During the 1980s, opposition to bilingual education was fueled by a political movement that became known as “English Only.” Support for this movement came from cultural conservatives who argued that social cohesion and the dissemination of a shared system of values required that citizens use a common language.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761586235 (1089 words)

	Bilingual education - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bilingual education in the U.S. focuses on learners of English as a second language.
		Proponents of bilingual education say that it is easier for students to learn English if they are literate in their first language and that good bilingual programs strive to achieve proficiency in both the primary and secondary language for the student.
		Proponents of bilingual education are frequently accused of practicing identity politics to the detriment of children and of immigrants, a position that may be bolstered by the fact that various polls have shown that immigrant communities often support the curtailing of bilingual language programs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bilingual_education (1926 words)

	Bilingual Education \|
		Bilingual education was said to be essential for the purposes of gaining a new sense of pride for the Hispanics and to resist Americanization.
		Criticism of bilingual education has grown as parents and numerous objective analyses have shown it was ineffective, kept students too long in Spanish-only classes, and slowed the learning of English and assimilation into American society.
		Bilingual education has resulted in the waste of billions of dollars and held back the education of millions of children.
	www.freewebs.com /cerdahdz/index.htm (589 words)

	Rethinking Schools Online - Special Collection on Bilingual Education
		In the aftermath of the bilingual education initiatives in Colorado and Massachusetts Rethinking Schools editors argue strongly that bilingual education is both a civil and human right.
		Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which transformed the way language-minority children are taught in the United States - promoting equal access to the curriculum, training a generation of educators, and fostering achievement among students - expired quietly on Jan. 8, 2002.
		Bilingual education is generally misunderstood, even though people appear to understand many of its underlying principles.
	www.rethinkingschools.org /special_reports/bilingual/resources.shtml (720 words)

	Why Bilingual Education? ERIC Digest.
		Children who arrive with a good education in their primary language have already gained two of the three objectives of a good bilingual education program--literacy and subject matter knowledge.
		However, when respondents are simply asked whether or not they support bilingual education, the degree of support is quite strong: From 60-99 percent of samples of parents and teachers say they support bilingual education (Krashen, 1996).
		Free voluntary reading can help all components of bilingual education: It can be a source of comprehensible input in English or a means for developing knowledge and literacy through the first language, and for continuing first language development.
	www.ericdigests.org /1997-3/bilingual.html (1849 words)

	Bilingual Education - Need for Bilingual Education, Benefits of Bilingualism and Theoretical Foundations of Bilingual ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bilingual education is a broad term that refers to the presence of two languages in instructional settings.
		Bilingual education programs can be considered either additive or subtractive in terms of their linguistic goals, depending on whether students are encouraged to add to their linguistic repertoire or to replace their native language with the majority language (see Table 1 for a typology of bilingual education).
		The Bilingual Education Act was reauthorized in 1974, 1978, 1984, 1988, 1994, and 2001, each time improving and expanding upon the opportunities for school districts and institutions of higher education to receive assistance from this discretionary, competitive grant program.
	education.stateuniversity.com /pages/1788/Bilingual-Education.html (3099 words)

	Bilingual Education
		Bilingual Education is a fresh, accessible, and timely text that addresses many facets of bilingual education in a variety of contexts.
		Educators Jacobs and Cross describe the language planning and policy making involved in the grand task of attempting to revive the Mohawk language in one of its native communities.
		As a result, this book can be a useful reference and educational manual for not only those interested in bilingual education, but also those looking to improve their knowledge with respect to bilingual education.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /TESL-EJ/ej24/r9.html (1115 words)

	The Near End of Bilingual Education by CHRISTINE H. ROSSELL - Education Next - Fall 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the third instructional program, the only one that meets the definition of bilingual education in the theoretical literature, students are taught initial literacy and subjects like math and science in their native tongue as they progress toward fluency in English.
		Thus the number of bilingual waivered students and bilingual waivered classes is not necessarily indicative of parental support for bilingual education.
		A recurring theme was that “bilingual education was a good theory, but in practice it just didn’t work very well.” One practical problem facing bilingual education was the fact that many students change their residence from year to year, and even within a year.
	www.educationnext.org /20034/44.html (4275 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bilingual education is to teach children in school a language other than their native language.
		In the USA, proponents of the practice argue that it will help to keep non-English-speaking children from falling behind their peers in the interim between immigrating and mastering English.
		Much of the argument against hinges on the idea that California is in the United States and that everyone in the US should learn to speak English.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/b/bi/bilingual_education.html (160 words)

