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Topic: Biliverdin

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	Biliverdin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biliverdin is a green pigment formed as a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.
		Biliverdin is formed when the heme group in hemoglobin is cleaved at its α-methene bridge.
		The resulting biliverdin is then reduced to bilirubin, a yellow pigment, by the enzyme biliverdin reductase.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biliverdin (114 words)

	Research - Heme Oxygenase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		First, biliverdin is the sole precursor of bilirubin and heme oxygenase is a potential target for the control of hyperbilirubinemia in neonatal children and in a number of hereditary disorders.
		Second, the biliverdin and bilirubin produced by the enzyme are potent antioxidants and appear to be involved in a manifold of protective physiological situations, including the prevention of atherosclerosis.
		Reaction intermediates in the conversion of heme to biliverdin and CO by heme oxygenase.
	www.sacs.ucsf.edu /home/Ortiz/res-ho.htm (516 words)

	Posible papel de la biliverdina como iniciador de la regeneracion hepatica. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Biliverdin reductase activity in the peritoneal exudate was high (1.04 mumol Bv min -1/mg protein), and very small amounts of biliverdin in comparison to the administered dose were found in plasma.
		On the basis of blood elimination of biliverdin when administered intravenously (t 1/2 = 11 min, K = 0.068 min -1), a series of experiments was designed to reproduce the levels of plasma biliverdin as found shortly after partial hepatectomy.
		We therefore conclude that biliverdin is not the physiological trigger of liver regeneration.
	www.infodoctor.org /cgi-bin/abstracts.pl?uid=6622809 (309 words)

	last meeting.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The polar ends of biliverdin are at the open end of the BBP barrel, similar as that the polar end of retinol is at the open end of the RBP barrel.
		Biliverdin and bilirubin are intermediates in this breakdown of heme as shown in the figure.
		Biliverdin then is reduced to bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin reductase and the reductant NADPH.
	www.uwec.edu /hartsesc/Webpages/Xi/biliver.html (381 words)

	Carbon monoxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The breakdown-product of hemoglobin, heme, is a substrate for the enzyme heme oxygenase which produces CO and biliverdin.
		The biliverdin is converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase in macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system.
		The lipid soluble unconjugated bilirubin is transported in the blood bound to albumin, taken up by the hepatocytes, conjugated with glucuronic acid and transported into the bile canaliculi for excretion from the body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Carbon_monoxide (1483 words)

	Degradation of Heme in Gram-Negative Bacteria: the Product of the hemO Gene of Neisseriae Is a Heme Oxygenase -- Zhu et ...
		green owing to the accumulation of biliverdin (35).
		Conversion of the heme-HemO to biliverdin in the presence of NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase or ascorbate.
		of the heme to biliverdin, with the release of carbon monoxide
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/23/6783 (5355 words)

	NIH Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) >> Abstract Search
		Biliverdin has been shown to have cytoprotective properties similar to bilirubin and can be used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, organ transplantation and other indications where inflammation occurs.
		Like bilirubin, biliverdin has been shown to have these cytoprotective properties but is more soluble, reduced toxicity and as such, reduced side effects.
		Thus biliverdin is a safer alternative to bilirubin for therapeutic treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancers, inflammation and Alzheimer's in both human and non-human mammals.
	ott.od.nih.gov /db/abstxt.asp?refno=931 (182 words)

	A role for biliverdin IXalpha in dorsal axis development of Xenopus laevis embryos -- Falchuk et al. 99 (1): 251 -- ...
		in vitro or of biliverdin dimethyl ester hydrochloride with its
		Biliverdin IX rescues UV-irradiated embryos from dorsal axis deficiency.
		Biliverdin is proposed to interact with a cortical factor to trigger or switch on the downstream activation of genes.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/1/251 (4153 words)

	Mahin D. Maines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin, also an antioxidant and anti-complement compound, by biliverdin reductase, a zinc finger protein, which is unique by virtue of having a dual co-factor/dual pH requirement.
		Biliverdin reductase, a novel regulator for induction of activating transcription factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1.
		Human biliverdin reductase is a leucine zipper-like DNA-binding protein and functions in transcriptional activation of heme oxygenase-1 by oxidative stress.
	www2.envmed.rochester.edu /envmed/TOX/faculty/maines.html (419 words)

	The Binding Sites on Human Heme Oxygenase-1 for Cytochrome P450 Reductase and Biliverdin Reductase -- Wang and de ...
		that biliverdin reductase facilitates the release of biliverdin
		heme oxygenase catalyzes the oxidation of heme to biliverdin,
		for biliverdin reductase was a factor of 3.9 for the K179A
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/22/20069 (4345 words)

	Biliverdin protects against polymicrobial sepsis by modulating inflammatory mediators -- Overhaus et al. 290 (4): G695 ...
		Biliverdin protects against polymicrobial sepsis by modulating inflammatory mediators -- Overhaus et al.
		Articles by Overhaus, M. Articles by Bauer, A. Biliverdin protects against polymicrobial sepsis by modulating inflammatory mediators
		biliverdin injections, which were done before, at the time of
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/290/4/G695 (252 words)

