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Topic: Bilirubin

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Jaundice

Kernicterus

Haemolysis

Hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Cirrhosis

Blood

Hemolysis

Liver

Primary biliary cirrhosis

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	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Bilirubin
		Heme is converted to bilirubin, which is then carried by albumin in the blood to the liver.
		Conjugated bilirubin is released into the bile by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, or transferred directly to the small intestines.
		Jaundice is the discoloration of skin and the sclera of the eye, which occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood at a level greater than approximately 2.5 mg/dL.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003479.htm (660 words)

	Bilirubin: The Test
		Too much bilirubin may mean that too much is being produced (usually due to increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis) or that the liver is incapable of adequately removing bilirubin in a timely manner (due to blockage of bile ducts, liver diseases ((such as cirrhosis, acute hepatitis), or inherited problems with bilirubin handling).
		A bilirubin level may be ordered when a patient shows evidence of jaundice (yellowing of eyes or skin), has a history of drinking excessive amounts of alcohol, suspected drug toxicity, or has been exposed to hepatitis viruses.
		If conjugated bilirubin is elevated, there may be some kind of blockage of the liver or bile duct, hepatitis, trauma to the liver, a drug reaction, or long-term alcohol abuse.
	labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/bilirubin/test.html (701 words)

	Bilirubin
		Bilirubin is the main bile pigment that is formed from the breakdown of heme in red blood cells.
		Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is caused by accelerated erythrocyte hemolysis in the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis), absence of glucuronyl transferase, or hepatocellular disease.
		Unconjugated bilirubin is markedly increased in biliary tract obstruction.
	www.rnceus.com /lf/lfbili.html (828 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Bilirubin
		Heme is converted to bilirubin, which is then carried by albumin in the blood to the liver.
		Bilirubin is further broken down by bacteria in the intestines to urobilins, which contribute to the color of the feces.
		Jaundice is the discoloration of skin and sclera of the eye, which occurs when bilirubin accumulates in the blood at a level greater than approximately 2.5 mg/dl.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003479.html (552 words)

	Bilirubin Summary
		Bilirubin is formed when red blood cells die and their hemoglobin is broken down within the macrophages to heme and globins.
		Bilirubin is very similar to the pigment phycobilin used by certain algae to capture light energy, and to the pigment phytochrome used by plants to sense light.
		Bilirubin was used as a wordplay in Silence of the Lambs, Lecter gives the name of the killer as Billy Rubin; after he escaped a sheet of paper with the formula for bilirubin is found in his cell.
	www.bookrags.com /Bilirubin (1433 words)

	bilirubin
		Bilirubin is the yellow-colored pigment that the liver produces when it recycles worn-out red blood cells.
		Elevated bilirubin, while not the most common abnormality in blood tests pertaining to the liver, is quite obvious on a physical exam, and it is the liver-related abnormality most familiar to the general public.
		As it pertains to the liver, an elevated bilirubin level is usually associated with worsening liver disease or with bile duct blockage (cholestasis).
	liverdisease.com /bilirubin.html (502 words)

	Bilirubin
		The bilirubin in the hepatocytes conjugates with glucuronic acid to become conjugated bilirubin, which is excreted from heptocytes to the biliary tract and intestines and finally excreted out of the body.
		The conjugated bilirubin is not absorbed in the bile ducts and intestinal tract, and is absorbed in the distal portion of the ileum after hydrolyzed and converted to urobilinogen by the intestinal pathogens.
		bilirubin is caused by impairment in the excretion process of the liver cells or failure of bilirubin excretion due to the obstruction of the bile ducts.
	olddoc.tmu.edu.tw /chiaungo/profes/bilirubin.htm (1960 words)

	bilirubin
		Bilirubin is the yellow-colored pigment that the liver produces when it recycles worn-out red blood cells.
		Elevated bilirubin, while not the most common abnormality in blood tests pertaining to the liver, is quite obvious on a physical exam, and it is the liver-related abnormality most familiar to the general public.
		As it pertains to the liver, an elevated bilirubin level is usually associated with worsening liver disease or with bile duct blockage (cholestasis).
	www.liverdisease.com /bilirubin.html (502 words)