	The Case Against Biligual Education - 98.05
		N simplest terms, bilingual education is a special effort to help immigrant children learn English so that they can do regular schoolwork with their English-speaking classmates and receive an equal educational opportunity.
		Educators were convinced of the soundness of the idea -- an urgent need for special teaching for non-English-speaking children -- and judges handed down court decisions on the basis of it.
		Bilingual education has brought in extra funding to hire and train paraprofessionals, often the parents of bilingual children, as classroom aides.
	www.theatlantic.com /issues/98may/biling.htm (3223 words)

	Education World ® - Curriculum: The Bilingual Education Debate: Part I
		Most educators and parents agree that the main goals in educating students with a native language other than English are mastery of English and of content in academic areas.
		In 1968 Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act to provide for the growing number of linguistically diverse students who, because of their limited English proficiency, were not getting an education equal to that of their English-proficient peers.
		Bilingual Education Network (BiEn) BiEn focuses on the effective use of programs and funds to strengthen services to linguistically and culturally diverse students.
	www.education-world.com /a_curr/curr047.shtml (1265 words)

	Bilingual Education Article
		Bilingual education is used in many schools and educational settings to teach students a new language, while still utilizing their current speaking skills.
		In some districts, bilingual education may be implemented to instruct a student in their native language in areas such as math and science so those areas can advance despite weak English skills.
		Supporters of bilingual education also argue that it is the quality of instruction and exposure to English that matter, not the quantity.
	www.christianet.com /education/bilingualeducation.htm (531 words)

	History of Bilingual Education - Vol 12 No 3 - Rethinking Schools Online
		Bilingual education is not an invention of the 1960s.
		The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 -- passed during an era of growing immigration and an energized civil rights movement -- provided federal funding to encourage local school districts to try approaches incorporating native-language instruction.
		Most states followed the lead of the federal government, enacting bilingual education laws of their own or at least decriminalizing the use of other languages in the classroom.
	www.rethinkingschools.org /archive/12_03/langhst.shtml (685 words)

	National Association for Bilingual Education - Bilingual Education
		Bilingual education has been practiced in many forms, in many countries, for thousands of years.
		These are often classified as transitional, developmental, or two-way bilingual education, depending on the program’s methods and goals.
		The short answer: In education, there is no “one size fits all.” Children’s backgrounds and needs are diverse; so are the aspirations of parents and communities.
	www.nabe.org /education/index.html (456 words)

	Bilingual Education
		Education initiatives on the 2002 ballots in two states to replace most bilingual education programs with a classroom technique called "sheltered English immersion" found success Massachusetts and failure in Colorado.
		Directs the Commissioner to recommend to the Board of Education that a district be declared under-performing if a review shows that the district is substantially out of compliance with its plan or is failing to improve educational outcomes for LEP students; establishes a remediation process for under performing schools and districts.
		Allows parents of ELs to apply for bilingual education program instruction waivers; specifies that students are entitled to such a program if 20 or more parents in a grade level from an individual school have obtained waivers.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/educ/bilingualed.htm (2029 words)

	Education Week: English-Language Learners
		Two-way bilingual education: Instruction is given in two languages to students, usually in the same classroom, who may be dominant in one language or the other, with the goal of the students’ becoming proficient in both languages.
		The original objectives of bilingual education were to ensure that students would not fall behind academically because of a poor command of English and to gradually teach them the language.
		Some use bilingual education to refer only to transitional bilingual education or two-way bilingual programs while others consider any program designed for students with limited proficiency in English to be “bilingual.” For instance, they may refer to English-as-a-second-language programs, where students are typically taught solely in English, as bilingual education.
	www.edweek.org /context/topics/issuespage.cfm?id=8 (2217 words)

	Fact Sheet: Bilingual Education Reform (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But the current education system too often traps LEP children in classes taught in their native language that never give them the opportunity to learn English at an early point in their education - and current education law too often denies parents the opportunity to ensure that their LEP children receive this opportunity.
		Bilingual education is one of the largest components of the current Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
		Under current law, a minimum of 75 percent of federal bilingual education funds are to be used for programs that use a child’s native language in instruction.
	edworkforce.house.gov /issues/107th/education/nclb/bilingualfactsheet.htm (602 words)

	Bilingual Education
		Bilingual education programs that stress non-English, native languages first often do not begin to teach written English until the fourth or fifth grade, and missing that critical cognitive window of opportunity.
		In the first three years after California voters passed Proposition 227, effectively eliminating bilingual education and replacing it with structured English immersion, English learners in grades 2 through 8 demonstrated consistently strong gains in reading, math and language skills.
		Second-grade English learners improved their reading scores 12 points over three years, and math scores in grades 2 through 6 actually showed the most improvement: up 17 points in second grade, 18 points in third, and at least 10 points in grades 4 through 6 over the 3 years.
	www.alec.org /2/1/talking-points/bilingual-education.html (354 words)