	Environmental Genome Project Research Activities - Biliverdin Reductase--Multiplicity and Control by Toxins
		Biliverdin reductase (BVR) catalyzes the last step in heme metabolism pathway, converting the product of heme oxygenase (HO) activity, biliverdin, to bilirubin.
		Because biliverdin is an inhibitor of HO activity in vivo, the compound may be the ultimate regulator of heme metabolism.
		Moreover, we have found biliverdin to be a potent inhibitor of NO synthase; NO influences a host of cellular functions, including neurotransmission and macrophage cell killing.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /envgenom/abstract/r01-4066.htm (571 words)

	Snyder, Solomon H.
		CO is formed by the action of the enzyme heme oxygenase, which cleaves the heme ring liberating CO and forming biliverdin, which is converted to bilirubin.
		We found that a neuronal form of heme oxygenase occurs in discrete neuronal populations in the brain, and CO formed from it may be involved in regulating levels of cyclic GMP.
		Just as NO, formed in the endothelial layer of blood vessels, diffuses to the smooth muscle and is a major normal relaxing element of blood vessels, CO is formed by heme oxygenase in the endothelium and also relaxes blood vessels.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /pharmacology/research/snyder.html (763 words)

	Biliverdin during Xenopus laevis Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis
		Estrogen induces frog hepatocytes to synthesize biliverdin and vitelogenin.
		Once the egg is fertilized, its biliverdin content decreases over a 5-6 h period to participate in the chemical machinery required for dorsal axis formation.
		The results describe the pathway that generates, transports, and stores biliverdin as part of oogenesis, define the time course for its utilization after fertilization, and link biliverdin to the metabolism of the phosphoglycolipometalloprotein, vitellogenin.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2002/41/i31/abs/bi020204n.html (283 words)

	Biliverdin, a natural product of heme catabolism, induces tolerance to cardiac allografts -- YAMASHITA et al. 18 (6): ...
		Exogenous biliverdin administration induces donor-specific tolerance to cardiac allografts.
		and tolerance induced by biliverdin, we examined histology of
		B6AF1 splenocytes were cultured for 48 h with anti-CD3 mAb in the presence of biliverdin (100 µM).
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/18/6/765 (1452 words)

	Little Yellow Molecule Comes Up Big (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Led by M.D./Ph.D. candidate David Barañano, the research team demonstrated that, without biliverdin reductase, human cancer cells and brain cells from rats experienced much more damage and cell death in response to small amounts of hydrogen peroxide, an oxidant, than cells with the enzyme intact.
		The key is that bilirubin is part of a cycle, so a single molecule can be used over and over again to scavenge highly reactive oxygen (free radicals) that otherwise would damage cells' membranes and their DNA beyond repair, the researchers say.
		If the degradation of hemoglobin stopped one step earlier, with a greenish, soluble molecule called biliverdin, the waste could be easily excreted without the threat of damaging build-up, notes Snyder.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /press/2002/November/021125B.htm (761 words)

	Bruise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Normal, light bruises heal completely in a week or two; more severe or deeper bruises may take longer.
		The striking colors of a bruise are due to hemoglobin and its breakdown products, bilirubin and biliverdin.
		If swelling is severe, it might be reduced by applying ice or by elevating the affected area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bruising (723 words)

	Unconjugated Bilirubin Inhibits VCAM-1-Mediated Transendothelial Leukocyte Migration -- Keshavan et al. 174 (6): 3709 ...
		Monolayers of mHEVc cells were incubated in the presence or absence (N) of bilirubin (BR), biliverdin (BV), BDT, or the potassium phosphate vehicle (V) for 24 h and total cellular RNA extracted.
		in the quantitative and rapid conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin
		The cytoprotective effects of bilirubin and biliverdin on rat hepatocytes and human erythrocytes and the impact of albumin.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/174/6/3709 (6440 words)

	Pigment plays role in Xenopus development
		Harvard Medical School researchers have discovered that a pigment contained in the egg of the South African claw-toed frog is indispensable for development.
		Witout the pigment, called biliverdin, which is present in yolk platelets, the egg cannot go through dorsal axis formation.
		"There's going to be a lot of interest now to identify what biliverdin's functions are." A study by Falchuk's research team was published in the Jan. 8, 2002, issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
	www.researchmatters.harvard.edu /story.php?article_id=380 (188 words)

	INABIS '98 - INDUCTION OF INDUCIBLE HEME OXYGENASE IN THE CNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The biliverdin, is rapidly metabolized by biliverdin reductase to bilirubin, which is a powerful antioxidant.
		One metabolite of heme, biliverdin, is rapidly metabolized by biliverdin reductase to bilirubin, which has potent antioxidant activities.
		Thus, the biliverdin and bilirubin produced by HO are important antioxidants in stressed cells.
	www.mcmaster.ca /inabis98/oxidative/matsuoka0124 (2540 words)

	Biliverdin IX alpha Reductase antibody (ab3466) datasheet
		If Biliverdin IX alpha Reductase antibody (ab3466) does not perform as described on this datasheet, notify us within 90 days of delivery by going to www.abcam.com/technical, so that we can help you or offer you a replacement or a refund.
		Biliverdin Reductase (BLVR) is a ubiquitously expressed, small cytoplasmic oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of biliverdin to bilirubin.
		See all Biliverdin IX alpha Reductase antibodies (1)...
	www.abcam.com /?datasheet=3466 (553 words)