	Bilirubin - Health Encyclopedia News Story - WNBC \| New York
		In the liver, most of the bilirubin is chemically attached to another molecule before it is released in the bile.
		Conjugated bilirubin is released into the bile by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, or transferred directly to the small intestines.
		Bilirubin is further broken down by bacteria in the intestines, and those breakdown products contribute to the color of the feces.
	www.wnbc.com /encyclopedia/6864520/detail.html (812 words)

	eMedicine - Bilirubin, Impaired Conjugation : Article Excerpt by: Jeanette Smith, MD
		Bilirubin is poorly soluble in water at physiologic pH because of internal hydrogen bonding that engages all polar groups and gives the molecule an involuted structure.
		Conversion of bilirubin IX-alpha to a water-soluble form by disruption of the hydrogen bonds is essential for elimination by the liver and kidney.
		Bilirubin glucuronides are water-soluble and are readily excreted in bile.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/bilirubin-impaired-conjugation.htm (599 words)

	bilirub (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bilirubin from erythropoietic heme is produced by monocytic macrophages, reticulo-endothelium, in every organ but especially in the spleen, liver and bone marrow in order of importance..
		Bilirubin is toxic to tissues, therefore, it is transported in the blood bound to albumin.
		The bilirubin is recunjugated in the liver and re-excreted in the feces.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/meded/orfpath/bilirub.htm (2379 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Bilirubin - urine
		Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid produced by the liver. Large amounts of bilirubin in the body can lead to jaundice.
		Bilirubin is not normally found in the urine.
		If the bile ducts are obstructed, direct bilirubin will build up to a high enough level that some of it will escape from the liver into the blood.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003595.html (558 words)

	Bilirubin - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		In diseases where too much hemoglobin is broken down or the removal of bilirubin does not function properly, the accumulating bilirubin in the body causes jaundice.
		Bilirubin is found in blood either bound to albumin ("indirect") or in the soluble form ("direct").
		Bilirubin is broken down by light, so blood tubes (especially serum tubes) should be protected from such exposure.
	www.doctorslounge.com /gastroenterology/labs/bilirubin.htm (502 words)

	C&EN: TODAY'S HEADLINES - BILIRUBIN'S ROLE
		Bilirubin is the terminal product of the breakdown of heme, the iron porphyrin molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
		The cytoprotective effect of bilirubin is significantly better than glutathione, “the molecule believed for 80 years to be the most important cellular antioxidant,” Snyder says.
		Since bilirubin is found only in low concentrations in cells but in higher concentrations in blood, it could be the major protector for cell membranes while glutathione may protect components inside cells, Snyder suggests.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/topstory/8049/8049notw6.html (422 words)

	Carilion - Bilirubin - [Medical Test] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels are measured directly in the blood, whereas indirect bilirubin levels are derived from the total and direct bilirubin measurements.
		The most obvious symptom of high bilirubin levels is jaundice, a condition in which the skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow.
		Jaundice is caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood and skin from liver disease (hepatitis), blood disorders (hemolytic anemia), or blockage of the tubes (bile ducts) that allow bile to pass from the liver to the small intestine.
	www.carilion.com /kbase/htm/hw34/74/hw3477.htm (288 words)

	Total Bilirubin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Uptake of unconjugated bilirubin occurs in the liver, and is carrier-mediated.
		Bilirubin is not normally found in the urine of domestic animals, although small to trace amounts may be seen in concentrated urine from dogs, due to the low canine renal threshold for bilirubin.
		This syndrome is characterized by marked bilirubinemia (mostly conjugated) in the absence of elevations of ALT, AST and SDH, minimal evidence of hepatocellular injury on histology and a mild increase in cholestatic enzymes in animals with sepsis.
	www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu /clinpath/modules/chem/tbili.htm (1181 words)