	Bilingual Education - (Ohio ESL) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Students in bilingual classrooms usually study subjects such as science and math in their first (native) language while studying the dominant language of their new country as a second language.
		Those who oppose bilingual education, especially in state-funded schools, argue that bilingual education keeps children apart from the culture of their new country and prevents them from learning its language; they argue that children will be more successful in their new culture if they are forced to adapt to it.
		Supporters of bilingual education say that it helps children in several ways; children continue their progress in content courses such as science and math, they develop their mental skills by making progress in content courses, they increase their self-confidence, and they preserve their cultural identity and pride.
	www.ohiou.edu /esl/project/bilingual/index.html (163 words)

	Bilingual Education (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Describes the discrimination Latinos suffered in education and their efforts to obtain education, from the days of the Spanish Mission schools to the bilingual education controversy.
		Authored by some of the leading and more engaging voices in the field of multilingual and bilingual education, the book is designed to help students and teachers develop informed mind sets related to the highly contested political and pedagogical issues surrounding pluralistic schooling in our society.
		The encyclopedia is broken into four sections discussing individual bilingualism, languages in society, languages in contact in the world, and bilingual education.
	www.lib.calpoly.edu /classes/SubjectSpecial/Jose/bilingualEd.shtml (1398 words)

	LEADERSHIP IN BILINGUAL EDUCATION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Conference on Leadership in Bilingual Education addresses one of the most important challenges confronted by schools in the United States: educating to high standards students from diverse language, culture, and social-class groups.
		Her research and teacher-training interests include bilingual education, bilingual language and literacy acquisition, methods of teaching literacy, and preparation of mainstream teachers to work with bilingual learners.
		Dr. Brisk has served as a consultant in legal matters pertaining to bilingual education, and has worked closely with regional and local groups and school systems in developing their bilingual programs as well as mainstream programs that serve bilingual learners.
	faculty.education.uconn.edu /edci/mgort/bilingualconference.html (684 words)

	Bilingual Education Resources
		In addition, arguments in support of bilingual education from the standpoint of the student and the future of this nation.
		For example, for those interested in pursuing careers in bilingual education, there are a few universities with program information to be accessed, as well as information for students who may be eligible for federal funding.
		Educators interested in bilingual education program development may find it useful to look at the information on which types of programs are eligible for grants.
	www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /depts/edu/textbooks/bilingual.html (510 words)

	Ten Common Fallacies about Bilingual Education
		Bilingual education programs that emphasize a gradual transition to English and offer native-language instruction in declining amounts over time, provide continuity in children's cognitive growth and lay a foundation for academic success in the second language.
		Before 1994, the vast majority of U.S. bilingual education programs were designed to encourage an early exit to mainstream English language classrooms, while only a tiny fraction of programs were designed to maintain the native tongues of students.
		When polled on the principles underlying bilingual education for example, that developing literacy in the first language facilitates literacy development in English or that bilingualism offers cognitive and career-related advantages--a majority of parents are strongly in favor of such approaches (Krashen, 1996).
	www.kidsource.com /education/ten.fallacy.biling.ed.html (2318 words)

	bilingual education
		The Bilingual Education Act (1968), combined with a Supreme Court decision (1974) mandating help for students with limited English proficiency, requires instruction in the native languages of students.
		The National Association for Bilingual Education (founded 1975) is the main U.S. professional and advocacy organization for blingual education.
		Bilingualism proponents note the importance of ethnic heritage and the preservation of language and culture, as well as the need to educate non-English-speaking students in all subjects, not just English.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0807567.html (244 words)

	Grandfather Education Report - bilingual education - by MWHodges
		Bilingual education forces children of certain ethnic backgrounds to attend classes in the native language of their ancestors, for basic subject learning - instead of being totally immersed in English - - with all subject matter taught in English.
		Bilingual education was initiated by Congress in 1967 when there was not a scrap of evidence that it would work at all or be beneficial to the children: Bilingual education was born 30 years ago from a goodhearted but vague impulse by Congress to help Spanish speakers learn English.
		Despite substantial evidence that Federal bilingual education program is opposed by those it is supposed to help and evidence that is negatively impacting on children's education, the educational establishment has been rigorously opposing any abandonment of the program.
	home.att.net /~mwhodges/bilingual-education.htm (3664 words)

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