	[No title]
		Cholestasis, or defective bile secretion, may be due to the failure of the hepatocyte to secrete bile (intrahepatic cholestasis) or due to disease processes that involve the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts.
		globin) (converted to biliverdin by heme oxygenase in RE cells (hepatocytes, Kupifer cells and renal tubular cells).
		Biliverdin: green and water soluble pigment, is converted to bilirubin by cytosolic NADPH dependent enzyme biliverdin reductase in the RE cells.
	meded.ucsd.edu /isp/2002/antons/biliary-dz.doc (878 words)

	Biliverdin, a natural product of heme catabolism, induces tolerance to cardiac allografts -- Yamashita et al., ...
		Biliverdin, a product of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzymatic action, is converted into bilirubin, which has been considered a waste product in the past.
		A brief course of treatment with biliverdin leads to long-term survival of H-2 incompatible heart allografts.
		Likely related to tolerance induction, biliverdin interferes with T cell signaling by inhibiting activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), two transcription factors involved in interleukin-2 (IL-2) transcription and T cell proliferation, as well as suppressing Th1 interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in vitro.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/abstract/03-0839fjev1 (584 words)

	Spin Trap (N-t-butyl-alpha -phenylnitrone)-Mediated Suprainduction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Kidney Ischemia/Reperfusion ...
		Biliverdin reductase was detected using the above indicated polyclonal antibody.
		Rats are pretreated with PBN and subjected to ischemia/reperfusion as described in the legend to Fig.
		HO-1 and biliverdin reductase immunostaining were carried out on four rats per group using 25-µm-thick kidney sections as described in the text.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/291/2/911 (6485 words)

	Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibits the Monocyte Transmigration Induced by Mildly Oxidized LDL -- Ishikawa et al. ...
		is reduced by cytosolic biliverdin reductase in mammals (16).
		Attenuation of CM-LDL-induced chemotaxis by biliverdin and bilirubin.
		Pretreatment with bilirubin or biliverdin attenuates monocyte chemotaxis induced by CM-LDL.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/100/5/1209 (6084 words)

	Studies on the Specificity of the Tetrapyrrole Substrate for Human Biliverdin-IXalpha Reductase and Biliverdin-IXbeta ...
		Biliverdin Reductase Assays-- The biliverdin isomers used in this study were synthesized from mono- and dipyrrole components as described previously (27-34).
		The extinction coefficient for bilirubin-IX at 460 nm is increased
		NADPH is included in the figure to indicate the methene bridge, which is reduced by BVR-A.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/25/19009 (4161 words)

	Human Biliverdin Reductase Is Autophosphorylated, and Phosphorylation Is Required for Bilirubin Formation -- Salim et ...
		Human Biliverdin Reductase Is Autophosphorylated, and Phosphorylation Is Required for Bilirubin Formation -- Salim et al.
		After lysis, the cell extract was prepared, and the reductase activity was measured at pH 8.7 as described under "Materials and Methods." The activity analysis was repeated using two separate preparations of COS cells.
		In this scenario, the rapid conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/14/10929 (4641 words)

	Heme oxygenase modulates selectin expression in different regional vascular beds -- Vachharajani et al. 278 (5): 1613 ...
		biliverdin is rapidly converted to bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin
		Hemin and ZnPP were dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH and buffered to pH 7.4, whereas biliverdin was dissolved in normal saline.
		Both CO and biliverdin (or its metabolite, bilirubin) have been proposed as mediators of the beneficial effects of HO-1 activation
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/5/H1613 (3718 words)

	last meeting.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Biliverdin is a linear chain of four tetrapyrrole rings.
		Biliverdin does not bind in an extended conformation as retinol.
		But in photosynthetic organelles, when biliverdin act as a photoreceptor, the protein binds in a different way.
	www.uwec.edu /hartsesc/webpages/xi/discu.html (96 words)

	Heme Oxygenases 1-3 (HO1-3) Antibodies
		Heme oxygenase catalyzes the NADPH, O2 and cytochrome P450 reductase dependent oxidation of heme to form equimolar biliverdin, carbon monoxide, a putative neurotransmitter, and iron.
		Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.
		Increased heme oxygenase activity leads to accumulation of the antioxidant bilirubin, and degradation of the preoxidant heme.
	www.4adi.com /flr/hoxflr.html (802 words)

	1
		Chiral Induction in Biliverdin Covalently Bound to Amino Acids; E. Haidl, D.Krois and H.Lehner, J.
		Peptide-mediated Chiral Discrimination in Bilipeptides: Biliverdin Di- and Tripeptides; D.Krois and H.Lehner, J.
		Resolution of Chiral Interconvertible Diastereoisomers of a 2,18-Bridged Biliverdin Mediated by First-order Asymmetric Transformation; D.Krois and H.Lehner, J.
	homepage.univie.ac.at /daniel.krois/DKPUB.html (680 words)

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