	Fluorimetric analysis method for bilirubin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The mordanted bilirubin exhibits a marked increase in molar extinction coefficient and a shift in absorption peak in comparison to that of free bilirubin.
		Bilirubin interacts with these polymeric mordant compositions and, as a result, bilirubin is mordanted, i.e., binds to the mordant composition.
		When the bilirubin analysis method is carried out as a wet chemistry or solution assay, analysis is conveniently performed by preparing in a suitable "wet" reaction zone, such as a radiation-transmissive container, an appropriate interactive mordant composition dissolved or dispersed in a non-interfering liquid medium.
	www.emergenthomestore.com /techcat/piperazine_derivatives_tachykinin_antagonists/fluorimetric_analysis_bilirubin.html (6369 words)

	Bilirubin: The Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When bilirubin levels are high, a condition called jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes) occurs, and further testing is needed to determine the cause.
		Bilirubin levels can be used to monitor the progression of jaundice and to determine if it is the result of red blood cell breakdown or liver disease.
		If the direct bilirubin is elevated there may be some kind of blockage of the liver or bile duct, perhaps due to gallstones, hepatitis, trauma, a drug reaction, or long-term alcohol abuse.
	www.labtestsonline.org.uk /understanding/analytes/bilirubin/test.html (564 words)

	Bilirubin
		Conjugated bilirubin is also known as direct bilirubin because it reacts with measuring reagents without an accelerator, indirect measurements for unconjugated bilirubin require an accelerator, eg alcohol (unconjugated bili is non-polar, and reacts more slowly).
		Bilirubin diglucuronide is converted to urobilinogens in the large bowel by the actions of bacterial ß-glucuronidases.
		Conjugated bilirubin in the circulation may bind covalently to albumin, forming delta bilirubin which is removed slowly from the circulation.
	www.sydpath.stvincents.com.au /tests/Bilirubin.htm (669 words)

	Bilirubin
		Bilirubin may be elevated due to a variety of abnormalities.
		Bilirubin is composed of a direct (conjugated) or indirect (unconjugated) portions.
		A direct bilirubin elevation is usually a result of severe hepatocellular irritation or biliary tract obstruction.
	www.gastromd.com /education/bilirubin.html (295 words)

	[No title]
		Bilirubin is a yellowish substance that is created by the breakdown (destruction) of hemoglobin, a major component of red blood cells.
		Bilirubin is released from the destroyed red blood cells and passed on to the liver.
		Levels of bilirubin in the blood go up and down in patients with hepatitis C. When bilirubin levels remain high for prolonged periods, it usually means there is severe liver disease and possibly cirrhosis.
	www.hepatitis.va.gov /vahep?page=diag-tests-02-05&css=2 (188 words)

	eMedicine - Bilirubin, Impaired Conjugation : Article by Jeanette Smith, MD
		Bilirubin clearance is decreased in newborns, mainly due to the deficiency of the enzyme UGT.
		The unconjugated bilirubin is reabsorbed from the intestine through the process of enterohepatic circulation, further increasing the bilirubin load in the infant.
		All patients with impaired bilirubin conjugation have an elevated total serum bilirubin level that is due primarily to the unconjugated form; however, the level of elevation varies according to the underlying disease process.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic227.htm (3170 words)

	Bilirubin
		Bilirubin is a brownish yellow substance found in bile.
		Direct bilirubin is soluble (it dissolves in water) and is made by the liver from indirect bilirubin.
		Jaundice is caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood and skin from liver disease (hepatitis), blood disorders (hemolytic anemia), or blockage of the tubes (bile ducts) that allow bile to pass from the liver to the small intestine.
	www.webmd.com /digestive-disorders/Bilirubin-15434 (613 words)

	Bilirubin
		The bilirubin is then transported to the liver where it reacts with a solubilizing sugar called glucuronic acid.
		Bilirubin made in the liver goes into bile and then into the gall bladder and into the intestines where most is excreted.
		Bilirubin builds up in the blood and spills over into the kidneys which filter it out into the urine.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/634bilirubin.html (476 words)

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